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Model 3: extended stage model with mindfulness facets as predictors of intentions and behavior. Note. Completely standardized coefficients. Dashed arrows = relationship was expected to be nonsignificant; continuous arrows = relationship was expected to be
Source publication
Objectives
The preference of organically grown foods can potentially decrease greenhouse gas emissions, which are related to climate change. Recent empirical studies suggest associations between dispositional mindfulness and self-reported pro-environmental behavior. In order to identify the potential and mechanisms of mindfulness with regard to pro...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... mindfulness facets as predictors of those (model 2, see figure in supplementary materials). Second, an extended stage model with the mindfulness facets as predictors for intention and behavior to test whether the relationships between mindfulness, itentions, and behavior remain stable when the complete basic stage model is included (model 3, see Fig. 3). Third, an extended stage model with the mindfulness facets as predictors of the stage-specific variables (model 4, see Fig. 4). Addressing Q3, the mindfulness mean differences of the members of the stages groups were examined using an ...
Context 2
... found in the previous model do not remain stable when the other stage variables are added (Q2.1). The overall fit of model 3 was broadly acceptable (χ 2 (502) = 969.028, p < .000; CFI = .952, TLI = .944, RMSEA = .043, SRMR = .051). The changes in the explained variance in the different models are summarized in Tables 4. In model 3 (see Fig. 3), compared to the basic stage model, a small positive change in explained variance through the inclusion of mindfulness occurred in the goal intention (ΔR 2 = .012) and the implementation intention (ΔR 2 = ...
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This paper applied a self-administered survey to investigate the impact of organic food behavior and the intention-behavior gap in organic food consumption (OIBG) on consumers' subjective wellbeing including physical, emotional, social and intellectual dimensions. The survey was carried out with 385 consumers. Furthermore, the study conducted a foo...
Improving quality of life is an important motivation for the consumption of organic foods. The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of organic food consumption on the quality of life. Questionnaire was adopted based on the literature review and distributed among the students of marketing department. The sample of the study consists 65 partic...
Citations
... In addition to these pathways, there is evidence that how certain aspects of mindfulness relate to environmental behavior vary. It was discovered that the dimension of witnessing was more consistently strongly connected with environmental behavior and related factors, such as personal ecological norms and attitude [44,45] . According to Baer et al. [46] , observing is the awareness of internal and external stimuli, including feelings, thoughts, emotions, sights, sounds, and smells. ...
This study aims to analyze the relationship between mindfulness, environmental satisfaction, and environmental identity of adults. A sample of 367 adults was recruited using convenient sampling, and data were collected through online surveys. A quantitative analysis was carried out with SMART PLS-SEM to explore the structural relationships between these variables. The results demonstrated that mindfulness is significantly correlated with both environmental satisfaction and environmental identity, with environmental identity serving as a significant mediator between mindfulness and environmental satisfaction. These findings suggest that individuals with higher levels of mindfulness tend to have greater environmental satisfaction and a more robust environmental identity. The study highlights the importance of mindfulness in promoting environmental responsibility and suggests that mindfulness can enhance adults' affinity with nature and pro-environmental behaviors. This research contributes to the current understanding of the psychological determinants of environmental attitudes and behaviors, offering valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners aiming to foster environmental actions.
... Furthermore, Amel et al. (2009) found a significant positive correlation between the mindfulness facet "acting with awareness" and scores on a green behavior scale in a small sample of 100 visitors to a sustainability expo. Moreover, in two recent studies (Hunecke & Richter, 2019;Richter & Hunecke, 2020), the mindfulness facet "observe" was identified as the strongest predictor of sustainable and organic food consumption. A weak positive correlation was also found between "acting with awareness" and sustainable food consumption (Hunecke & Richter, 2019). ...
... Women with lower levels of emotion dysregulation demonstrated a greater ability to attend to internal and external stimuli, cognitions, and emotions and a greater ability to perceive their own emotions and thoughts without feeling overwhelmed or forced to react to them, which, in turn, facilitated proenvironmental actions. This finding is consistent with studies that identified the mindfulness facet of "Observe" as the strongest predictor of sustainable and organic food consumption (Hunecke & Richter, 2019;Richter & Hunecke, 2020). The relationship between the "Observe" facet of mindfulness and pro-environmental behaviors has also been observed in other studies (Barbaro & Pickett, 2016;Ray et al., 2021). ...
