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Rice is now the most rapidly growing food commodity in sub-Saharan Africa. This growth is mainly driven by urbanization. There is substantial research on the wage labor dynamics in rice production in Asia, but in Africa, there is limited analysis of the labor used in rice cultivation-the attributes, numbers, and costs which make it difficult to und...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... labor accounted for more than 80% of all work carried out in Ahero, and wage labor costs accounted for 60% of management expenses, yet farmers there still managed to earn a profit because the yield was high. However, although it seems that Awach was attempting to minimize labor job requirements and wage labor costs as much as possible (Figure 3a), it was difficult to do so for labor-intensive work, such as transplantation and weeding. Wage labor was frequently used for intensive work that needs to be concentrated in a short period of time, such as harvesting. ...
Context 2
... that only about two people were engaged in agriculture per household, it is evident that these tasks could not be covered by family labor alone. It was also observed that family labor covered work with relatively low labor input, such as leveling (Figure 3a). ...
Context 3
... Ahero, a farmers' organization manages a revolving fund and has a scheme to lend individuals funds for rice cultivation. Beginning with the first cultivation, 30 to 50% of households in the surveyed area were supported by loans to fund all 12 work steps (Figure 3b). Many households in Ahero (20 to 30%) paid for wage labor costs with funds obtained from selling rice the previous year ( Figure 3b). ...
Context 4
... with the first cultivation, 30 to 50% of households in the surveyed area were supported by loans to fund all 12 work steps (Figure 3b). Many households in Ahero (20 to 30%) paid for wage labor costs with funds obtained from selling rice the previous year ( Figure 3b). In addition, some households, albeit not many, sold livestock and used small-scale business financing (Figure 3b). ...
Context 5
... households in Ahero (20 to 30%) paid for wage labor costs with funds obtained from selling rice the previous year ( Figure 3b). In addition, some households, albeit not many, sold livestock and used small-scale business financing (Figure 3b). On the other hand, in Awach, many households sold livestock to secure cost of wage labor or other earned money by doing wage labor for another ( Figure 3a). ...
Context 6
... addition, some households, albeit not many, sold livestock and used small-scale business financing (Figure 3b). On the other hand, in Awach, many households sold livestock to secure cost of wage labor or other earned money by doing wage labor for another ( Figure 3a). Few households paid for wage labor by selling rice (Figure 3). ...
Context 7
... the other hand, in Awach, many households sold livestock to secure cost of wage labor or other earned money by doing wage labor for another ( Figure 3a). Few households paid for wage labor by selling rice (Figure 3). In addition, one or two households received funds obtained from the profit of their own small-scale business (Figure 3a). ...
Context 8
... households paid for wage labor by selling rice (Figure 3). In addition, one or two households received funds obtained from the profit of their own small-scale business (Figure 3a). However, 12 households reported that their rice was dried up before harvesting, even though they invested money for rice cultivation. ...
Citations
... To boost income from rice farming, either productivity must increase or wages and labor costs have to be reduced. However, subsequent investigations revealed that wage labor for rice cultivation is conducted by people from the same area (Yamane, 2021). Unless we clarify what role rice cultivation plays in the livelihood maintenance of rice farmers, it will not be possible to assess the condition of rice farming by simply focusing on the farm management of rice farmers. ...
... In some cases, rice farmers also have cash income sources other than rice cultivation. In addition to fishing and selling papyrus mats (Ondiek et al., 2016), wage labor in rice cultivation is also thought to be an important cash income in the rice cultivation area on the shores of Lake Victoria (Yamane, 2021). Farmers also earned cash through the cultivation of corn and sorghum, which are staple foods, as well as livestock farming such as cattle and goats, and various other activities (Yamane et al., 2015). ...
... Some rice farmers cultivate rice and earn wages from rice cultivation under this scheme as laborers. In this area, 90% of people in the same scheme are hired as wage workers (Yamane, 2021). ...
... To boost income from rice farming, either productivity must increase or wages and labor costs have to be reduced. However, subsequent investigations revealed that wage labor for rice cultivation is conducted by people from the same area (Yamane, 2021). Unless we clarify what role rice cultivation plays in the livelihood maintenance of rice farmers, it will not be possible to assess the condition of rice farming by simply focusing on the farm management of rice farmers. ...
... In some cases, rice farmers also have cash income sources other than rice cultivation. In addition to fishing and selling papyrus mats (Ondiek et al., 2016), wage labor in rice cultivation is also thought to be an important cash income in the rice cultivation area on the shores of Lake Victoria (Yamane, 2021). Farmers also earned cash through the cultivation of corn and sorghum, which are staple foods, as well as livestock farming such as cattle and goats, and various other activities (Yamane et al., 2015). ...
... Some rice farmers cultivate rice and earn wages from rice cultivation under this scheme as laborers. In this area, 90% of people in the same scheme are hired as wage workers (Yamane, 2021). ...
In Africa, the demand for rice has increased rapidly as urbanization progresses and assistance is being provided to improve productivity and rice farming management. In the rice-cultivation area near Lake Victoria in western Kenya, where farmers are called "outgrowers", wage labor costs put pressure on rice farming and reduce profits. However, wage laborers were rice farmers living in the same area. The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of income from wage labor for the livelihood of rice farmers. A semi-structured survey using a questionnaire was conducted to clarify the situation of rice cultivation management in 2016 in an area near Lake Victoria. Furthermore, the diet and household accounts of rice farmers over one year were analyzed to assess the role of rice as a food-and income source in the rice-cultivation areas. Income from rice varied widely among households and yields differed significantly between years. In the target households, income earned from wage labor was higher and more stable than that from rice cultivation, comprising approximately 16% of the farmer's total income. Farmers rely on multiple sources of income to balance their daily income and expenditures. Some rice farmers cultivate rice and earn wages as laborers in the same area. Hence, if ways to reduce wage labor costs are promoted, it may negatively affect the household budget of farmers with the smallest landholdings due to a reduction in income.
