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Parenting is recognized as a complex and stressful activity, which in recent years has been
linked to the potential development of parental burnout among mothers and fathers. With the spread
of COVID-19 around the globe, not only have situations of health emergency and economic difficulty
emerged, but also tremendous impacts on individual lives and...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... test whether COVID-19 lockdown measures had a significant impact on parental burnout for both mothers and fathers, model 2 was run separately for men and women. The results in Table 3 indicate that lockdown measures significantly increased parental burnout in both fathers and mothers (B = 0.12, p < 0.05; B = 0.21, p < 0.001), controlled for co-parenting, educational level, and number of children. In addition, for both fathers and mothers, higher levels of co-parenting were found to be associated with lower levels of parental burnout (B = −1.36, ...Similar publications
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Citations
... The findings offer preliminary evidence for interventions aimed at mitigating the negative effects of parental burnout. Co-parenting plays a key role as a resource for reducing parental stress, which accords with the findings of Bastiaansen et al. (2021). Besides co-parenting, interventions aimed at improving parents' ability to regulate their emotions (e.g., cognitive reappraisal intervention, [Rodriguez et al., 2020]) may effectively alleviate the negative effects of parental burnout. ...
This study empirically investigated the mechanisms underlying work-to-family conflict and family-to-work conflict’s effect on second-child fertility intention by focusing on parental burnout and grandparent support. A sample of 1072 Chinese respondents who had already had one child were surveyed. The results of the two-wave longitudinal study showed that both work-to-family conflict and family-to-work conflict exerted a significant negative effect on second-child fertility intention. Mediation path analysis revealed that both independent variables had significant positive effects on parental burnout, while parental burnout exhibited significant negative effects on the dependent variable. Subsequently, our study confirmed that parental burnout served as a mediating variable between work-to-family conflict, family-to-work conflict, and second-child fertility intention. Furthermore, grandparent support moderated only the direct positive effect of work-to-family conflict on parental burnout and the indirect effect of work-to-family conflict on second-child fertility intention via parental burnout. Thus, the indirect effect of work-to-family conflict on second-child fertility intention is weakened when grandparent support is high. The study offers implications that mitigating the negative effects of family-to-work conflict on second-child fertility intention require support not only from the micro-ecosystem of the family, but also from the meso- and macro-ecosystems, such as organizations and society.
... Parental Burnout. Eight studies reported on parental burnout, of which five reported fathers had lower parenting-related burnout than mothers, with similar findings from Portugal, the U.S., Italy, Iran, and a global survey (Aguiar et al., 2021;Bastiaansen et al., 2021;Kerr et al., 2021;Marchetti et al., 2020;Mousavi, 2020). Conversely, one U.S. study found fathers had higher parenting-related burnout scores than mothers (Russell et al., 2020) and two studies from the U.S. and Malaysia found no significant differences between parents (Manja et al., 2020;Russell et al., 2021). ...
... While one Italian study found no significant differences in co-parenting quality before and during the lockdown (Giannotti et al., 2021), a study with parents in the Netherlands found co-parenting decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic (Lucassen et al., 2021). Bastiaansen et al. (2021) found co-parenting mitigated the effect of COVID-19 lockdown measures on parental burnout for fathers but not for mothers. In a qualitative study with single custodial fathers from the U.S., the pandemic added stress to the co-parenting relationship due to the need to negotiate and communicate more with former spouses (Iztayeva, 2021). ...
... Study-specific questionnaire Appendix 3. Measurements for Outcomes of Interest for Interparental Relationship.Bastiaansen et al. (2021) Co-parenting inventory for parents and adolescentsCarlson et al. (2021) Study-specific questionnaire Study-specific questionnaireChung et al. (2021) Study-specific questionnaire Study-specific questionnaire ...
