Figure - available from: Frontiers in Psychiatry
This content is subject to copyright.
Mixed longitudinal models for depression (PHQ-2), anxiety (GAD-2), and PTSD (PCL-C-2) over time. The mixed longitudinal models presented significant time effect for the variable Phq2 (B = 0.31, p < 0.01) but not for the variables Gad2 (B = −0.014, p = 0.752) and PCL-C-2 (B = −0.072, p = 0.193). The standard deviations for the random slopes were 1.04, 1.18, and 1.49, respectively.
Source publication
Background: Covid-19 remains a pandemic that most countries in the world are still dealing with. This is study aims to report the psychological impact of Covid-19 over time on the Spanish population.
Methods: A longitudinal study (N = 1041) was carried out with two measurements: after 2 and 5 weeks starting from the declaration of the state of emer...
Similar publications
In the literature, the association between medium and long-term PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) after terrorist attack has rarely been described. The objective of our study was to identify the factors associated with PTSD in the medium and longer term among people exposed to a terrorist attack in France. We used data from a longitudinal surve...
Research on the longitudinal relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and social support among survivors of large-scale trauma is limited. This study assessed bidirectional relationships between PTSD and perceived social support in a large sample of the 9/11-exposed cohort over a 14-year follow-up. We used data from 23,165 World Tr...
Citations
... Nevertheless, some follow-up studies of survivors from 1 to 3 months after hospitalizations for COVID-19 have reported significant symptoms of post-traumatic stress, where depression has been one of the triggering factors. It is important to note that non-hospitalized individuals constitute a larger patient group than hospitalized ones [27][28][29]. ...
Background: Psychological distress is a predictor of future health and disease data, with consequent implications for both the patient and the healthcare system. Taking advantage of the unprecedented situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic we aimed to assess whether the type of medical care received by patients during the initial months of the pandemic influenced their evolution, particularly at the psychological level. Additionally, we investigated whether allostatic load was associated not only with physical but also psychological alterations. Methods: All the patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection at HM Madrid Hospital during the month of March 2020 were studied, both those hospitalized (110) and those treated on an outpatient basis (46). They were psychologically evaluated using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) test. We calculated the allostatic load using different laboratory parameters. Results: Outpatient patients had significantly higher scores than hospitalized ones in Tension-Anxiety (52 ± 19.3 vs. 38 ± 4.3; p < 0.001). So, 36.9% of the outpatient patients exhibited anxiety. Allostatic load has not been correlated with patients’ psychological alterations. Conclusions: Psychological distress of outpatient patients should be taken into account in their management to improve mental health planning. This knowledge could provide comprehensive care to patients including their mental health, in the face of subsequent epidemics/pandemics.
... Research to date has shown that families and children already experiencing disadvantage were more negatively affected by these changes in terms of the impact on their education, social life, and mental health (Aucejo et al., 2020;González-Sanguino et al., 2020;You et al., 2020) but relatively little research has focused specifically on migrant families. Earlier research has shown that those families are often more likely to come from lower socioeconomic and minority language backgrounds and may not always have sufficient resources to support the education of their children (Tarasawa & Waggoner, 2015), including language proficiency and capacity to communicate with teachers about their children's learning. ...
... Spain has also been a country came under the mental illness and surveys was conducted in this regard of SARS-CoV2. 78 Almost one third of the population had to go through mild to moderate psychological distress (about 11.5%) in Japan and its severity was highly reported in hospital workers enhanced by isolation, anxiety, work pressure and poor sleep. The depression rate was also increased by 17.9%. ...
In this study COVID-19 effects on different aspects of life that how this virus created a mess in every discipline of life starting from a small tuck shop of a street to a huge business with a chain between different countries; and some preventive measures are also suggested. Not only mental healthiness as well as physical health of people was also disturbed to a large extent. People being quarantined did not do any practice and had nothing to do, their boredom made them mentally and physically inactive. For minimization the effect of this pandemic on mental healthiness, interventions were practiced and psychological support systems were developed to help mentally effected people; on the other hand, to improve physical health the hospital workers worked day and night in return they got affected too either mentally or physically. Many of the youngsters started alcohol consumption during quarantine. Because of the closure of educational institutes, the students were sent back to their homes where there was no proper guidance for them and they lost their interests in studies; and in a sense educational impact of COVID-19 was also unbearable. Agricultural system was affected badly and the whole world passed through a huge economic loss. The flights and traffic were blocked throughout the world, and it is the only positive impact that COVID-19 led to the environment by improving water and air quality as there was a remarkable reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases.
