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The aim of this study was to investigate person carries bacteria that cause typhoid fever (Salmonella typhi) in patients with cholelithiasis. For this purpose 50 sample of gallbladder tissue and 21sample only of bile salts(available only)collectedfrom the same patientswith cholelithiasis who subject to surgical removal in Azadi Teaching Hospital an...
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... bacteria isolates were characterized by Non-lactose fermentation colonies on macconkey agar, colonies on Salmonella shigella ager were pale yellow with or without black color in center, On XLD agar the colonies were large red color with a bright black center Fig. 1. In biochemical tests Bacteria isolates on TSI agar showed their inability to ferment lactose, while glucose sugar was fermented and producing H 2 S. On Simon citrate medium, the isolates showed that they could not consume citrate. On urea medium, all the isolates were unable to produce urease. And all isolate were motility and ...
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... The remaining 19.2% had no bacterial growth. Our findings agreed with those of Sadeq N. et al. [20] , whose rate was 6%, and Shareef H. A. [21] , whose rate was 6.6%. The study indicates that the gallstone is the optimal location for bacterial development. ...
Gallstones are a worldwide medical problem that requires surgical intervention and hospital stays. There are several predisposing factors for gallstones, including sedentary lifestyle, gender, pregnancy, food, gastric surgery, genetics, and chronic illness. Gallstones are caused by bacteria that are able to proliferate in inflamed gallbladders. Salmonella typhi induced typhoid fever is still a major health risk in low-and middle-income countries. The main organ where Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) infections persist is the gallbladder. The link between chronic illnesses, sociodemographic traits, and gallbladder disorders is the main focus of contemporary research. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the surgery department of Erbil and Rizgari Teaching Hospitals in Erbil City, Iraq, from October 2023 to March 2024, involving 125 patients aged 15 to 80 years old of both sexes diagnosed with gallbladder disease who underwent cholecystectomy. A questionnaire form was used to gather information from each participant, including their age, sex, place of residence, education level, and medical history. All gallbladder specimens (gallstone, bile, and gallbladder tissue samples) were collected and analyzed for bacterial growth. Out of 125 samples, only 8 (6.4%) of cases were positive for S. typhi, about 93 (74.4%) cases were positive for other types of bacteria, and 24 (19.2%) samples had no growth of bacteria. Gallstones had the highest proportion of S. typhi isolation 5 (4%). The most infected age group at 36-45 years were 41 (32.8%) cases, mostly female, 97 (77.6%), and 88 (70.4%) from urban areas. Out of the individuals who tested positive for Salmonella typhi, 3 (2.4%) resided in urban areas, while 5 (4%) were from rural areas. Hereditary factors were the most common comorbidities among the patients, with 58 cases, followed by typhoid fever with 36 cases. The study revealed that about 43 (34.4%) of cases were illiterate, and 39 (31.2%) had a primary level of education. We concluded that there is a need for further research to substantiate the connections we identified between certain sociodemographic and risk variables and gallbladder illness.
... The observation in this study showed that Salmonella typhi was detected in 10 (18.1%) of 55 samples by using molecular method targeting the fliC gene, which is in disaggrement with the study of Sadeq et al. [28], who reported that S. typhi was found in 6.6% out of fifty tissue samples of gallbladder by means of culture methods, while Mansour and his colleagues recorded the ratio of S. typhi isolates as 7.2% [29]. The proportion of Salmonella typhi positive samples obtained by Udin et al. (2022) was 21.2% (53 out of 250 samples) [30]. ...