The objective of this scoping review was to map the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the paternal parenting experience. Studies published between January 2020 and October 2021 reporting on paternal mental health, interparental relations, and child interactions were eligible. Forty studies from 17 different countries were included. Most studies included data from both mothers and fathers (83%); five studies reported data from fathers only, and three examined same-sex partners. Most commonly reported outcomes included division of childcare activities ( n = 14), delegation of household tasks ( n = 10), depression ( n = 12), and stress ( n = 9). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on fathers varied globally with no clear trends except for the division of childcare and household tasks, in which fathers increased their contribution to childcare and household tasks yet mothers continued to experience a higher domestic burden. Further research is recommended to advance our understanding of how fathers coped during the COVID-19 pandemic and document the long-term impact of the pandemic on families.
... Social distancing also eroded opportunities for leisure and recreation, as well as hindered access to support normally provided by social services and family, for instance, grandparents, who, during the pandemic, were considered particularly vulnerable. In this sense, the pandemic was a source of stress for parents and it is no surprise that research revealed a correlation between lockdown measures and parental burnout (Bastiaansen et al., 2021;Fontanesi et al., 2020;Prikhidko et al. (2020)). ...
Parenting is considered a complex and stressful activity that is associated with the development of parental burnout, especially in the COVID -19 pandemic where mental health problems have a huge impact on individual lives and the division of family roles due to frequent closures. The aim of this study was to investigate whether various psychological characteristics such as alexithymia, resilience, and self-efficacy particularly influence the extent of parental burnout in mothers. For the study, 110 aged women qualified. Only mothers who had full-time jobs and worked from home were invited to participate in the study. Parental burnout was measured using the Parental Burnout Assessment. Level of alexithymia was measured with the Toronto Alexithymia Scale -20. Overall level of resilience as a personality trait was assessed with the Resilience Measurement Scale SPP -25. Beliefs about efficacy in dealing with difficult situations and obstacles were examined with the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale. The results show that alexithyms had significantly higher levels of burnout than non-alexithyms on the first and second measures. In addition, a significant increase in burnout levels over time was found in the alexithymic group. Alexithymia was a strong predictor of parental burnout and tends to predict a decrease in perceived self-efficacy, which in turn predicts an increase in parental burnout. Finally, alexithymia predicts increased parental burnout through lower psychological resilience. Parents with high levels of parental burnout feel overwhelmed by the stresses associated with their parenting role and often express doubts about their ability to be competent parents.
... The mental health status in various countries is greatly impacted by the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1]. Government quarantine policies, had an adverse effect on mental health of adults around the world as evidenced by an increase in depression and stress-related symptoms [2,3], increased parental burnout [4], and the level of parent stress that have not returned to pre-COVID-19 levels [5]. Among others, parents have experienced enormous stress by this pandemic. ...
... These effects can be exacerbated in working mothers. According to a previous study, co-parenting had a affected men and women differently during the pandemic [4]. Furthermore, working mothers spent more time in childrearing and homeschooling than working fathers during this period [13]. ...
... The two implications from these results are (i) the importance of equipping and promoting mothers with various approach coping strategies; (ii) the importance of mothers' significant persons (i.e., spouse, family members, friends, coworkers) to providing an abundance of social support for mothers, specifically in the time of worldwide crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous studies showed that parental burnout increased during the pandemic [4], and the level of parent stress has not returned to pre-COVID-19 levels [5]. At least a moderate level of social support was needed since low social support did not contribute to decreasing psychological distress [31,46]. ...
