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Morphological and color variability in flowers of Tigridieae. A-B) Ainea conzattii, C-E) Alophia drummondii, F-G) A. intermedia, H-J) A. silvestris, K-M) A. veracruzana, N-O) Cardiostigma hintonii, P-R) C. longispatha, S-T) C. mexicana, U-V) Cipura campanulata, W-X) Cobana guatemalensis, Y-Z) Colima convoluta. Photographs of Aarón Rodríguez (C-P, W-X, Z), Guadalupe Munguía Lino (A-B, S-V) and Rodríguez & Ortiz-Catedral 2003a (Y).
Source publication
Background:
The tribe Tigridieae (Iridaceae) is a monophyletic group restricted to America. It includes bulbous perennial plants with plicate and isobilateral leaves. The inflorescence is a rhipidium and the floral structures are fugacious, very variable in shape, color and size. Tigridieae is taxonomically and morphologically complex. Its generic...
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... the field, 286 populations were col- lected and photographs were obtained of 59 species of Tigridieae. These include bulbs fruits and seeds (Figure 1) and the morphological and color variability of the flowers (Figures 2-6) that provide important details for the recognition of species. ...
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... has already been mentioned, it is very difficult to identify the genera and species of Tigridieae without fresh and open flowers. In contrast to the vegeta- tive uniformity of the tribe, the flowers are very variable (Figures 2-6). Their position is erect, secund or nutant; i.e. the frontal face of the flowers can be oriented upwards, downwards or laterally. ...
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... color of the nectary has been recorded as achromatic, white or yellow. Alophia ( Figures 2C-M) and Herbertia ( Figures 3H-I) present nectaries with trichomes that secrete oil on the exterior and interior tepals. Ainea (Figures 2A-B), Nemastylis ( Figures 3N-T ...
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... ( Figures 2C-M) and Herbertia ( Figures 3H-I) present nectaries with trichomes that secrete oil on the exterior and interior tepals. Ainea (Figures 2A-B), Nemastylis ( Figures 3N-T ...
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... style is always divided into three branches. However, in some species, such as Cipura cam- panulata Ravenna ( Figures 2U-V ...
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... sunny days, flowers of most of the species open in the early hours of the morning or a little later in the day if it is cloudy. In Cipura campanulata ( Figures 2U-V), the flowers open between the seven and nine in the morning, while Eleutherine latifolia (Fig- ures 3D-E) produces flowers opening almost at dusk. In both cases, the pollinators are moths. ...
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... Cardiostigma 7. Ramas del estilo azules; plantas de Florida, EUA ………...................... Salpingostylis 2. Filamentos connados 8. Ramas del estilo enteras; anteras con dehiscencia poricida …….........….….. Cobana 8. Ramas del estilo bifurcadas; anteras con dehiscencia poricida o longitudinal 9. Filamentos reducidos, de menos de 3 mm de long.; anteras con dehiscencia pori- cida……….....…………………………………………………........…... Sessilanthera 9. Filamentos de más de 3 mm de long.; anteras con dehiscencia longitudinal 10. Nectarios ausentes en la superficie adaxial de los tépalos 11. (Figures 2A-B) 3. Style branches entire, white or blue 5. Style branches conspicuous 6. Style branches flabelliform; apex of each anther adpressed to the style branch below the stigma; stigma petaloid or cristate; bulbs with brown tunics 7. Style branches 11-12 mm long, including the stigmatic crests; column below the branches 6-7 mm long; anthers 3.5-4 mm long; filaments 4.5-5 mm long; tepals with one narrow 19. Floral stem, peduncle, pedicels and fruits wingless; tepals soft yellow; plants of Jalisco; elevations of 400-500 m….……...............…. ...
Citations
... On the contrary, C. campanulata, and I. nil, associated with Moringa and corn, showed a higher importance value index and abundance compared with monoculture. These species have showy flowers that have been shown to attract a great variety of bees, flies, and moth visitors, and alley cropping may provide a good resource in open cultivated areas (Maimoni-Rodella and Yanagizawa, 2007;Munguía-Lino et al., 2017). ...