Objectives
This study aimed to explore possible gender differences in the relationship between emotion dysregulation, mindfulness, and pro-environmental behaviors. Specifically, it aimed to investigate whether mindfulness mediated the association between emotion dysregulation and pro-environmental behaviors, and if there were any gender differences in this relationship.
Method
A sample of 1,406 employees (56.3% males, average age = 44.85) participated in the study. Participants completed the Pro-Environmental Behaviors Scale (PEBS), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale- Short Form (DERS-SF), and Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) to assess pro-environmental behaviors, emotion regulation, and mindfulness, respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Pearson's correlation analysis, and mediation analysis.
Results
Women exhibited higher scores on the PEBS total scale (p < 0.001; 𝜂² = 0.02), higher scores on the Observe and Describe FFMQ subscales (p < 0.001; 𝜂² = 0.01), and lower scores on the Non-react FFMQ subscale (p < 0.001; 𝜂² = 0.01), compared to men. No gender differences were found on the DERS-SF total scale (p > 0.05; 𝜂² = 0.00). Higher levels of emotion dysregulation were associated with lower pro-environmental behaviors (r = - 0.12; p < 0.05). Mindfulness mediated the relationship between emotion dysregulation and pro-environmental behaviors, specifically through the ability to observe one's own emotions and external stimuli. Gender differences were found based on the Non-react facet of mindfulness, which is negatively associated with pro-environmental behaviors in men (β = - 0.08; p < 0.05) and positively associated with them in women (β = 0.09; p < 0.05).
Conclusions
The findings suggest that emotion dysregulation and mindfulness are associated with pro-environmental behaviors. The ability to observe one's own emotions and external stimuli plays a significant role in promoting sustainable behaviors, while the ability to perceive one's own emotions without feeling overwhelmed or compelled to react to them has different associations with pro-environmental behaviors in men and women. These results provide insights for the development of interventions targeting emotion regulation and mindfulness to encourage pro-environmental behaviors, specifically based on gender.
Preregistration
This study is not preregistered.
... This integration serves a dual purpose: enhancing the wellbeing of athletes and fostering ecological and social sustainable behavior. The following section focuses exemplarily on three programs of inner sustainability, which have been investigated in relation to sports on the one hand and to well-being and sustainable attitudes and behavior on the other: Self-compassion (related to sport, see Cormier et al., 2023; related to sustainable attitudes, see Richter & Hunecke, 2020;Winkelmair et al., 2023), mindfulness (related to sports, see Jansen & Hoja, 2018; related to sustainable attitudes and behaviors, see Geiger et al., 2018;Geiger et al., 2019), and the training of character strengths (in relation to sports, Tomé-Lourido et al., 2022). ...
Sport and physical activity are crucial for social transformations, such as sustainable transformation. Drawing on evidence from positive and environmental psychology, this paper argues, within the context of sports, that the inner transformative qualities of athletes, the so-called inner sustainability, are crucial factors for the transition to a higher level of sustainable behavior. Evidence is presented that inner sustainability is connected to well-being and is a significant driver of sustainable behavior. This paper presents a road map for researchers investigating the internal transformative qualities in sports. Furthermore, examples of exercises to foster inner sustainability in sports are given. Given that sports often mirror sociopolitical dynamics, advocating for the enhancement of internal transformative qualities in sports becomes a pursuit of individual well-being and a conscientious effort toward the well-being of the entire ecosystem.
... Therefore, many individuals are switching to a plant-based diet, for example, vegan food which is considered a healthier and environmentally sustainable option. This transition is fueled by several reasons, such as ecological and nutritional value , sustainable mindfulness (Richter & Hunecke, 2020;Siebertz et al., 2022), ethical motives (Radnitz et al., 2015), adverse environmental situation (Castañé & Ant on, 2017), morality and value orientation (Napoli & Ouschan, 2020). According to the United Nations and the European Commission, the food consumption movement toward a plant-based diet is essential to neutralize natural environment deterioration as plant-based food uses natural resources in a way that the earth's capacity does not get exhausted for future generations (Alvaro, 2017;European Commission, 2020). ...
