Microstructural properties of the slag and Ca-Ce/slag-x catalysts.

Microstructural properties of the slag and Ca-Ce/slag-x catalysts.

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For further resource utilization of solid waste steel slag and the reduction in biodiesel production costs, this study used steel slag as a carrier to synthesize a CaO-CeO2/slag solid base catalyst for the effective transesterification of palm oil into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). The synthesis involved a two-step impregnation of steel slag wi...

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... microstructural properties of the slag and Ca-Ce/slag-x catalysts are listed in Table 3. The BET surface area of the slag, Ca-Ce/slag-0.4, ...

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... In fact, steel slags without any modification have been successfully employed as catalyst for the preparation of biodiesel under conventional heating using soybean oil as the feedstock, [15] while doped waste steel slags have been used for the transesterification of palm oil. [16] However, in the presence of neat steel slags long reaction time (12 h) and high temperatures (120°C) have been required to reach reaction completion, with edible oils being used as starting feedstock, [15] making the whole process economically inconvenient. Indeed, it is world-wide recognized that microwave irradiation ensures a more efficient and faster heating than conventional methods, enabling a considerable energy saving. ...
... The WCO/CH 3 OH volume ratio equal to 10 was set based on literature data. [8,16,17] The obtained results are collected in Table 3. ...
... In the present work, the substrate/solvent ratio was set to 1 : 10, because it has been widely recognized as the best ratio for achieving the highest oil conversion. [8,16,17] The other variables (catalyst weight, reaction time, and temperature) were used as factors. The range values were set as follows: T = 80 � 140°C, time = 15 � 45 min, catalyst weight = 200 � 400 mg. ...
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An innovative catalytic system for biodiesel synthesis starting from waste biomass (waste cooking oil, WCO) in the presence of waste material (steel slags) as the catalyst under microwave irradiation is described. The reaction conditions were optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box‐Behnken Design (BBD) taking time, temperature, and catalyst weight as factors. The optimum conditions, leading to 97 % conversion of WCO into FAMEs (fatty acid methyl esters) were found to be: 18 min reaction time, 134 °C and 380 mg of catalyst for 1.0 mL of WCO. The recyclability of the catalyst was tested at different experimental conditions, and by increasing the reaction times for subsequent cycles, the catalytic efficiency remained steady. The alkalinity of both as‐received steel slags and steel slags recovered after three reaction cycles was tested with the Hammett indicator method. The steel slags were also characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X‐ray Fluorescence (ED‐XRF), X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS).
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