The Indonesian government implemented a large-scale social restriction policy as part of the efforts to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. This policy impacted the population, including mothers, and caused considerable psychological distress. Individual efforts to cope (avoidant and approach coping strategies) and support from significant persons might help handle the distress experienced by mothers. The purpose of this empirical study is to investigate the effect of individual coping strategies on psychological distress and the moderating role of social support among Indonesian mothers. An online survey was administered from 20th to 25th April 2020 to 1534 Indonesian mothers (Mean age 37.12 years; SD 6.63). Brief COPE (28 items), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale/DASS (18 items), and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support/MSPSS (12 items) were used to measure coping strategies, psychological distress, and social support, respectively. IBM SPSS 24 software was used to analyze the data. The result showed that moderate and high levels of social support moderated the relationship between approach coping strategies and psychological distress (B = .041, CI .007-.075). When the mother uses approach coping, her psychological distress will decrease further whenever she receives moderate and high level social support. Any level of social support moderated the relationship between avoidant coping and psychological distress (B = -.100, CI -.138—.061). When mother used avoidant coping, her social support at any level served as buffer to her psychological distress. It can be concluded that mothers need to prioritize implementing approach coping strategies to lower their distress. Those who practiced avoidant coping strategies needed social support from their significant persons to decrease their distress.
... The two subscales showing the highest scores (see Table 1) were that of Parental role exhaustion and Contrast with previous parental self, which reflect, on the one hand, the feeling that parenting requires too much commitment and that the parental role is emotionally draining and, on the other hand, the feeling of not being as good a parent as one used to be and shame around one's parenting. In line with previous research [89], using an analysis of variance, this study found that mothers exhibited a higher level of parental burnout than fathers, both in their total score (F = 6.59; p < 0.05) and in the two subscales with a higher average score in the sample, namely Exhaustion in one's parental role (F = 8.05; p < 0.01) and Contrast with previous parental self (F = 6.49; p < 0.05). The parent's age had a slight significant negative correlation with the total scale score (r = −0.113; ...
The psychosocial adaptation of children born or experiencing their early years during the COVID-19 pandemic remains uncertain. In order to implement prevention strategies, it is, therefore, a priority to deeply analyze children’s mental health in this post-pandemic phase and to identify family risk and protective factors. Indeed, recent studies reveal that children’s emotional distress increased with the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in situations of high parental stress. The study investigates associations between some parental characteristics (coping strategies, parental burnout, resilience, perception of social support, and promotion of children’s social-emotional competence) and children’s emotional symptoms, considering gender differences. A total of 358 parents of children aged 2 to 6 years participated in this study. Regression analyses show that parental burnout is a predictor of emotional symptoms; moreover, for females, higher levels of emotional symptoms are associated with parental maladaptive coping strategies, whereas for males, the parent’s ability to promote children’s emotional competence is a protective factor. Results emphasize the importance of supporting parental well-being as a critical factor in shielding children from the repercussions of adverse situations.
... This may be because our study was conducted during the COVID19 pandemic. State-imposed COVID-19 lockdown measures likely increased levels of parent burnout and parents had to deal with both home, work, and school duties and more all at the same time (Bastiaansen et al., 2021). The increase in the number of people working from home during the pandemic, the closure of schools, and the shutdown of workplaces reduced the external support (nursery, caregiver, family elders, etc.), placing more burdens and responsibilities related to housework and childcare on the parents. ...
... On the other hand, it was observed that fathers' involvement in housework and childcare increased slightly, but most of the burden was on women who had already done most of the housework before the quarantine began (Farre et al., 2020). Similar to the present study, in some studies conducted during the COVID-19 period, mothers' parent burnout was found to be at a higher level (Bastiaansen et al., 2021). Therefore, this suggests that mothers with an increased burden during the pandemic experienced higher levels of burnout. ...
... There are also studies showing that burnout increases as the number of children increases (Kawamoto et al., 2018;Roskam et al., 2018). In some studies conducted during the pandemic, it was found that the burnout level increased with the number of children (Bastiaansen et al., 2021;Parlak, 2021). Although the existing literature suggests that the number of children may be a risk factor for parent burnout, especially during the pandemic, it seems that the same effect is not in question for the participants in the present study. ...
