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Memory acquired by massed training is resistant to cold shock at 23 hours. Graphs show mean performance 122 ±SEM consequent to the treatments detailed above. Star and pound symbols indicate significant differences as detailed 123 below. (A) 24-hour memory elicited by MC is not affected by cold shock delivered 23 hours post-training. Because 124 variances were different, the unpaired parametric Welch's t test was used to compare means. (t=0.0039, df=18.23, n=13. 125 p=0.9969 for w 1118 and t=0.3129, df=12.50, n=11. p=0.7595 for Canton S). (B) 24-hr memory elicited by MC is compromised 126
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Memory consolidation is a time-dependent process occurring over hours, days, or longer in different species and requires protein synthesis. An apparent exception is a memory type in Drosophila elicited by a single olfactory conditioning episode, which ostensibly consolidates quickly, rendering it resistant to disruption by cold anesthesia a few hou...
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Context 1
... a cold shock was administered 1 hour 107 before 24-hour memory assessment after MC to investigate memory stability at this point. 108 This pre-testing cold shock did not affect memory, as performance was not different from 109 similarly trained flies not subjected to the amnestic treatment (Fig 2A). This result demon-110 strates that MC-elicited memory was consolidated at 23 hours post-training and verifies 111 that cold shock treatment does not generally affect recall. ...
Context 2
... result demon-110 strates that MC-elicited memory was consolidated at 23 hours post-training and verifies 111 that cold shock treatment does not generally affect recall. In contrast, a cold shock deliv-112 ered 2 hours after 5-round MC resulted in significantly reduced 24-hour memory com-113 pared to that of non-cold shocked flies or animals subjected to the amnestic treatment 1 114 hour prior to testing (Fig 2B). Therefore, memory elicited by 5-round MC includes a sig-115 nificant labile component at 2 hours post-training, which when blocked is reflected in 116 compromised 24-hour olfactory associative memory. ...
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Citations
... Two forms of consolidated memory can be elicited in Drosophila by repeated cycles of 12 odor/footshock pairings and assessed 24 h later. A protein synthesis-dependent memory (PSDM) was induced by 5 cycles of pairings spaced 15 min apart, while a protein synthesis independent memory (PSIM) was elicited by the same number of conditioning cycles but without the intervening rest interval [35,36]. ...
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... If MC memory and memory surviving cold-shock 2 h post training are equivalent, then delivering a cold-shock at least two hours after MC should not affect 24 h memory of the training. However, a cold shock delivered 2 h after MC was found to disrupt memory [25], suggesting that MC yields an additional memory type which consolidates slower than ARM since it is disrupted by cold shock. Therefore, this MC-elicited memory was termed Protein Synthesis-Independent Memory (PSIM) to differentiate it from bona fide ARM emerging after cold shock [25]. ...
... However, a cold shock delivered 2 h after MC was found to disrupt memory [25], suggesting that MC yields an additional memory type which consolidates slower than ARM since it is disrupted by cold shock. Therefore, this MC-elicited memory was termed Protein Synthesis-Independent Memory (PSIM) to differentiate it from bona fide ARM emerging after cold shock [25]. Whether PSIM represents a slow consolidating component of ARM elicited by the multiple training rounds, or a novel memory type is currently under investigation. ...
... Another significant issue that needs to be addressed systematically given the recent finding that MC yields both ARM and PSIM [25] is to determine whether extant mutants affect both processes or not. A number, but not all, of these mutants affect both processes (Table 3), and it is still unclear whether mutants or molecular pathways affect MC-elicited memories and which one, differentially. ...
Memories are lasting representations over time of associations between stimuli or events. In general, the relatively slow consolidation of memories requires protein synthesis with a known exception being the so-called Anesthesia Resistant Memory (ARM) in Drosophila. This protein synthesis-independent memory type survives amnestic shocks after a short, sensitive window post training, and can also emerge after repeated cycles of training in a negatively reinforced olfactory conditioning task, without rest between cycles (massed conditioning—MC). We discussed operational and molecular mechanisms that mediate ARM and differentiate it from protein synthesis-dependent long-term memory (LTM) in Drosophila. Based on the notion that ARM is unlikely to specifically characterize Drosophila, we examined protein synthesis and MC-elicited memories in other species and based on intraspecies shared molecular components and proposed potential relationships of ARM with established memory types in Drosophila and vertebrates.