The study aims to ascertain the mediating influence of nature connectedness and love for nature in the association of terminal and instrumental values with stated buying behavior in the vegan food context. Drawing theoretical underpinning from Value‐Belief‐Norm (VBN) in terms of value dichotomy and the Biophilia Hypothesis for sustainable consumption, the research hypotheses were tested using covariance‐driven structural equation modeling. Cross‐sectional data of 524 participants was collected through an online agency from an emerging market (India). Although the results suggest that improved terminal and instrumental values contribute to stated buying behavior, this effect transpires only through the love for nature. Furthermore, the role of love for nature as a mediating construct in the relationship between the terminal and instrumental values and the corresponding influence on stated buying behavior has been confirmed. Thus, the present study empirically corroborates the rationality of Value‐Belief‐Norm as well as the Biophilia Hypothesis as its novel theoretical contributions. Marketers of vegan food products should formulate terminal and instrumental value‐oriented strategies that reinforce nature connectedness and love for nature, which are anticipated to exert a significant stated buying behavior‐enhancing influence.
... Marketing has borrowed knowledge from other fields such as psychology and sociology in the quest to find answers to these elusive questions. e. g. applying Theory of Planned Behaviour to predict consumer's intention (Chen, 2014 (Lim, 2017;Richter and Hunecke, 2020;Waheed et al., 2020). ...
Purpose
Though there is consensus that mindfulness induces mindful consumption (MC), empirical testing is needed to uncover the mechanism underlying temperance behaviour in the MC model proposed by Sheth et al. (2011). The role of mindful advertising in influencing MC needs deeper investigation. The purpose of this research paper is to bridge the gap.
Design/methodology/approach
The relationship between mindfulness and temperance in consumption was investigated using an online simulation. Mindful advertising by Patagonia, with a message to buy less yet demand organic, fair-trade and recycled products, was introduced as a moderator in experimental group one. The second group was exposed to an aspirational advertisement of Tommy Hilfiger, symbolic of consumption-driving communication.
Findings
Not buying any brands was the uppermost preference by the participants followed by Patagonia, which used a mindful advertisement. Tommy Hilfiger was a distant third despite using an aspirational advertisement. A predictive relationship between mindfulness and temperance in consumption remained elusive.
Practical implications
Consumer purchase decisions favouring mindfully advertised Patagonia make a strong business case for nurturing a mindful mindset and promoting mindful behaviour. The customer-centric sustainability strategy of caring for the people and the planet beforehand should take precedence over corporate social responsibility which is usually an afterthought.
Originality/value
Measuring mindfulness and MC, two constructs combined in one experimental design, using a simulation built around real-life marketing communication distinguishes this research paper.
... In the pre-decision stage, the individual is unaware of the problem associated with the irrational/ harmful/unhealthy behaviour and has no interest in changing it (Richter & Hunecke, 2020). Current behaviour is performed habitually and without conscious thought (Richter & Hunecke, 2020). ...
... In the pre-decision stage, the individual is unaware of the problem associated with the irrational/ harmful/unhealthy behaviour and has no interest in changing it (Richter & Hunecke, 2020). Current behaviour is performed habitually and without conscious thought (Richter & Hunecke, 2020). Individuals progress to the next pre-action stage, when the goal intention is strongly supported by personal norms based on moral responsibility to change unhealthy behaviour (Heckhausen & Gollwitzer, 1987;Klöckner, 2017). ...
... When a person adopts a strong attitude and believes that he or she is in control of alternative behaviour, a behaviour intention is formed. This relates to a commitment to changing behaviour (Richter & Hunecke, 2020;Nachreiner et al., 2015). The socio-cognitive approach predicts behavioural intentions through personal norms influenced by social norms, attitude, and perceived behavioural control, rather than situational norms (Bamberg, 2013). ...
