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Metabolic and cell proliferation of bTPUe functionalized scaffold loaded with IPFP‐MSCs. A) Alamar Blue reduction fluorescence response (λ = 570 nm) for bTPUe scaffolds without treatment (control), PBA functionalized scaffolds, and Collagen type I functionalized scaffolds at days 1, 3, 7, 14, and, 21. B) Alamar Blue reduction/DNA fold increase (obtained by dividing Figure S4A, Supporting Information by Figure S4B, Supporting Information) curves for PBA functionalized scaffolds and collagen type I functionalized scaffolds along 21 days. (n = 3) (***, p < 0.001; *, p < 0.05; N.S., not significance), C–K) Confocal images from Live/Dead assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific) of naïve bTPUe scaffolds as control and both functionalization protocols. Magnifying was 10×.
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Osteoarthritis is a disease with a great socioeconomic impact and mainly affects articular cartilage, a tissue with reduced self‐healing capacity. In this work, 3D printed 1,4 butanediol thermoplastic polyurethane (b‐TPUe) scaffolds are functionalized and infrapatellar mesenchymal stem cells are used as the cellular source. Since b‐TPUe is a biomat...
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Electrical stimulation (ES) is a widely discussed topic in the field of cartilage tissue engineering due to its ability to induce chondrogenic differentiation (CD) and proliferation. It shows promise as a potential therapy for osteoarthritis (OA). In this study, we stimulated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) incorporated into collagen hydrogel (CH) sc...
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... 1 Innovations in additive manufacturing and 3D bioprinting technologies have opened new ways to create tissue equivalents by finely assembling multiple cells. 2 Many approaches for the rational design of hydrogel-based 3D cell culture systems have been presented using alginate, 3 PEGDA, 4 and photo-crosslinkable gelatin-based precursor solutions 5,6 as cell-supportive matrices. Additionally, more advanced functionalities of tissue models have been realized by coculturing heterotypic cells, 7−9 chemically functionalizing biopolymers, 10,11 and tuning the mechanical properties of hydrogels. 12−14 When cells are embedded in hydrogels at a high density, similar to in vivo tissues, the supply of nutrients and oxygen to the cells located deep within the hydrogel does not meet the standards required by the cells. ...
Hydrogel encapsulation is a rational approach that facilitates three-dimensional inoculation, arrangement, and culture of living mammalian cells for biomedical applications. However, strategies to form capillary-like conduits in hydrogels remain challenging due to low spatial resolution and difficulty in controlling the location of multiple cell types. Herein, we propose a highly unique process of constructing hydrogel sponges with tailored pore densities using finely fragmented microfibers as sacrificial porogens. A facile production process for automatically fragmented hydrogel microfibers (AF fibers) was developed through micronozzle-assisted hydrodynamic spinning and shear force application during gelation. Hydrogel sponges were prepared using photo-cross-linkable gelatin as the matrix and AF fibers dispersed in the precursor solution. We cultured liver cells in the sponges and evaluated the morphology and pore connectivity of the sponges and cellular functions. Furthermore, to create tissue models highly mimicking the cellular assembly in vivo, coculture of two types of cells was demonstrated in a position-controlled manner using cell-encapsulating AF fibers. The proposed approach of rationally designing hydrogel sponges is highly versatile in 3D cell culture for cell-based drug evaluation and regenerative medicine because of the simplicity of preparation and its impact on cellular functions.
... The isolation and culture protocols of hMSC were performed following the work by López-Ruiz et al. [38]. hMSC were characterized following the established criteria of the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) [39], and following the protocols described by Martínez-Moreno et al. [40]. Adipose tissue collected from lipoaspiration was minced and treated on a shaker by enzymatic digestion solution of 1 mg/mL of collagenase type IA, at 37 °C for 1 h. ...
