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The WIO Mangrove Network regional book on Mangroves of the Western Indian Ocean: status and management (Bosire et al., 2016) identified commonalities in the challenges facing mangroves of the region. The book demonstrated widespread degradation and loss of mangrove forests across the region and the need for their restoration, protection and sustain...
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... • Natural regeneration: the main goal of natural regeneration is to allow mangroves to recolonize degraded regions naturally on their own, without any human intervention. This method is based on preserving the surviving mangrove stands, reducing disturbances, and making sure the suitable environmental conditions for natural seed germination and distribution are available (Kairo et al. 2020). • Blue Carbon and Climate Change Mitigation: mangroves play a significant role in reducing the effects of climate change because of their exceptional capacity to capture and store carbon. ...
Mangrove forests are among the Nature Based Solutions (NBS) that help in mitigating climate change effects as they sequester carbon dioxide gas four times greater than normal forests. They stabilize coastlines, reduce coastal flooding, and provide nurseries to wildlife. Only two mangrove species exist in the Middle East: Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata , due to their high tolerance to the region’s harsh and dry environmental conditions. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the current mangrove status in these countries, threats facing them, and rehabilitation initiatives taken to increase mangrove plantations in the Middle East. The review showed that Middle Eastern mangroves are dwarves, grow in dispatched form, have limited access to freshwater inflow, and are dominated by Avicennia marina specie. The largest and smallest mangrove cover were 20,400 ha and 80 ha found in Saudi Arabia and Bahrain respectively. Uncontrolled camel grazing, oil spills, habitat destruction, irresponsible tourism, and solid waste accumulation are from the major threats facing mangrove ecosystems. Climate change impacts through increased seawater salinity and temperature, microplastics, and heavy metals introduction to seawater threaten mangroves health. Various mangrove rehabilitation initiatives have taken place in Oman, Bahrain, UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt as they have planted 1.5 million, 140 thousand, 1 million, 4.3 million, and 0.3 million mangrove trees respectively. This research presents some regulatory framework and policies needed for mangrove plantations rehabilitation for the mitigation of Green House Gases (GHG) and improve the livelihood of the indigenous people living along the coastal areas of the world.
... Still, actions taken worldwide for conservation and management of mangrove ecosystems is insufficient [2, [8][9][10][11][12]. Conservation and management approaches for mangroves should include evidence-based natural systems [11,13], revisiting and monitoring mangroves [14,15], and controlling the land-use [15] and the focus should be placed on high-priority basis on those mangroves, which are at high risk under natural and/or anthropogenic stresses [9]. Moreover, it is not practical that all mangroves will either be compelled by similar level of actions for conservation and management or be required actions to be taken at a time. ...
Despite providing valuable ecosystem services, mangroves are endangered under the recent global natural as well as anthropogenic changes. Conservation of mangroves is now one of the pillars of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 2030. An assessment of mangrove is essential before initializing any conservation strategy. This paper aimed to assess the ecosystem conditions of mangroves and the relative changes in ecosystem conditions from the natural background under different scales of anthropogenic interruption in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. To assess mangrove’s ecosystem condition, foliar stable nitrogen isotope ratio (δ15N) of mangroves is used as ecosystem monitoring indicator. Whereas, a difference index (DI) of mangrove foliar δ15N is established to compare the relative deviation in ecosystem conditions of anthropogenically impacted mangroves from reference mangroves. Results showed that the mean foliar δ15N values of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Kandelia obovata, and Rhizophora stylosa on Okinawa Island (Is.) are 5.12 ± 2.32‰, 7.54 ± 2.85‰ and 7.09 ± 3.29‰, respectively, on Iriomote Is., 1.83 ± 1.93‰, 2.01 ± 0.31‰ and 1.04 ± 2.38‰, respectively, and on Ishigaki Is., foliar δ15N values of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Rhizophora stylosa are 5.23 ± 3.33‰ and 6.00 ± 3.63‰, respectively. A range of negative to positive values from -0.54 to 3.66 of DI indicates different level of changes in ecosystem conditions of the mangroves compared to the reference sites, which is set at zero. A significant negative correlation between DI values and the forest area ratio of the watersheds has been observed. It indicates that the forest cover is the driver of maintaining pristine condition of an ecosystem. Findings of the study recommended that Todoroki and Manko mangrove watersheds in Okinawa, Japan should be taken into consideration for necessary conservation on priority basis.
... mucronata, C. tagal, and B. gymnorhiza), as well as A. marina, S. alba has only occasionally been planted (Kairo, 2020). ...