Alley cropping systems can change the weed community composition and reduce common weed species. However, it is unclear how different woody species intercalated with corn can affect weed abundance and community structure and corn yield in the tropics. The present study examined weed species diversity and community composition in alley cropping systems with three woody species associated with corn: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, Guazuma ulmifolia Lam., and Moringa oleifera Lam. independently, and corn mono-culture, as a control. The tree most dominant weed species were Ruellia nudiflora (Engelm. & A. Gray) Urb., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., and Portulaca pilosa L. Our results showed that the alley cropping system compared with corn monoculture reduced the densities of common abundant weed species, changed weed community composition, maintained or increased plant diversity, but did not affect grain yield (t/h). Based on the sample completeness profile we found that Leucaena associated with corn had a higher weed diversity of order q = 1 and 2 (Shannon and Simpson index) and showed higher evenness compared with corn monoculture, which showed the lowest evenness of all treatments. We found nine weed species that only grow in alley cropping systems and Waltheria americana L., Momordica charantia L. and Porophyllum punctatum (Mill) S.F. Blake. with higher densities. Our findings support the hypothesis that alley cropping systems not only changes weed community composition, but also favours biodiversity conservation without reducing corn yield.
... Es una tribu monofilética y agrupa 203 especies. Dentro de Tigridieae, la variabilidad morfológica de las flores contrasta con la uniformidad de las hojas y bulbos (Rodríguez & Sytsma 2006, Munguía-Lino et al. 2017. Las plantas del género Tigridia Juss. ...
Antecedentes: La diversidad topográfica y climática de la Zona de Transición Mexicana (ZTM) favorecieron la riqueza de especies, la disyunción y el endemismo. Tigridia durangensis es una geófita endémica con distribución disyunta en la ZTM.
Preguntas y / o Hipótesis: ¿Cuál es la diversidad genética de Tigridia durangensis? ¿Tiene estructura genética y filogeográfica? ¿Hubo cambios en su historia demográfica? ¿Las oscilaciones climáticas del Cuaternario afectaron su área de distribución?
Métodos: Las regiones de ADNcp ndhF-rpL32, rpL32-trnL y 3´trnV-ndhC en 55 individuos de 10 poblaciones fueron secuenciadas. La diversidad y estructura genética fueron calculadas con Hd, π y FST. Los parámetros GST y NSTestimaron la estructura filogeográfica. Las relaciones genealógicas fueron estimadas con una red de haplotipos. Hipótesis filogenéticas fueron inferidas con Inferencia bayesiana y Máxima verosimilitud. La demografía histórica fue determinada con pruebas de neutralidad, análisis de distribución de diferencias pareadas (ADDP) y de graficas de líneas de cielo bayesianas. La paleodistribución fue estimada con modelos de nicho ecológico (MNE).
Resultados: Tigridia durangensis mostró estructura genética y filogeográfica. Nueve haplotipos fueron identificados, H1 y H2-H9 formaron dos linajes intraespecíficos. Las pruebas de neutralidad no fueron significativas. El gráfico ADDP fue congruente con la red de haplotipos. Tigridia durangensis experimentó un cuello de botella durante el pasado reciente. Los MNE estimaron una distribución disyunta en todos los escenarios.
Conclusiones: Un cuello de botella y la interrupción del flujo genético entre los haplogrupos de Tigridia durangensisparecen estar asociados a procesos orogénicos y al volcanismo de la Faja Volcánica Transmexicana.
... Alophia Herb. (Iridaceae) is an endemic American genus (distributed in North, Central, and South America) with five recognized species (Goldblatt and Howard 1992;Mungu ıa-Lino et al. 2017), and emerges, in phylogenetic studies, as a monophyletic group within the Tigridieae tribe (e.g. Chauveau et al. 2012). ...
... The genus is characterized by the perennial, bulbous, and herbaceous habit, often with linear or ensiform, plicate leaves; flowering stems with leaf-like bracts, bearing congestedrhipidial subunits . These characteristics are shared with the other members of Tigridieae, which also present two series of three tepals that vary in size, shape, and predominant color, in addition to maculae disposition (Rodriguez and Sytsma 2006;Mungu ıa-Lino et al. 2017). Flowers of Alophia are subtended by membranaceous bracteoles, arranged compactly between two opposing and unequal foliaceous spathes, the stamens present free, or partially to entirely connected filaments, and pandurate anthers with a broad connective; the style is divided into three branches, each branch deeply divided into two arched and filiform arms overlapping the anthers. ...
The Sierra Madre del Sur (SMS) biogeographic province parallels the Pacific Ocean from the state of Jalisco to Oaxaca and Puebla. The area is very complex tectonically and geologically and harbors the highest number of vascular and endemic plant species in Mexico. Here, we describe Tigridia nana as a new species in this province. Furthermore, during the revision of herbaria and digital collections, we created a database to provide a biogeographical analysis of Tigridieae in the SMS. Morphologically, T . nana pertains to Tigridia subgenus Tigridia . The nectary has secretory trichomes that extend across the inner tepal, the base of the much reduced limb inflexes, and then covers it. Tigridia nana is endemic to Oaxaca coexisting in the SMS with 34 other species of Tigridieae. The group is very diverse in the state of Oaxaca, with the species richness and endemism concentrated in the Oaxacan Highlands district. The pine-oak forest harbors the greatest species richness. Our findings coincide with the species richness and endemicity values of some other plant groups in the SMS.
