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California Puff Mesoscale Dispersion Model (CALPUFF) was applied to simulate concentrations and the spatial distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from open burning of maize residues in Chiang Rai, Thailand. The model was simulated during the burning season between January 1 and April 30, 2014. The 95th percentile values o...
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Citations
... Burning crop residues in open fields releases a range of pollutants into the atmosphere (shown in Fig. 1), including Particulate matter (PM 2.5 , PM 10 ), Organic Carbon (OC), Elemental Carbon (EC), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), CO 2 , CO, NO x , NH 3 , CH 4 , SO 2 , as reported by Ravindra et al. (2019) and Singh et al. (2020) for India; Jin et al. (2018b) and Zhang et al. (2019) for China; and Kim Oanh et al. (2018) for South-East Asia. Burning crop straw in the open field generates pollutants that can harm the environment and human health (Junpen et al., 2018;Sirithian et al., 2017) . Burning of crop residues is estimated to increase the aerosol particle concentration by 4 to 7 times in the atmosphere (Alonso-Blanco et al., 2014). ...
... With a cultivation area that spans over 11% of the world's total agricultural land area, the rice production sector accounts for up to 10% of the total agricultural greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions (Singh et al., 2021). Rice straw open burning (RSOB) frequently causes uncontrolled and incomplete combustion (Sirithian et al., 2017). The emitted pollutant species namely include PM 10 (particulate matters with aerodynamic diameters of ≤ 10 μm), PM 2.5 (particulate matters with aerodynamic diameters of ≤ 2.5 μm), BC (black carbon) as a key short-lived climate pollutant, GHGs (CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O), key components of acid rain and smog (SO 2 , NO x ), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and others. ...
... The emitted pollutant species namely include PM 10 (particulate matters with aerodynamic diameters of ≤ 10 μm), PM 2.5 (particulate matters with aerodynamic diameters of ≤ 2.5 μm), BC (black carbon) as a key short-lived climate pollutant, GHGs (CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O), key components of acid rain and smog (SO 2 , NO x ), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and others. Emission from rice straw burning is criticized as the cause of certain respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and dyspnea (Le et al., 2020a;Oanh et al., 2011;Sirithian et al., 2017;Thongchai and Oanh, 2011;Venkataraman and Rao, 2001). In Vietnam, being the third-largest rice exporter worldwide, RSOB produced 330 × and . ...
Rice straw open burning (RSOB) is a major environmental issue in many Asian countries, including Vietnam, during every crop season. This study integrates activity data (post-harvest rice straw) from the SAR Sentinel-1A satellite with an empirical survey to estimate air pollutants (PM10 and PM2.5) emissions from RSOB in Hanoi for the year 2020. According to the findings, Hanoi city has 125.5 thousand ha of rice cultivation area in 2020, producing 725 thousand tons of rice and leaving behind approximately 556 thousand tons of rice straw and stubble on the field. Farmers burning the rice straw open-field is a long-standing practice that emits 517.8 tons of PM10 and 472.3 tons of PM2.5 each year. The results of the ADMS dispersion model show that the maximum hourly averaged concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 appear at 8 p.m. at values of 90.5 μg/m³ and 82.6 μg/m³ for the winter-spring crop and 16.8 μg/m³ and 15.3 μg/m³ for the summer-autumn crop, respectively. The hotspot locates most clearly at the South-Eastern part of the city, corresponding to the region with the largest crop cultivating area. Emission from RSOB has contributed to the local air pollution of Hanoi and its surrounding areas, including non-cultivation and no burning areas.
... Air quality models are systematic tools based on atmospheric physical and chemical processes, combined with meteorological theories and mathematical modeling methods to simulate the diffusion, transport, transformation, and removal processes of atmospheric pollutants in the atmosphere [6]. Air quality models are widely used to study air pollution problems in different parts of the world, and the CALPUFF model, one of the air pollutant dispersion models, has been widely used both domestically and abroad [7][8][9][10]. ...