... The Covid-19 pandemic resulted in numerous government interventions, of which the most restrictive were lockdowns which consist of social restriction measures such as stay-athome orders, curfews, quarantines which uniquely affected the wellbeing of the entire population, leading to a staggering increase in mental health problems (e.g., Paulino et al., 2021). Because lockdown measures significantly limited opportunities for social interaction, loneliness and related mental health problems were of particular concern as evidenced by some studies (Ernst et al., 2022;González-Sanguino et al., 2020;Sousa et al., 2021). And there is some indication that young adults might have been particularly affected by the social restriction measures during the pandemic (e.g., Weissbourd et al., 2020). ...
... Moreover, there is cumulative evidence that perceived loneliness is related to adverse mental health outcomes, such as anxiety and depression, in general (Heinrich & Gullone, 2006;Jackson & Cochran, 1991;Park et al., 2020) and during the Covid-19 pandemic in particular (González-Sanguino et al., 2020;Gozansky et al., 2021;Killgore et al., 2020). One of the few longitudinal studies that examined individuals´ mental health in the Portuguese context by comparing pre-and post-pandemic mental health data also demonstrated that Covid-19 lockdown measures were associated with an increase in depressive symptoms, and a decrease in quality of life, which were linked to loneliness. ...
... The results corroborate that perceived loneliness during the lockdown is significantly and positively related to anxiety and depression. These findings are in line with several studies in the Covid-19 context demonstrating that increased loneliness perceptions during the pandemic resulted in adverse mental health issues in different countries (González-Sanguino et al., 2020;Gozansky et al., 2021;Killgore et al., 2020). Drawing on self-determination theory , we examined the satisfaction of all basic psychological needs (relatedness, autonomy and competence) as psychosocial pathways and found that only competence was a consistent mediator in the relation between loneliness perceptions and mental health. ...
Covid-19 and its lockdown measures have uniquely challenged people’s wellbeing and numerous studies have been carried out to understand the effects of such lockdown measures on mental health. Yet, to date most of these studies do not assess psychological pathways and conditional effects. By drawing on self-determination theory, the present study tested whether the relationship between lockdown loneliness and mental health is mediated via basic needs satisfaction (relatedness, autonomy, and competence) and whether these associations are exacerbated for younger age groups. A total of 339 Portuguese residents completed an anonymous web-based survey during the Covid-19 lockdown in March 2021. The results corroborate a significant link between perceived loneliness and anxiety as well as depression. Parallel mediation analyses showed that competence consistently mediated the lockdown loneliness-mental health link. Moderated mediated analyses also confirmed that the psychosocial pathway applied most strongly to younger age groups. These findings highlight the role of social factors for competence need satisfaction and mental health among younger people during the Covid-19 lockdown in Portugal. The results also point to potential avenues for future prevention measures to mitigate the harmful effects that social exclusion can bring about.
... This is probably related to the higher number of stressful life events, including illnesses and deaths of relatives and/or loved ones, reported by the sample that answered the questionnaires in the new normality period compared with the sample that answered the questionnaires in the lockdown period. Here, it should be highlighted that being an emerging adult, as the students of our samples were, and being a woman were predicative of a worse outcome in psychological distress during the first phases of the pandemic, confirming studies performed in different countries [16,22,23,34,47], including in Spain [13,14], where the highest psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was observed for young people and women. On the other hand, in the two-years-later period, we found that psychological distress had returned to levels similar to pre-pandemic levels. ...
... Educ. 2023, 13 ...
The present study assesses the evolution of stressful events and psychological distress in male and female students over three different time periods of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: the initial “lockdown”, with no face-to-face teaching; the “new normality” period, when classes were resumed; and two years after the first wave of the pandemic. The participants were 1200 Spanish university students who were assessed for psychological distress, COVID-19-associated stressful events, social support, and self-esteem. Female students reported more stressful events and higher levels of psychological distress than male students during the “lockdown” and “new normality” time periods of the first wave of the pandemic. However, these differences disappeared in the third period tested, two years after the first wave of the pandemic, with female and male students showing no differences in psychological distress or in the number of stressful events. The main risk predictors of psychological distress during the first wave of the pandemic were lower self-esteem and having suffered a high number of stressful events. The last variable, number of stressful events associated with COVID-19, lost most its effect two years later, when only self-esteem presented a strong and highly significant predictive role.