... In Thailand, a strip clear-felling system has taken the role of standards since it has been shown to provide for appropriate regeneration. Natural regeneration versus synthetic regeneration: advantages and disadvantages (Kairo et al., 2020). ...
Mangrove restoration has drawn a lot of interest globally for a number of reasons. First, numerous mangrove locations throughout the world have shown the ecological and environmental benefits of mangrove forests. Second, mangrove forests' natural resources are heavily relied upon for subsistence. Additionally, there have been significant losses of mangroves all over the world, which has resulted in coastal erosion, a drop in fish stocks, and other environmental effects, some of which require immediate care. Last but not least, governments around the globe are demonstrating their commitment to the sustainable use of mangrove ecosystems. The activities of mangrove restoration and management are discussed in this article. The ecology, structure, and operation of the mangrove ecosystem have all been the subject of much research. Mangrove forests continue to be over-exploited, turned into aquaculture ponds, and polluted throughout the world as well as India because the findings have not been integrated into a management framework. We fervently contend that connections should be made between research and sustainably managed mangrove ecosystems.
... The integration of local knowledge, as well as communityparticipatory engagement that enables local economic and social empowerment is becoming common-place in management, conservation and restoration programmes of marine ecosystems (Lepofsky and Caldwell, 2013;Mathews and Turner, 2017;Lombard et al., 2019) although is often still subsumed within scientific practice rather than given equal recognition. Community-based management of ecosystems and resources has been proven successful in several cases, but varies substantially depending on the global or local nature of the arrangement, the sector and actors involved, and the specific landscape and history of the case in question (Wynberg and Hauck, 2014;Kairo and Mangora, 2020). Endeavours that integrate community involvement, Indigenous knowledge, access to equitable benefits and nature-based solutions for improving the quality and functioning of (urban) ecosystems are, however, still scarce (Gaspers et al., 2022). ...
Increasing anthropogenic pressure on the sea and alteration of coastscapes challenge the functioning of marine ecosystems and long-term reliance on blue economies, especially for developing southern economies. The structural hardening of shores can result in ecological disruptions, with cascading effects on the wellbeing and livelihoods of marginalised groups who depend on marine resources. Mitigation, adaptation and rehabilitation options for coastal developments should include innovative, socially responsible solutions to be used to modify shorelines and ensure long-term functionality of metropolitan coastal ecosystems. Nature-based innovations are being developed to improve surrogacy for natural marine ecosystems. The co-creation of nature-based structures, entailing partnerships between scientists and a local rural community is currently being considered in South Africa and we present this regional case study as a transdisciplinary framework for research in nature-based, ecological engineering of coastal systems. Novel transdisciplinary approaches include ecomusicological interventions, where traditional cultural expressions (TCEs) create opportunities for transgressive pedagogy. This step aims to ensure that the knowledge gathered through nature-based scientific research remains a part of community developed Indigenous knowledge systems. The merging of innovative, eco-creative approaches and TCEs has the potential to sustainably and ethically improve the functioning and diversity of coastal urban habitats. This review tackles the potential of transdisciplinary settings to transform urban coastlines using “low-tech” engineering and Indigenous eco-creative innovations to pedagogy, to benefit the people and biological communities as well as reduce social and gender inequalities.
... The planted seeds have also been manipulated to adjust the conditions of the restoration site. Rehabilitation of mangrove forests needs a long time to be carried out and supported by a sustainable program so that people have a sense of selfawareness [14], [15], [16]. Labor-intensive and time-consuming ground checking have been the main source of information to determine priority areas for mangrove rehabilitation so far. ...
Mangroves store significant carbon content that, when managed properly, will contribute to combating the climate crisis. Despite having the largest mangrove forest, Indonesia’s mangrove annual damage rate turns out to be the highest globally, one of the most significant factors is extensive plastic waste exposure, exacerbated by mangroves’ deforestation for conversion into agricultural land. Many efforts initiated by the government and other stakeholders have been targeting mangrove rehabilitation and plastic waste abatement. Labor-intensive and time-consuming ground checking have been the main source of information to determine priority areas for mangrove rehabilitation so far. This study aims to introduce a more effective and efficient identification of priority areas for rehabilitation. The study utilizes vulnerability index by optimizing remote sensing satellite data modeling. The study covers all mangroves in Indonesia, and for the purpose of this study, four mangrove vulnerability classes are formed to help categorize the severity of the damage. The classes are formed through integration, scoring, and classifying plant health, water turbidity, land temperature, plant carbon sequestration capability, and plastic waste distribution in Indonesian coastal area data. The modeling demonstrates its ability to distinguish the classes through machine learning. This study identifies that 65.74% of Indonesia’s coastal mangroves are highly exposed to plastic waste. Bali and Surabaya are two of the most severely damaged areas. This study, along with further analysis of socio-cultural, economic, and development priorities, will enable decision-makers to prioritize and mobilize necessary resources to rehabilitate the mangroves guided by a suitable mangrove management regime for each class.