The brick and tile industry was selected to investigate the impact of pollutants emitted from such industry on air quality. Based on the 2018 Zhengzhou City Census data and combined with field sampling and research visits, an emission inventory of the brick and tile industry in Xinmi City was established using the emission factor method. Based on the established emission inventory, the concentrations of SO2, NOX, and PM2.5 emitted by 31 brick and tile enterprises were then predicted using the CALPUFF model (California puff model, USEPA), which had been evaluated for accuracy, and the simulation results were compared with the observed results to obtain the impact of pollutant emissions from the brick and tile industry on air pollution in the simulated region. Results show that SO2, NOX, and PM2.5 emissions from the brick and tile industry in the study area in 2018 were 564.86 tons, 513.16 tons, and 41.01 tons, respectively. The CALPUFF model can simulate the characteristics of meteorological changes and pollutant concentration trends, and the correlation coefficient of the fit curve between the pollutant observed data and the simulated data was higher than 0.8, which can reproduce the impact of key industrial point sources on air quality well. The simulated concentration values and spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of SO2, NOX, PM2.5 in spring, summer, autumn, and winter were obtained from the model simulations. The contribution of pollutant emissions from the brick and tile industry to the monthly average concentrations of SO2, NOX, and PM2.5 in the simulated region were 6.58%, 5.38%, and 1.42%, respectively, with the Housing Administration monitoring station as the receptor point. The brick and tile industry should increase the emission control measures of SO2 and NOX, and at the same time, the emission control of PM2.5 cannot be slackened.
... Predicted ground level concentrations are directly relevant to the base elevation of the receptors. As for the wind directions, spatial distribution of the maximum 1-h concentrations illustrated in Fig. 2 indicated that high concentrations were found in relevant with the prevailing winds (southwestern and northeastern directions) presented as wind rose diagram as shown in Fig. 3. Sirithian et al. [24] also reported similar finding which indicated that the major factors governed the possibility of high concentrations of air pollution were topographical characteristics and wind directions. ...
Emission characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted from the tank farm of petroleum refinery were evaluated in this study in order to analyze for the potential impacts on health and odor nuisance problems. Estimation procedures were carried out by using the U.S.EPA TANK 4.0.9d emission model in conjunction with direct measurements of gas phase of each stored liquid within aboveground storage tanks. Results revealed that about 61.12% of total VOC emitted from the tank farm by volume were alkanes, in which pentane were richest (27.4%), followed by cyclopentane (19.22%), propene (19.02%), and isobutene (14.22%). Mostly of pentane (about 80%) were emitted from the floating roof tanks contained crude oil corresponded to the largest annual throughput of crude oil as compared with other petroleum distillates. Emission data were further analyzed for their ambient concentration using the AERMOD dispersion model in order to determine the extent and magnitude of odor and health impacts caused by pentane. Results indicated that there was no health impact from inhalation of pentane. However, predicted data were higher than the odor threshold values of pentane which indicated the possibility of odor nuisance problem in the vicinity areas of the refinery. In order to solve this problem, modification of the type of crude oil storage tanks from external floating roof to domed external floating roof could be significant success in reduction of both emissions and ambient concentrations of VOC from petroleum refinery tank farm.
... A huge amount of air pollutants could be released into the atmosphere as the result of burning maize residues in the field during the dry season. For example, slash and burn to grow maize is considered to contribute to the very high concentrations of atmospheric particulate matter during the residue burning season, e.g., 438 μg m −3 (PM 10 ) recorded in on March 8, 2012 in Chiang Rai, compared with the safe standard of 120 μg m −3 (Punyaluea et al., 2015;Sirithian et al., 2017). ...
Burning of maize residues has been considered as a significant source of air pollution in the northern region of Thailand during the dry season. This study applied CALPUFF air dispersion model to predict ambient VOC concentrations released from maize residue open burning in the study area. VOC emission data in 2014 coupled with the meteorological data from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model were used as model input data. The model was simulated during January-April to predict 24-h average VOC concentrations and dispersions over the modeling domain of 100 × 100 km ² with 1 km grid resolution. Four VOCs including benzene, acrylonitrile, xylene, and acetaldehyde were evaluated for different burned area scenarios (100% or worst-case, 75%, 50%, and 25% maize acreage areas being burned at the same time). Predicted concentrations were compared to Thailand surveillance standards and the international ambient VOC guidelines on the 24-h average basis. The results revealed that VOC concentrations from the worst-case scenario exceeded the guidelines. Reducing burned areas could decrease the maximum VOC concentrations; however, the levels of some VOCs were still higher than the guideline values. The highest value was predicted in January due to its lower wind speed as compared to other months. Therefore, we suggested that the intermittent control scheme of zero burning should be more stringent in the study area during the burning season for reducing the impacts on air quality and public health.