The aim of this study is to examine the burnout levels of parents during the COVID-19 pandemic within the framework of personality traits, perfectionism, and demographic variables. Data were derived from Personal Information Form, International Personality Inventory Short Version, the Big Three Perfectionism Scale–Short Form, and Parent Burnout Assessment. In total, 584 parents (333 mothers, 251 fathers, Mage = 39.93; SD = 6.33) living in Türkiye during COVID-19 lockdown participated in the survey. Results showed that the level of parent burnout differs according to the parent’s gender, the child’s age, the time spent with the child, the perception of the emotional relationship with the spouse, and the work form during the pandemic. Personality differences in parent burnout were explored according to the Five Factor Theory of Personality. A high level of neuroticism, a high level of introversion, and a low level of conscientiousness were found to be risk factors for parent burnout. Results indicated that parent burnout is also positively related to perfectionism, in particular self-critical perfectionism, and does not differ according to parents’ COVID-19 experiences. This study provides some useful information and guidelines for mental health professionals in preventive and therapeutic practices for parent burnout that may have negative effects on parents, children, and families. It is also a rare study that included the representation of fathers in the context of parent burnout.
... Our study expanded upon this by illustrating that coparenting relationships were impacted by the disparity in role responsibilities between partners. Mothers discussed feeling forced to take on a disproportionate amount of household responsibility to fathers, including homeschooling and childcare, while maintaining productivity working from home, similar to other studies (Bastiaansen et al., 2021). Parents have expressed anxiety about not managing or balancing it all (Weaver & Swank, 2021). ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted parents, though few studies have explored how parents are using online parenting forums to discuss stressors and obtain information and social support during the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to elucidate what stressors parents are discussing and seeking information and social support regarding through online Canadian parenting forums during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 337 threads focusing on parenting questions and discussions on two popular online forums, BabyCentre Canada and Canadian Parents What to Expect, were analyzed using a qualitative framework analytic approach. Our emergent framework identified three main themes of parental stressors discussed by parents on the forums during COVID-19 (household stressors, child health, parental health), each with associated subthemes. The findings suggest that skills-based online interventions, such as programs grounded in dialectical behavioral therapy that focus on stress management, self-compassion, and supporting child development while managing multiple roles, may be particularly helpful in mitigating stress among this parent population. Further, our findings inform how mental health organizations working with parents could integrate online forums into their pre-existing websites as a means of providing credible information and peer support regarding the themes of stressors identified through our analysis. Future research should evaluate parents’ use of other virtual modalities for seeking health information, parenting advice, or social connection online to ensure that parents have access to credible information through their preferred mediums.
... Por otra parte, se evidencia que la pandemia por COVID-19 provocó un incremento del BP en las familias (Aguiar et al., 2021;Santelices et al., 2022;Van Bakel et al., 2022). La cooperación parental compensó este efecto en los padres, pero no en las madres porque ellas fueron las principales cuidadoras y, por tanto, su ansiedad fue mayor en el confinamiento, aunque la crianza se compartiera (Bastiaansen et al., 2021;Kerr et al., 2021). ...
La parentalidad conlleva tal responsabilidad y dedicación que puede llegar a generar altos niveles de estrés. El burnout parental hace referencia al estrés crónico causado por la crianza. El propósito de este trabajo consiste en revisar la literatura científica para estudiar el BP desde una perspectiva de género y promover la igualdad en el ámbito familiar desde la educación parental.
https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/60452
... 44 Empirical research has demonstrated the protective role of supportive co-parenting in the influence of risk factors on individuals. 18 For example, Jam et al found that supportive co-parenting acted as a buffer in the impact of stressful events (such as divorce) on parenting stress. 17 Similarly, Bastiaansen et al discovered that supportive co-parenting significantly mitigated the effects of COVID-19 lockdown measures on paternal burnout. ...
... 17 Similarly, Bastiaansen et al discovered that supportive co-parenting significantly mitigated the effects of COVID-19 lockdown measures on paternal burnout. 18 As a result, we speculated that the higher level of supportive co-parenting perceived by mothers, the more it could alleviate the impact of maternal COVID-19 distress on parenting stress. We further presumed that there might be a range of effects on parenting practices and children's media use when mothers' parenting stress was reduced. ...