The gallbladder is often colonized by Salmonella during typhoid fever, and cholelithiasis contributes to many factors one of them is cholecystitis, which results from bacterial infections. This study aims to detect Salmonella typhi in the tissue of the gallbladder and find out its role in cholelithiasis. A total of 55 patients undergoing clinical and ultrasound examination were enrolled in this study, 43 with cholelithiasis and 12 without cholelithiasis, in which the gallbladder was taken as part of the surgical treatment for morbid obesity. DNA from tissue was extracted using QIAamp DNA Mini kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer's recommendations; primer sets were used in this study that targeted fliC and SopB genes. A considerable number of cholelithiasis patients, 35 (81%), presented with multiple stone formation, while 8 (18.6%) presented with single stone formation. As many as 43 (78.1%) of cases presented with chronic cholecystitis, while only 12 (21.8%) of cases presented with acute cholecystitis by sonographic gallbladder; out of 55 samples, 10 (18.1%) were positive for the fliC gene in amplification of 367 bp. All 10 positive samples for Salmonella typhi showed gallbladder stone formation. However, out of 10 positive tissue samples for Salmonella typhi 10 (100%), of them were positive for the SopB gene. The findings in this study add to the body of knowledge around the occurrence rate of Salmonella typhi in gallbladder tissue samples obtained from patients with cholecystitis.
... The researcher [14] was unable to isolate it from the blood, but he was able to isolate it from the stool, while the researcher [15] was able to isolate it from the blood and the stool. It can also be isolated from the rest of the body fluids, as it was possible to isolate it from bile (its favorite place to hide) [16], while one isolate of it was isolated from urine in the third week of infection [7]. ...
... The results of the fourth group, which was treated with the immunosuppressant Cyclosporine for a week, then dosed with S. typhi bacteria once, then treated with the Cyclosporine for another week, showed histological changes in it, including acute degeneration of the hepatocytes and sometimes hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and in other sections, noticeable necrosis, which concealed their shape and distinctive radial regularity, with nuclear thickening, thickening of the nuclear membrane and disappearance of chromatin, cytoplasmic vacuolation, focal nodular clustering of inflammatory cells adjacent to the central vein, which appeared congested in several sections, and containing hemolysis in other sections, as well as to an increase in the number and size of Kupffer cells in the blood sinusoids, which varied in their appearance between narrowed, dilated and congested with blood, as in Figures (3-15), (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16), (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17), (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19), (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). ...
... The results of the fourth group, which was treated with the immunosuppressant Cyclosporine for a week, then dosed with S. typhi bacteria once, then treated with the Cyclosporine for another week, showed histological changes in it, including acute degeneration of the hepatocytes and sometimes hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and in other sections, noticeable necrosis, which concealed their shape and distinctive radial regularity, with nuclear thickening, thickening of the nuclear membrane and disappearance of chromatin, cytoplasmic vacuolation, focal nodular clustering of inflammatory cells adjacent to the central vein, which appeared congested in several sections, and containing hemolysis in other sections, as well as to an increase in the number and size of Kupffer cells in the blood sinusoids, which varied in their appearance between narrowed, dilated and congested with blood, as in Figures (3-15), (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16), (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17), (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19), (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). ...
The research aimed to isolate and diagnose the serological strains of Salmonella spp. that cause typhoid fever, as well as those that cause intestinal inflammations, and to study their histological pathogenesis after experimentally dosed in immunosuppressed male albino mice. The research included 180 blood and stool samples from people with typhoid fever, and 20 samples from people with diarrhea, as well as 30 samples representing the control group. The bacteriological results showed that 26 patients were diagnosed with S. typhi out of 180 patients with typhoid fever, representing 14.4%, and 5 patients were diagnosed with S. typhimurium out of 20 patients with diarrhea, representing 25%. The results of the study showed an increase in the levels of liver enzymes, as the average concentration of the ALT enzyme for the category of patients infected with typhoid, with a recent and confirmed infection with S. typhi, reached 11.283 international units/liter, and the average concentration of the AST enzyme for the same category reached 20.1 international units/liter, compared to the control group. 