... A huge amount of air pollutants could be released into the atmosphere as the result of burning maize residues in the field during the dry season. For example, slash and burn to grow maize is considered to contribute to the very high concentrations of atmospheric particulate matter during the residue burning season, e.g., 438 μg m −3 (PM 10 ) recorded in on March 8, 2012 in Chiang Rai, compared with the safe standard of 120 μg m −3 (Punyaluea et al., 2015;Sirithian et al., 2017). ...
This paper aims to examine the phenomenon of Chinese agricultural investment and land governance in Southeast Asia, specifically in Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Thailand. We gathered data in the field at the research sites on Chinese agricultural investment and conducted interviews with stakeholders in each area, including villagers, official staff, and Chinese investors. Our purpose is to understand the current state of agribusiness and land use, as well as their impact on the country. We discovered that China’s outward FDI has led to an increase in Chinese agricultural investment in the four countries, which is linked to the BRI strategy and China’s “going out” policy. The destination countries have land policies and foreign investment laws that support foreign investors, especially in Laos, Cambodia, and Myanmar. Chinese agricultural investment leads to land use change and its impact on smallholders in each area, such as land grabbing, land concessions, and land acquisition, which the authorities must consider land governance and policy support.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that a third of all global deaths from stroke, lung cancer and respiratory diseases can be linked to air pollution. In some cities, breathing polluted air is as dangerous as smoking 25 cigarettes a day. This is a literature review that focusses on the problem of the annual haze in Northern Thailand, in order to ascertain workable policies to help alleviate this annual smog or haze. The review was conducted from over 1000 peer reviewed papers from both Scopus and the ISI databases with preference given to papers published within the past 5 years. This paper is divided into five sections. The first section deals with the cause of the haze, the technologies and models that are being developed and used to monitor and predict pollution and the meteorological conditions specific to the North of Thailand. The second section concerns the effect from air pollution on the health of the general public both from Thailand and other countries. The third section looks at policies from around the world that have been used to successfully reduce haze and smog. These include conservation agriculture, low emission zones and education methods. The fourth section suggests policies that should be implemented in the North of Thailand to help alleviate this annual problem. The overall conclusion is that the annual pollution is a complex multi-faceted problem requiring coherent policies across multiple departments, provinces and countries.
Steel melting plants expel multiple pollutant gasses and particles and, as a result, they impact the surrounding air quality. The main objective of the current study was to investigate the concentration dispersion of sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 μm (PM10) emitted from a steel plant located in Muscat, Oman. This investigation was supported by the use of CALPUFF dispersion modeling software. The study analysis was based on selected modeling days that represent two different periods of the year: winter and summer. CALPUFF case study simulation results showed that winter NOx concentration levels exceeded the allowable concentrations set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) standards. On the other hand, SO2, CO, and PM10 simulated results were within the allowable concentration limits.
This study aims to investigate the concentrations and distributions of particulate matters and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (p-PAHs) in different inhalable fractions during haze periods in Phayao Province, northern Thailand and identify their possible emission sources through the characteristic ratios of selected PAHs, then determine an estimate of the potential lung cancer risk. The particulate samples were collected during haze periods between February 18 and April 8, 2014 and non-haze period from June 17 to 22, 2014 using an eight-stage cascade impactor. Each filter sample was weighed, ultrasonically extracted with acetonitrile, and then analyzed by SIM-GC-MS to identify 16 PAHs. The experimental results show that the concentrations of ultrafine (dae < 0.4 μm), fine (0.4 μm < dae < 2.1 μm), and coarse (dae > 2.1 μm) particles during haze periods were in the range of 14.98–26.52 μg m⁻³, 62.57–101.52 μg m⁻³, and 55.27–89.68 μg m⁻³, respectively; whereas, their concentrations of 16 PAHs were in the range of 7.82–36.06 ng m⁻³, 26.66–61.89 ng m⁻³, and 9.35–30.93 ng m⁻³, respectively. The p-PAH distribution profiles during the haze periods were bimodal in coarse and accumulation modes, which are closely related to their particle size distributions. The characteristic ratios of BaP/BgP and INP/(BgP+InP) adsorbed on ultrafine and fine particles were 0.81–0.88 and 0.38–0.86 and 0.54–0.57 and 0.44–0.52, respectively. The values of B[a]Peq observed during haze periods varied from 9.57 to 29.05 ng m⁻³. Estimated lifetime cancer risks during haze periods ranged from 8.324 to 25.27 additional cases per 10,000 people exposed, which is about 10 times higher than that during non-haze period.
