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Sebira Island is an Indonesian remote island that relies on its energy source mostly from diesel-generated electricity. The island's main economic activities include activities related to the coastal and fishery sectors. This research paper evaluates long-term planning of a mini-grid hybrid energy system from solar, wind, and diesel in island level...
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Context 1
... model structure is as shown in Fig. 3 . Input in the energy planning system includes technical, economic, and environmental parameters. Technical parameters include demand relative to the time slice function including end use demnd from productive activities, availability and capacity factor of powerplants, lifetime, efficiency, and energy to power ratio for storage. ...
Context 2
... to the IEA reports ( IEA and OECD NEA 2020 ; IEA 2021 ), the annual cost reduction is depicted in Fig. 3 . Based on the curve, it is found that the investment cost that has experienced a sharp decline is the Solar PV mini-grid (SPV), with a learning rate of 30% from $1100/kWh in the base year (2020) to $619/kW at the end of the planning year (2040). The learning rate for wind turbines (WT) is 11%, and investment costs are down from ...
Context 3
... the investment cost projection in Fig. 3 and the assumption of fixed operating and maintenance (O&M) cost at 3% for DG, 2% for SPV, and 4% for WT, and the projection of fuel prices, LCOE for each generation technology is deduced. Using a similar method, the least cost of storage (LCOS) is deduced as shown in Fig. 4 , with the assumption of fixed O&M cost at 2% for Li-Ion and ...
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Citations
... Studies have implemented fully sequential year at hourly resolution for island energy systems planning except for one study that represented hourly load profiles for 52, 91, and 184 days in a year [10]. [6] used sub-hourly energy profiles for an island and only a single study for the island of Sebira considered the spatial resolution in energy system analysis [11]. ...
... Clean water scarcity for isolated islands is highlighted explicitly [10,12]. Some studies considered industry [11] and waste management [8]. ...
... Excess electricity is also reported to penalize the cost-benefit analysis of island energy systems and reduce revenues [29]. This energy spillage affects the bankability of energy planning projects [11], which also results in a lack of private sector engagement [51]. ...
Purpose of Review
As we transition to highly renewable energy systems, island energy systems face challenges different from those well-understood for continents. This paper reviews these challenges to guide energy systems modelling for islands.
Recent Findings
Only a single energy system model is found to be developed especially for islands. Challenges like land scarcity, climate risks, high seasonality of demand, isolation and remoteness, data scarcity, social and political vulnerability, and scarce funding are identified in recent literature. Notably, isolation and remoteness, social and political factors, and insufficient island funding are underrepresented in studies reviewed in this work.
Summary
This review identifies the specific challenges of island energy systems and compiles the methods employed by researchers to tackle them. We discuss these challenges in detail, highlight gaps, and provide suggestions to improve island energy systems modelling in the future.
... A. N. Shafira et al. analyze the techno-economics of hybrid renewable energy systems integrated with productive activities in underdeveloped rural areas in eastern Indonesia [22]. Using Sebira Island as a case study, V.Z.P. Hardjono et al. designed the integration of renewable energy systems with productive zones on remote islands [23]. Employing Anyar Beach, the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, as a case study, D. Rachmawatie et al. examine the socio-economic effects of using renewable hybrid electricity to develop rural communities [24]. ...
There is a goal for practical renewable electrification and renewable energy investments in underdeveloped regions. Indonesia's experience underscores the complexities and challenges in implementing such projects effectively. A study on the effects of various socio-economic factors on Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Indonesia highlights the significant impact of forest area, urbanization, and industrialization on carbon emissions. A hybrid system consists of PV, a Biogas Generator, and a Wind Turbine that are successfully deployed. However, no economic analysis has been conducted to obtain the best configuration of the hybrid system. We propose to delve into the effective integration combination of hybrid power systems. In this study, we thoroughly analyzed hybrid power systems in underdeveloped areas using the HOMER software. We examined five different hybrid system configurations: Solely biogas, complete generator integration, a biogas and hydrogen combo, biogas coupled with a PV system, and biogas combined with a wind turbine. Our findings indicated varying levels of economic viability, operational performance, and environmental impact across the configurations, providing crucial insights for policymakers and stakeholders in underdeveloped regions like Indonesia. The results showed the Wind-Hydrogen and Hydrogen Only schemes as the most cost-effective, with a Total Net Present Cost (NPC) of, 969.27 and Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) at ＄0.218. Moreover, while CO2 emissions were similar across all schemes, around 27,744 kg/year, the All-Generator scheme had slightly higher emissions at 27,667 kg/year but led in electricity production with 29,101 kWh/year. These results underscore the importance of balancing cost, energy output, and environmental impact in hybrid power system schemes for underdeveloped regions.