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is considered one of the most advanced tools to build up materials for tissue engineering. The aim of this work was the design, development and characterization of a bioink composed of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC) for extrusion through nozzles to create these 3D structures that might potentially be apply to replace the function of damaged natural tissue. In this study, we focused on the advantages and the wide potential of biocompatible biomaterials, such as hyaluronic acid and alginate for the inclusion of hMSC. The bioink was characterized for its physical (pH, osmolality, degradation, swelling, porosity, surface electrical properties, conductivity, and surface structure), mechanical (rheology and printability) and biological (viability and proliferation) properties. The developed bioink showed high porosity and high swelling capacity, while the degradation rate was dependent on the temperature. The bioink also showed negative electrical surface and appropriate rheological properties required for bioprinting. Moreover, stress-stability studies did not show any sign of physical instability. The developed bioink provided an excellent environment for the promotion of the viability and growth of hMSC cells. Our work reports the first-time study of the effect of storage temperature on the cell viability of bioinks, besides showing that our bioink promoted a high cell viability after being extruded by the bioprinter. These results support the suggestion that the developed hMSC-composed bioink fulfills all the requirements for tissue engineering and can be proposed as a biological tool with potential applications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
Graphical abstract
... Finally, the effectiveness of the bioink was confirmed in a rabbit microfracture cartilage defect model. Daniel et al. [156] took a different path to print thermoplastic polyurethane 1,4-butanediol (b-TPUe) that exhibited mechanical properties similar to those of cartilage. To improve cell adhesion, they coated collagen type I and 1-pyrenebutyric acid (PBA) onto the b-TPUe scaffolds, taking into account both the material's mechanical properties and biocompatibility. ...
Human cartilage tissue can be categorized into three types: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage. Each type of cartilage tissue possesses unique properties and functions, which presents a significant challenge for the regeneration and repair of damaged tissue. Bionics is a discipline in which humans study and imitate nature. A bionic strategy based on comprehensive knowledge of the anatomy and histology of human cartilage is expected to contribute to fundamental study of core elements of tissue repair. Moreover, as a novel tissue-engineered technology, 3D bioprinting has the distinctive advantage of the rapid and precise construction of targeted models. Thus, by selecting suitable materials, cells and cytokines, and by leveraging advanced printing technology and bionic concepts, it becomes possible to simultaneously realize multiple beneficial properties and achieve improved tissue repair. This article provides an overview of key elements involved in the combination of 3D bioprinting and bionic strategies, with a particular focus on recent advances in mimicking different types of cartilage tissue.
... Another group fabricated 3D-printed 1,4 butanediol thermoplastic polyurethane (b-TPUe) scaffolds which were functionalized with collagen I and 1-pyrenebutiric acid (PBA).The synthetic material b-TPUe shows promise for cartilage engineering, but it does not typically have sufficient bioactivity to allow for clinical use. This study showed that 3D printed b-TPUe scaffolds decorated with collagen I or PBA had increased cell attachment and proliferation, increased chondrogenic differentiation potential without the use of differentiation medium or growth factors.65 4.3 | Double network hydrogels ...
The field of biomaterials aims to improve regenerative outcomes or scientific understanding for a wide range of tissue types and ailments. Biomaterials can be fabricated from natural or synthetic sources and display a plethora of mechanical, electrical, and geometrical properties dependent on their desired application. To date, most biomaterial systems designed for eventual translation to the clinic rely on soluble signaling moieties, such as growth factors, to elicit a specific cellular response. However, these soluble factors are often limited by high cost, convoluted synthesis, low stability, and difficulty in regulation, making the translation of these biomaterials systems to clinical or commercial applications a long and arduous process. In response to this, significant effort has been dedicated to researching cell-directive biomaterials which can signal for specific cell behavior in the absence of soluble factors. Cells of all tissue types have been shown to be innately in tune with their microenvironment, which is a biological phenomenon that can be exploited by researchers to design materials that direct cell behavior based on their intrinsic characteristics. This review will focus on recent developments in biomaterials that direct cell behavior using biomaterial properties such as charge, peptide presentation, and micro- or nano-geometry. These next generation biomaterials could offer significant strides in the development of clinically relevant medical devices which improve our understanding of the cellular microenvironment and enhance patient care in a variety of ailments.