Introduction
Maternal distress increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, significantly impacting children’s media use. The purpose of this study was to explore the influence mechanism of maternal COVID-19 distress on preschoolers’ problematic media us through a moderated mediation model; specifically, we examined the possible mediating roles of parenting stress and negative instrumental use of media in parenting and the moderating role of supportive co-parenting.
Methods
An online survey was conducted in a sample of 1357 children (Mage = 4.01, SD = 1.06; 47.4% boys) and their parents from six public kindergartens in Shanghai, China. The mothers provided information by completing measures on their levels of distress related to COVID-19, parenting stress levels, digital parenting practices, and perception of supportive co-parenting from their partners. Additionally, both parents rated their children’s problematic media use.
Results
(1) maternal COVID-19 distress was significantly and positively related to children’s problematic media use; (2) this relationship was sequentially mediated by parenting stress and parents’ negative instrumental use of media in parenting; and (3) supportive co-parenting moderated the serial mediation path by reducing the effect of maternal COVID-19 distress on parenting stress.
Conclusion
The findings provide some support and guidance for preventing children’s problematic media use and enhancing parental adaptation during the COVID-19 pandemic or in potentially adverse situations.
... Parents became the only source of information and communication through whom children perceived the world around them. Despite this, parents also had to juggle figuring out the concept of work from home and caring for their children, even with the myriad of uncertainties about health safety that negatively affected their psychological wellbeing (Bastiaansen et al., 2021;Morelli et al., 2020). ...
... Past research revealed that parental stress is significantly associated with psychological well-being. High levels of perceived parental stress were significantly associated with increased COVID-19-related stressors (e.g., knowing someone who tested positive for COVID-19 and children's academic tasks during the pandemic) and high levels of 2.8 | Parental stress as a mediator in the relationship between parent-child relationship and parents' psychological well-being Parenting is regarded as a stressful role where 5%-20% of parents experience parental stress, one of the known factors leading to parental burnout (Bastiaansen et al., 2021). Parents experience burnout when there is a continuous imbalance between demands and available resources, which inevitably affects parent-child relationships, exacerbating this stress-related disorder (Mikolajczak et al., 2019). ...
... In Singapore, the prevalence of higher parental stress due to COVID-19 has led to increased negative parenting experiences and decreased closeness in parent-child relationships (Chung et al., 2020). On the contrary, a cross-national study involving 21 countries (e.g., Belgium, Cameroon, China, Chile, Czech Republic, Egypt, Finland, New Zealand, Vietnam and the United States) found that mothers are more susceptible to parental stress (Bastiaansen et al., 2021). The same study also highlighted that co-parenting during the pandemic helped reduce fathers' parental stress compared to mothers, as mothers were more used to caregiving responsibilities. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has taken most part of the world by surprise. The orders of nationwide movement control and social distancing by the Malaysian authority to curb the spread of the airborne virus have sent working-class families into a novel work-from-home condition. This study aimed to examine the association between positive experiences in parent-child relationships, parental stress and working parents' psychological well-being in Malaysia during the pandemic by considering the mediating role of parental stress and the moderating role of parental gender role. A total of 214 working-from-home parents (M age = 46.39; SD age = 9.06; 51.9% working mothers; 76.6% Chinese) participated in a cross-sectional quantitative online survey. A significant positive relationship was found between parent-child relationships and parents' psychological well-being. Parental stress was negatively correlated with parent-child relationships and parents' psychological well-being. Meanwhile, parental stress significantly mediates the link between parent-child relationships and parents' psychological well-being. Besides, parental gender role was found to be a significant moderator where fathers experience better psychological well-being when they have more positive parent-child relationships. The findings further support the importance of positive interaction between parents and children and parental stress, which could affect parents' psychological well-being. This study may fill a knowledge gap by providing an overview of working parents' psychological well-being in their experience of working from home during the pandemic.