The impulsive buying behaviour is studied largely in the consumer behaviour domain
with the marketer aspect – how to make the marketing environment more impulsive for the
consumer? but focuses less on consumer overall wellbeing. Consumer with lower self-consciousness
readily react impulsively to situation and then regrets for the self-regulation failure. Through
mindfulness individual becomes aware of the present moment and accept the feelings and emotions in the present moment without dwelling on the past or future, thus help in regulating the impulsive behaviour. Little research is focused on how the consumer can change their impulsive behaviour through various stages of intentions. This study seeks to model the change in impulsive buying behaviour through various intention stages and how the mindfulness helps to strength the intentions at various stages.
... Several studies have used the TPB to understand green consumption behavior (e.g. Morren and Grinstein, 2016;Nguyen et al., 2016;Richter and Hunecke, 2020;Bhardwaj et al., 2023). However, this conceptualization has ignored the role of pro-social motives in green consumption, i.e. personal values (i.e. ...
... Further, Qi and Ploeger (2019) disclosed that consumers' intention to purchase organic foods mediates the association between their attitudes and purchase behavior surrounding green foods. Moreover, Richter and Hunecke (2020) found that consumers' personal norms toward green buying enhance their intention, leading to green buying behavior. Thus, we hypothesize that: ...
... However, the insignificant mediation effect of perceived behavioral control, adverse consequences, ascribed responsibility and personal norms contradicts a few previous findings (e.g. Verma et al., 2019;Richter and Hunecke, 2020), and they may be attributed to the insignificant direct effects of altruistic, biospheric and egoistic values on these variables. 5.1.3 ...
Purpose
This study aims to integrate the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the value-belief-norm (VBN) theory into a meta-analytic framework to synthesize green consumption literature.
Design/methodology/approach
By integrating the findings from 173 studies, a meta-analysis was performed adopting several analytical methods: bivariate analysis, moderation analysis and path analysis.
Findings
VBN- and TPB-based psychological factors (adverse consequences, ascribed responsibility, personal norms, subjective norms, attitude and perceived behavioral control) mediate the effects of altruistic, biospheric and egoistic values on green purchase intention. Further, inconsistencies in the proposed relationships are due to cultural factors (i.e. individualism-collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity–femininity, short- vs long-term orientation and indulgence-restraint) and countries’ human development status.
Research limitations/implications
The authors selected papers published in English; hence, other relevant papers in this domain published in other languages might have been missed.
Practical implications
The findings are useful to marketers of green offerings in designing strategies, i.e. specific messages, targeting different customers based on countries’ cultural score and human development index, to harvest positive customer responses.
Originality/value
This study is the pioneering attempt to synthesize the TPB- and VBN-based quantitative literature on green consumer behavior to resolve the reported inconsistent findings.
... and that both personal and social norms were involved with setting intentions and then achieving sustainable diets. 30,31 Barbaro and Pickett conducted two studies (N = 360; N = 296) that found positive associations between self-reported PEB and mindfulness (β = .19; P < .01; ...
Rising greenhouse gas levels heat the earth’s surface and alter climate patterns, posing unprecedented threats to planetary ecology and human health. At the same time, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease have reached epidemic proportions across the globe, caused in part by decreases in physical activity and by over-consumption of carbon-intensive foods. Thus, interventions that support active transportation (walking or cycling rather than driving) and healthier food choices (eating plant-based rather than meat-based diets) would yield health and sustainability “co-benefits.” Emerging research suggests that mindfulness-based practices might be effective means toward these ends. At the University of Wisconsin-Madison, we have developed a mindfulness-based group program, Mindful Eco-Wellness: Steps Toward Healthier Living. Loosely based on the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction course, our curriculum teaches mindfulness practices in tandem with sustainability principles, following weekly themes of Air, Water, Food, Energy, Transportation, Consumption, Nature Experience, and Ethics. For example, the “Air” class offers participants practice in guided breath meditations while they learn about the benefits of clean air. The theme of “Food” is presented through mindful eating, accompanied by educational videos highlighting the consequences of food production and consumption. “Transportation” includes walking/movement meditations and highlights the health benefits of physical activity and detriments of fossil-fueled transportation. Pedagogical lessons on energy, ecological sustainability, and the ethics of planetary health are intertwined with mindful nature experience and metta (loving-kindness) meditation. Curricular materials, including teaching videos, are freely available online. Pilot testing in community settings (n = 30) and in group medical visits (n = 34) has demonstrated feasibility; pilot data suggests potential effectiveness. Rigorous evaluation and testing are needed.