Friction‐induced energy consumption is a significant global concern, driving researchers to explore advanced lubrication materials. In nature, lubrication is vital for the life cycle of animals, plants, and humans, playing key roles in movement, predation, and decomposition. After billions of years of evolution, natural lubrication exhibits remarkable professionalism, high efficiency, durability, and intelligence, offering valuable insights for designing advanced lubrication materials. This review focuses on the lubrication mechanisms of natural organisms and significant advancements in biomimetic soft matter lubrication materials. It begins by summarizing common biological lubrication behaviors and their underlying mechanisms, followed by current design strategies for biomimetic soft matter lubrication materials. The review then outlines the development and performance of these materials based on different mechanisms and strategies. Finally, it discusses potential research directions and prospects for soft matter lubrication materials. This review will be a valuable resource for advancing research in biomimetic lubrication materials.
Bioprinting is an advanced technology that allows for the precise placement of cells and biomaterials in a controlled manner, making significant contributions in regenerative medicine. Notably, bioprinting-enabled biomaterials have found extensive application as drug delivery systems (DDS) in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). Despite the widespread utilization of these biomaterials, there has been limited comprehensive research summarizing the recent advances in this area. Therefore, this review aims to explore the noteworthy developments and challenges associated with utilizing bioprinting-enabled biomaterials as effective DDS for the treatment of OA. To begin, we provide an overview of the complex pathophysiology of OA, highlighting the shortcomings of current treatment modalities. Following this, we conduct a detailed examination of various bioprinting technologies and discuss the wide range of biomaterials employed in DDS applications for OA therapy. Finally, by placing emphasis on their transformative potential, we discuss the incorporation of crucial cellular components such as chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells into bioprinted constructs, which play a pivotal role in promoting tissue regeneration and repair.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with lubrication failure of articular cartilage and severe inflammatory response of joint capsule. Synergistic therapy combining joint lubrication and anti‐inflammation emerges as a novel treatment of OA. In this study, bioinspired by ultralow friction of natural articular synovial fluid and mussel adhesion chemistry, a biomimetic nanosystem with dual functions of enhanced lubrication and stimuli‐responsive drug release is developed. A dopamine mediated strategy realizes one step biomimetic grafting of hyaluronic acid (HA) on fluorinated graphene. The polymer modified sheets exhibit highly efficient near‐infrared absorption, and show steady lubrication with a long time under various working conditions, in which the coefficient of friction is reduced by 75% compared to H2O. Diclofenac sodium (DS) with a high loading capacity of 29.2% is controllably loaded, and responsive and sustained drug release is adjusted by near‐infrared light. Cell experiments reveal that the lubricating nanosystem is taken up by endocytosis, and anti‐inflammation results confirm that the nanosystem inhibits osteoarthritis deterioration by upregulating cartilage anabolic gene and downregulating catabolic proteases and pain‐related gene. This work proposes a promising biomimetic approach to integrate polymer modified fluorinated graphene as a dual‐functional nanosystem for effective synergistic therapy of OA.
Cartilage is found throughout the body, serving an array of essential functions. Owing to the limited healing capacity of cartilage, damage or degeneration is often permanent and so requires clinical intervention. Established surgical techniques generally rely on biological grafting. However, recent advances in polymeric materials provide an encouraging alternative to overcome limits of auto- and allografts. For regenerative engineering of cartilage, a polymeric scaffold ideally supports and instructs tissue regeneration while also providing mechanical integrity. Scaffolds direct regeneration via chemical and mechanical cues, as well as delivery and support of exogenous cells and bioactive factors. Advanced polymeric scaffolds aim to direct regeneration locally, replicating the heterogeneities of native tissues. Alternatively, new cartilage-mimetic hydrogels have potential to serve as synthetic cartilage replacements. Prepared as multi-network or composite hydrogels, the most promising candidates have simultaneously realized the hydration, mechanical, and tribological properties of native cartilage. Collectively, the recent rise in polymers for cartilage regeneration and replacement proposes a changing paradigm, with a new generation of materials paving the way for improved clinical outcomes.