48 male laboratory mice were used and distributed into 4 groups of 12 mice per group. The first group was the control group that was dosed with physiological solution in an volume of 0.2 ml. The second group was dosed with a suspension of S. typhi bacteria in a volume of 0.2 ml and a concentration of 1×108 colonies/ml. The third group was dosed for a week with the immunosuppressant cyclosporine before and after the experimental infection with a suspension of S. typhi bacteria in a volume of 0.2 ml and a concentration of 1×108 colony/ml. The fourth group was dosed with a suspension of S. typhimurium bacteria in a volume of 0.2 ml and a concentration of 1×107 colony/ml. The mice were dissected one week, two weeks and three weeks after the experimental infection, at a rate of 3 mice per week from each group. The blood was collected and the liver was removed from each mouse. The results showed a slight increase in the ALT enzyme average concentration for the group of mice treated with the immunosuppressant cyclosporine and dosed with S. typhi, reaching 18.57 IU/L, while the group of mice dosed with S. typhimurium was within the limits of the control group and reached 12.24 IU/L. The AST enzyme concentration rate in the control group was 15.136 IU/L, and for the group of mice treated with the immunosuppressant cyclosporine and dosed with S. typhi, it reached 24.74 IU/L, while the concentration for the group of mice dosed with S. typhimurium reached 21.76 IU/L. As for the histological study, the results of the microscopic examination showed the occurrence of many histological lesions in the liver, represented by severe degeneration and acute necrosis, with hypertrophy and sometimes hyperplasia in the hepatocytes, and the loss of chromatin in the nuclei of a number of them, with thickening of the nuclear envelope and sometimes thickening of the nuclei, as well as vacuolation of the cytoplasm in other hepatocytes, with an increase in the number and size of Kupffer cells in the blood sinusoids, which varied in their appearance between narrowed, dilated and congested with blood. It was found that these pathological lesions were more severe in the group of mice treated with the immunosuppressant cyclosporine and dosed with S. typhi.
Gallstone disease (GSD), particularly cholecystitis accompanied by gallstones, is a prevalent global health concern with significant morbidity and mortality rates. Typhoid fever is a public health issue in low- and middle-income countries. The severity of the pathogenesis depends on Salmonella’s possession of several virulence factors encoded on Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs). This study aimed to isolate and identify Salmonella typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, in clinical samples from cholelithiasis patients in Erbil City, Iraq. A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2023 to March 2024, involving 125 patients diagnosed with gallbladder disease. Gallstone, bile, and gallbladder tissue samples were collected and analyzed for bacterial growth. Biochemical and cultural studies confirmed antibiotic susceptibility and Vitek2 system identification. The present study used a traditional PCR assay to detect Salmonella typhi pathogenicity genes. This study found the virulence genes CtdB and TviA using specific primers. Out of 125 samples, 101 (80.8%) showed bacterial growth, with 8 (6.4%) positive for S. typhi and 93 (74.4%) positive for other bacterial species. Gallstones had the highest proportion of S. typhi isolation 5 (4%). Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed significant resistance to commonly used antibiotics like ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. However, the strains demonstrated better susceptibility to various antibiotics. The molecular result showed the virulence genes, including CtdB and TviA, were detected in all (100%) isolated strains. S. typhi's virulence characteristics significantly contributed to gallbladder infections and multidrug-resistant strains (MDR).
Objective: To estimate the prevalence of salmonella typhi in bile specimens collected from patients undergoing cholecystectomy at a tertiary care Hospital Karachi. Methodology: The descriptive cross-sectional study, was conducted at Department of Surgical Unit 21, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi, from January 2021 to June 2021. Patients with symptomatic Cholelithiasis like sudden pain in the upper right portion of your abdomen which radiate towards right shoulder, nausea, vomiting, undergo cholecystectomy of either gender male or female with age 14 to 60 years were included. After open cholecystectomy, bile was aspirated from the gallbladder at fundus in five ml syringe and long spinal needles was used in case of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to collect bile under vision of telescope. Specimens were sent to laboratory according to protocol for culture sensitivity. Results: A total of 171 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included. Mean age of the patients was 49.39±8.78 years. 83 (48.5%) were male and 88 (51.5%) were female. Prevalence of salmonella typhi in bile specimens collected from patients undergoing cholecystectomy, was found 17.54%. Furthermore, the frequency of salmonella isolate was statically insignificant according to the patient’s gender, diabetes and obesity (p=>0.05), while it was statically significant according to age up to 40 years and residence in rural areas (p-<0.05. Conclusion: A significant proportion of patients were found to have Salmonella in bile from patients undergoing cholecystectomy. Therefore, close monitoring of patients must be done in all patients with regular follow-up.