In this work Tigridia riedemanniae Aldunate, Muñoz-Schick & V. Morales it is described, a new species for Chile and Peru; pointing its distribution, habitat and identification of accompanying species. Additionally, it is compared with Tigridia philippiana I.M.Johnst. and Tigridia arequipensis Montesinos, Pauca & I. Revilla, species to which it shares morphological and ecological affinities. A key for their differentiation is included.
Antecedentes y Objetivos: Tigridia sensu lato (Iridaceae) es un género americano con 52 especies de México y Guatemala; pertenece a Tigridieae, tribu monofilética endémica de América, la cual reúne entre 170 y 200 especies. La exploración botánica en el estado de Oaxaca permitió identificar una especie nueva para la ciencia, por lo que el objetivo de este trabajo fue nombrarla y describirla.
Métodos: En el periodo de 2018 a 2022, se realizaron colectas botánicas de Tigridia en el municipio San Juan Teita, distrito Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca, cuyas características morfológicas no corresponden con alguna especie conocida anteriormente, por lo que aquí se describe formalmente y se discuten sus relaciones con especies cercanas. El estado de conservación se evaluó de acuerdo con las categorías y criterios de la Lista Roja de la IUCN.
Resultados clave: Se describe e ilustra Tigridia gypsicola como una especie nueva para la ciencia, endémica del estado de Oaxaca, y se presenta la nueva combinación T. conzattii var. macropetala (≡ Ainea conzattii var. macropetala). La especie nueva se compara morfológicamente con Tigridia coerulea y T. conzattii var. macropetala. De acuerdo con los criterios de la IUCN, su distribución restringida, hábitat especializado y diversos factores de riesgo se propone en la categoría de Vulnerable (VU, D2).
Conclusiones: La descripción de esta nueva especie aumenta el conocimiento de la riqueza de Tigridia y representa nuevos retos para la circunscripción del género. Su hábito gipsófilo enriquece a diez el número de especies de angiospermas restringidas a este tipo de suelo en el municipio San Juan Teita, por lo que se considera necesario implementar estrategias para la conservación de esta área.
In this work, bulb extracts of Tigridia vanhouttei were obtained by maceration with solvents of increasing polarity. The extracts were evaluated against a panel of pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains using the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was tested against two cell lines (THP-1 and A549) using the MTT assay. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts was evaluated in THP-1 cells by measuring the secretion of pro-inflammatory (IL-6 and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines by ELISA. The chemical composition of the extracts was recorded by FTIR spectroscopy, and their chemical profiles were evaluated using GC-MS. The results revealed that only hexane extract inhibited the growth of the clinical isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 200 µg/mL. Against THP-1 cells, hexane and chloroform extracts were moderately cytotoxic, as they exhibited LC 50 values of 90.16, and 46.42 µg/mL, respectively. Treatment with methanol extract was weakly cytotoxic at LC 50 443.12 µg/mL against the same cell line. Against the A549 cell line, hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts were weakly cytotoxic because of their LC 50 values: 294.77, 1472.37, and 843.12 µg/mL. The FTIR analysis suggested the presence of natural products were confirmed by carboxylic acids, ketones, hydroxyl groups, or esters. The GC-MS profile of extracts revealed the presence of phytosterols, tetracyclic triterpenes, multiple fatty acids, and sugars. This report confirms the antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities of T. vanhouttei.
The Codex Cruz-Badianus contains 185 phytomorphs separated into 13 chapters based on medical disorders, as explained in Chap. 1. Each image is labeled with its folio number followed by r (recto) or v (verso) and a number from 1 to 11 when there is more than one image per folio. Emmart (1940) reported only 184 illustrations, and we assume that folio 56v1 and 56v2 (two intertwined plants) were incorrectly listed as one illustration even though two Nahuatl names are attached. A letter from Eugene Tisserat to William Gates, dated July 26, 1933, listed charges for illustrations by his niece Marie-Thérèse Vuillemin for “185 flowers” (Gates 2000). A number of other folios (14v, 18v, 32r, 44r, 51v, 54r, 59r) contain superimposed images. The phytomorphs are those found in Emmart (1940), which were based on the Vuillemin illustrations.