... Ramesh and Saini [29] found that discount rates, battery cost and variation in PV costs significantly impacted the HRES in rural India. Hardjono et al. [30] found that a minimum grant of 25% was required for the feasibility of long-term planning of energy system integration with productive zone development on an isolated Indonesian island. Putro and Purwanto [31] clustered Indonesia's 3T villages and found that the combination of tax allowances, interest subsidies, grants and carbon emission reduction made microgrids viable in those village clusters. ...
... However, the analyses [25][26][27][28][29] were limited to the COE of the system, and some studies designed an energy system capable only of meeting the electricity demand in existing non-productive and productive sectors in specific remote rural settings. To fill the research gap, this study expands the scope to Indonesia's isolated regions [30,31] by designing an HRES that can support the development of new productive sectors based on the socio-economic potential of the region, thus prospectively improving the economic feasibility of the system. This study also includes the electricity tariff and compares it to the purchasing power of residents of the remote rural area of interest in eastern Indonesia. ...
The Southwest Maluku region in eastern Indonesia is considered a frontier, outermost and underdeveloped region. Its inhabitants live on isolated islands, including the residents of Mahaleta Village, where only 9.4% of the community have limited access to electricity. This study aimed to design an economically feasible hybrid renewable energy (RE) system based on solar and wind energy to integrate with the productive activities of the village. The study developed conceptual schemes to meet the demand for electricity from the residential, community, commercial and productive sectors of the village. The analysis was performed using a techno-economic approach. The hybrid system was designed using the HOMER Pro optimization function, and cold-storage and dryer systems were designed to support related productive activities. The optimized design of the hybrid RE system comprised 271.62 kW of solar photovoltaics, 80 kW of wind turbines and a 1-MWh lead–acid battery. We found that the hybrid RE system would only be economically feasible with a full-grant incentive and an electricity tariff of 0.035/kg and a drying cost of $0.082/kg. Integrating the hybrid RE system with productive activities can improve the economic feasibility of the energy system and create more jobs as well as increase income for the local community.
The island of Graciosa in the Azores faces unique energy challenges due to its remote location and reliance on imported diesel fuel. As a result, a hybrid energy system has been implemented that combines wind and solar energy with energy storage and diesel generators. This article examines the expansion of the island's hybrid energy system, by simulating four alternative scalable scenarios that take into account expected technological advances over the next 20 years, including technologies such as biomass and hydrogen. Homer Pro and PVSyst software were used for optimizing the design of the stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system, with the aim of achieving cost-effective configurations and optimizing production, storage, and power grid management. Four simulations were performed to evaluate the expansion scenarios, namely in terms of configurations, component sizing, and economic feasibility. The results show that the most balanced, cost-effective scenario is the one that combines all the energy sources considered: photovoltaic, wind, biomass, battery storage, and hydrogen. The originality of this study lies in the scenario comparison methodology used to evaluate the viability and expansion of a hybrid energy system using modern renewable energy production technologies adapted to the specific insular conditions of Graciosa Island, assessing the economic impact and taking into account the imperative of energy security. This paper provides valuable insights into the potential and challenges of hybrid energy systems on the island of Graciosa and is instrumental for projects alike in similar remote regions.
Water scarcity is a global problem that particularly affects islands located in arid regions or regions with limited water resources. This issue has prompted the development of non-conventional water sources such as fossil fuel-powered desalination systems. Concern about the high energy and environmental costs associated with this type of facility has created the ideal framework for the proliferation of desalination projects powered by renewable energies, especially wind energy due to the multiple advantages it offers. This article provides a bibliometric analysis to identify the advances made in wind-powered desalination on islands. While many studies explore wind-powered desalination, none compile references specific to islands. This paper analyses islands’ desalination needs and showcases wind-powered systems, exploring their types and uses. Firstly, the most relevant international scientific journals are identified to allow the subsequent selection and quantitative and qualitative analysis of articles directly dealing with wind-powered desalination systems. A total of 2344 articles obtained from the Scopus database were analyzed, of which 144 including 181 case studies were selected. Among the results of this study, an increasing year-on-year trend is observed in the number of published studies tackling wind-powered desalination. Finally, this paper presents a series of maps showing the most relevant facilities, projects, and data in this field, and provides an overview of the lessons learned in the decarbonization of desalination.