... Through this arrangement, between 2014 -2016 about 1000 ha of mangroves were replanted in the delta. Importantly, village regulations now require that women comprise at least 40 percent of the village council committees for natural resource management, and this will be maintained and preferably upscaled in project operations (Kairo and Mangora 2020). ...
Background Paper: UN Women Expert Group Meeting ‘Achieving gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls in the context of climate change, environmental and disaster risk reduction policies and programmes’ 11 – 14 October 2021
... For example, monocultures of one type of mangrove species to increase mangrove forest cover may not yield the desirable results but holistic approaches must be taken to recover the mangrove ecosystems along with other organisms of the ecosystem (Primavera et al. 2016;Romañach et al. 2018). Therefore, conservation activities must be revisited and holistic elements must be added to the mangrove conservation and regeneration programs (Kairo and Mwita 2020). Moreover, the focus should also be placed on highpriority species which are at high risk of extinction in the near future (Macintosh and Ashton 2002, p. 338) (See Table 12.1 for varying degrees of threats mangrove species face). ...
Mangroves are globally recognized for their ecological, economic, social, and cultural importance. They provide a variety of goods and services to humanity. Mangroves are a group of trees and shrubs sheltered in the intertidal zones of tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate regions of the planet. They are adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions such as salinity, waterlogging, and inundation. They also are one of the most productive and biodiverse ecosystems on earth as they support the existence of a large number of organisms. Despite multiple goods and ecological services they deliver, mangrove ecosystems are one of the most vulnerable ecosystems because of several threats such as overexploitation, conversion, and encroachment of mangrove habitats for agricultural and settlement purposes, a decline in freshwater and silt deposition, heavy metal pollution, global warming, and sea level rise. This chapter provides important recent developments in the mangrove distribution, species diversity, diverse goods and services that they provide, threats to their survival, policies and global initiatives for their conservation, and challenges associated with conservation and restoration programs.
The present research study is associated with the study of mangrove ecosystem of Indian Sundarbans encompassing the change detection analysis of the continued mangrove degradation using geo-informatics giving a temporal health layout of mangroves also recommending subsequent management strategies for preventing existing and further mangrove degradation. Supervised classification using MLC algorithm is used to ascertain that land cover classes are Dense Forest, Degraded Forest, Tidal Creek, Water Body and Open Land that entails the changes in areal coverage e.g. dense forest area declined by 34.16% (1989–2008) and increased slightly by 18.65% (2008–2020), degraded forest area drastically increased by 316.51% (1989–2008) and decreased by 46.90% (2008–2020); Tidal creek area declined by 30.04% (1989–2008) and increased by 180.48% (2008–2020); water body area increased by 13.2% (1989–2008)and declined by 18.85% (2008–2020); open land area declined by 16.59% (1989–2008) and increased by 24.27% (2008–2020).Several vegetation indices were used to assess the health conditions of mangrove which entails that major stressed and deteriorated mangrove cover lies at the western part of Indian Sundarbans. Present study also recommended proper and genuine conservation measures e.g. mangrove regeneration techniques so that future researchers can start over from this section and make a great orientation towards mangrove restoration against the mangrove degradation irrespective of mangrove’s temporal health conditions.
Mangrove revegetation is a vital strategy to recover ecosystem services (e.g., climate regulation and pollutants retention) provided by these ecosystems. Although soils are directly or indirectly responsible for diverse ecosystem services in mangrove ecosystems, few studies have focused on the recovery of soil functions (e.g., carbon sequestration) after mangrove replanting. This study aimed to evaluate the recovery of soil processes associated with Fe, S, and C dynamics and its implications for the restoration of soil functions. Two mangrove sites under replanting initiatives were studied along the Brazilian coast (i.e., NE and SE). The study was conducted in 3- and 7-year-old replanted mangrove forests, and a comparison was made with degraded and mature mangroves. Particle size, soil C stocks, Fe forms, total Fe and S contents, degrees of pyritization of Fe, and mineralogical assemblages were assessed. Seven years after replanting, soil C stocks increased by 42% and 29% in mangrove soils from the NE and SE sites, respectively. In addition, significant increases were observed in fine particles, reactive Fe, and pyrite contents in replanted plots. These new conditions promoted organic matter accumulation, stabilization, and potential metal retention. Our findings highlight the potential of revegetation programs for recovering soil processes and essential soil functions.