... A second issue is challenges in the designs used to date. Many studies do not have pre-pandemic comparison data (e.g., Cohen and Yagil, 2022;González-Sanguino et al., 2020López-Castro et al., 2022), and as such, they are unable to address whether PTSD symptoms have changed during the pandemic relative to a meaningful baseline. In an attempt to address this question, some studies have used retrospective measures (e.g., Wechsler et al., 2022), but retrospective accounts may be biased and inaccurate estimates of symptoms. ...
... It is possible that there may be differences in symptom change based on key demographic features such as sex, income, and pre-pandemic symptom levels. Women may be more likely to experience symptom elevations, as there is a disproportionately large number of women who work in caretaking and frontline roles (Gausman and Langer, 2020). Income levels may also influence symptom change, as those with lower income have less resources available to protect themselves against infection and may have additional psychosocial stressors to concurrently manage. ...
... Thus, economic, social, and health factors could explain the influence of education on mental health, possibly in different ways in men and women. Given that social inequalities in health were exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic [22], and that women were more affected by psychological distress than men [11,23], this raises the question of whether there are factors related to this pandemic context that can also potentially explain the association between education and mental health in men and women. ...
Context:
It is widely recognised that the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted individuals' mental health. However, little emphasis has been put on the possible influence of socio-economic factors in the relationship. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, our objectives were (i) to assess the relationship between education level and mental health in French adults, and (ii) to study the influence of the economic, social, health and the COVID-19-related factors in men and women respectively.
Method:
Data are from 32,581 individuals representative of the French population who responded to the weekly survey "Baromètre COVID-19" between April 7th and May 31st 2020. Education level was self-reported (university degree, high school qualification, vocational certificate/qualification, no diploma). Anxiety-depressive state was derived from four items related to the frequency of occurrence of depressive and anxiety symptoms, and summarized in an overall validated anxiety-depressive score. Multivariate linear regression analyses were carried out with nested adjustments of variables related to economic, social, health and COVID-19 contexts to assess the relationship between education and anxiety-depressive state.
Results:
In total, 45% of individuals reported symptoms of anxiety-depressive state (53% in women versus 36% in men). Among men, those with a vocational certificate/qualification and those with no diploma had a greater risk of having a higher anxiety-depressive state compared to those with a university degree (βVocational certificate/qualification = 0.16 [0.04; 0.27]; βNo diploma = 0.75 [0.43; 1.07]) while among women, the risk of anxiety-depressive state increased as education level decreased (βBaccalaureate = 0.37 [0.25; 0.49]; βVocational certificate/qualification = 0.41 [0.28; 0.54]; βNo diploma = 0.8 [0.49; 1.12]). For both men and women, economic, health, and COVID-19 factors partly attenuate these associations while social factors marginally modified the relationship. After accounting for confounders and intermediate variables, the absence of a diploma remained associated with anxiety-depressive state among men, while the whole educational gradient of anxiety-depressive state persisted among women.
Conclusion:
In France, at the end of the first wave of COVID-19, individuals with a lower level of education had a higher risk of anxiety-depressive state. This association was more pronounced for women, highlighting a process of social inequality in health possibly related to gender. This should be considered in future prevention and public health interventions.
... Studiendaten aus anderen Ländern zeigten nicht immer einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Chronizität der Pandemie und einer Zunahme an PTBS-Symptomen. In Italien zeigte sich ein Anstieg der PTBS-Symptome im Herbst 2020, jedoch nicht im Frühling 2020 [31]; in einer spanischen Studie fanden sich keine Veränderungen im Sinne einer Zu-oder Abnahme im Verlauf des ersten Pandemiejahres 2020 [32]. In einer repräsentativen Studie in Deutschland, Polen, Slowenien und Israel an jungen Erwachsenen im zweiten Pandemiejahr 2021 deuten die Daten im Verlauf von Januar bis Juni 2021 auf einen geringfügigen Rückgang der Symptomatik hin [33]. ...
Zusammenfassung
Die Auswirkungen traumatischer Erfahrungen auf die psychische Gesundheit während der COVID-19-Pandemie sind im deutschsprachigen Raum bisher unzureichend diskutiert worden. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde im Auftrag der Deutschsprachigen Gesellschaft für Psychotraumatologie (DeGPT) eine Arbeitsgruppe aus wissenschaftlich und praktisch tätigen Fachkolleginnen und -kollegen gebildet. Ziel der Arbeitsgruppe war es, zentrale Forschungsbefunde zur Prävalenz von häuslicher Gewalt und damit einhergehende psychische Belastungen während der COVID-19-Pandemie im deutschsprachigen Raum zusammenzufassen und deren Implikationen zu diskutieren. Darüber hinaus sollten Zusammenhänge zwischen vorbestehenden Kindheitstraumata und psychischen Belastungen während der Pandemie beleuchtet werden. Hierzu wurde die vorliegende narrative Übersichtsarbeit erstellt.