... However, this direct relation was only observed for sustainable food choices but not for a vegetarian lifestyle which might be more influenced by moral norms like animal welfare and ecological norms. The follow-up study of Richter and Hunecke (2020) provides a theoretical approach to how different dimensions of mindfulness and the change process of human behaviors towards organic food consumption are linked. Their model is based on the stage model of Frontiers in Psychology 03 frontiersin.org ...
... This investigation revealed attitudes as the main determinants for the choice of an alternative behavior, e.g., the substitution of beef with other meats or seafood, or vegetarian meals, and emphasizes the role of social norms and the awareness of negative consequences of behaviors through personal norms for the goal intention of reducing beef consumption. In the framework of Richter and Hunecke (2020), an adapted and reduced version of the SSBC by Bamberg (2013) was used, comprising different types of intentions (goal intention, behavior intention, implementation intention) and a fixed sequence of stages toward behavioral change (pre-decision, pre-action, action, and postaction stages). They include stage-specific variables that influence intentions and behavior such as social norms, personal norms, attitudes, perceived behavior control, and different forms of selfefficacy. ...
... The predictive value of personal and social norms, attitudes, and perceived behavior control thus must be considered. Siebertz et al. (2022) applied the adapted SSBC by Richter and Hunecke (2020) in the context of vegetarian and vegan food consumption and dispositional mindfulness. Their results showed that the mindfulness facet observing correlated with the explicit attitudes and goal intention and that personal norms mediated the link between observing and goal intention. ...
Objectives
The main goal of our intervention study was to investigate whether two conceptually different mindfulness interventions positively impacted the explicit and implicit affective evaluations of vegetarian foods. We included possible mediating variables (e.g., wellbeing) and related our results to the stage model of self-regulated behavioral change (SSBC).
Methods
We implemented a compassion and caring-based mental training (N = 31) and an adapted MBSR course (N = 34) as mindfulness interventions, and a stress-reduction course (N = 26) as the active control group. The curriculums consisted of 12 weekly group sessions á 75 min. All participants were tested pre- and post-intervention and 3 months after the last intervention session, answered questionnaires (mindfulness, compassion, wellbeing, items of the SSBC) and completed an explicit affective evaluation task and an affective priming task.
Results
There was an improvement in the explicit attitudes toward vegetarian foods regardless of the intervention group. In the SSBC, we found a link between the explicit attitudes toward vegetarian foods and the indicated stage in the model. Multiple regression analysis revealed social and personal norms and a vegetarian/vegan diet as the only significant predictors for goal intention in the SSBC.
Conclusion
The results of our study suggest that both conceptually different mindfulness interventions, as well as a stress-reduction program, have a positive impact on explicit affective attitudes toward vegetarian foods. We highlight the meaning of inner dimensions and transformation for change processes for a more sustainable diet and the role of social and personal norms.
... A similar situation exists with regard to the consumption of organic food. Individuals' reflection on the impact of their food choices on themselves and on the environment may lead to a preference for organic food [67]. Thøgersen and Ö lander [68] suggest that the stronger the personal norms of the consumers in favor of organic food, the more likely they are to increase their consumption of organic food and abandon their conventional food habits. ...
The deterioration of the environment, shortage of resources, and frequent occurrence of food safety issues have made people increasingly concerned about themselves while maintaining their health and protecting the environment through food. Organic food, as a healthy and eco-friendly option, is gradually gaining attention. Based on the value-belief-norm theory, this study explores why individuals consume organic food and the range of factors that lead to this consumer behavior. This study adopted a cross-sectional design and collected quantitative data from conveniently selected 300 youth participants in Bangladesh using an online survey. The findings revealed that health values and motivation have a significant positive effect on healthy eating beliefs, which, together with the awareness of the consequences, affect personal norms toward organic food consumption. Personal norms also have a significant positive effect on organic food consumption behavior among Bangladeshi youth. Finally, trust on organic food positively moderates the effect of personal norms on organic food consumption. The findings of this study are expected to foster the development of a comprehensive framework to promote programs and policies focused on organic and healthy food consumption culture among youth in developing nations.