Die Ergebnisse der durchgeführten Studien weisen auf hohe Prävalenzen häuslicher Gewalt während der COVID-19-Pandemie hin, die jedoch überwiegend den Prävalenzen vor der Pandemie entsprechen. Erwachsene, die während der Pandemie oder bereits in ihrer Kindheit oder Jugend interpersonaler Gewalt ausgesetzt waren, wiesen während der Pandemie eine erhöhte psychische Belastung im Vergleich zu Erwachsenen ohne Gewalterfahrungen auf. Eine Reihe an Faktoren (z. B. weibliches Geschlecht, geringe Sozialkontakte) erhöhten das Risiko für psychische Belastung und Symptome einer posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung während der Pandemie. Nach diesen Ergebnissen stellen Menschen mit aktuellen, aber auch zurückliegenden Gewalterfahrungen eine vulnerable Gruppe dar, die während einer Pandemie besondere Unterstützungsbedarfe aufweist.
... Similar results to those obtained in China were obtained in another longitudinal study in Spain: in the first data collection during the first weeks of strict lockdown, 18.7% of the sample revealed a possible diagnosis of depression and 21.6% were likely to be diagnosed with anxiety (González-Sanguino et al., 2020a). After six weeks of lockdown there was a significant increase in depressive symptoms, but no differences were found regarding anxiety (González-Sanguino et al., 2020b). ...
The restrictions during COVID-19 seem to have had an unequal impact on the mental health and habits of the population in terms of gender. The literature states that crises such as this have a more negative impact on women. We explored perceived overload due to household chores and informal caregiving in a sample of Andalusian women, their perception of an increase in this overload after the pandemic, and its possible effect on mental health. To do this, we administered an online retrospective questionnaire to explore the perception of 166 women on care economy variables by estimating hours, effort, overload, and sharing of chores at three different times: before the onset of the pandemic, during lockdown, and at the time of data collection (one year after lockdown). We also measured depression, anxiety, stress, and life satisfaction at the time of data collection through validated scales. Results showed that women estimated significantly more time and effort on household chores and caregiving for the lockdown period. The retrospective estimation of the sharing of tasks was similar over the three moments but women perceived that they did more than their heterosexual partners. One in four women perceived an increase in caregiving overload after the pandemic. Women who felt mental overload due to caregiving scored higher in depression than those who felt physical overload. Considering these findings, and despite the limitations of this study, the pandemic may have led to an increase in informal caregiving overload for many women. Furthermore, the relation between depression and overload one year after lockdown was demonstrated. Measures are required to reduce the impact of gender in crises by designing prevention policies and programs that promote co-responsibility.
... Various researches worldwide suggest that the factors associated with anxiety and depression among medically ill patients appear to be multifactorial, which includes gender, social support, specific experiences with COVID-19 infection, length of isolation, and amount of exposure to the media, specific psychiatric illness, those living in urban areas and those with accompanying chronic disease. 13,14,15 However, a mixed-method study done in Nepal that looked into anxiety and depression among people living in quarantine centers during the COVID-19 pandemic stated that anxiety and depression were independent of socio-demographic characteristics 16 . A study was done in the Philippines exploring the prevalence of anxiety and depression among cervical cancer patients, which revealed certain demographic, socioeconomic, psychosocial, and disease-related characteristics affecting the development of anxiety and depression. ...
... Our findings differed with local studies on anxiety and depression among the medically ill were age, marital and employment status and lower educational attainment showed a correlation with the development of anxiety and/ or depression 11,12,17 , these researches, however, were conducted in a tertiary medical facility on patients who have chronic debilitating diseases (Cervical Cancer, Congenital Heart Disease) among other general medical or surgical conditions. Our findings also differ from international studies where sociodemographic and clinical factors such as age, sex, comorbidities are associated with the development of anxiety and/or depression 13,14,15 although the participants of these studies were the general public who are not admitted in a hospital or a quarantine facility. Furthermore, the methods used to assess anxiety and depression were different from our study. ...
Background: The major health crisis known as the COVID-19 pandemic has shaken several nations globally, with more than 100 million confirmed cases worldwide. This global outbreak is associated with various mental health issues, particularly anxiety and depression. This paper is aimed at determining factors affecting probable anxiety and or depression among patients admitted to quarantine facilities for COVID-19.
