Figure 3 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
Medium-term employment impact of the recession on job supply and demand equilibrium. Source: Authors.
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... effect is particularly marked in developing countries with weak social protection structures ( Arranz et al., 2020). Interestingly, and as pictured in Figure 3 at an aggregate level, this could generate a positive employment outcome since the lower R. Abdelkafi, S. Refas DOI: 10.4236/tel.2021.115064 1014 Theoretical Economics Letters wages due to lower expectations from job seekers as well as the entry of new job seekers in the market may lead to a higher equilibrium employment level wg. ...
Context 2
... populations are especially concerned in the graphs above: 1) in the immediate term, the population which lost their jobs as a consequence of the recession (wh − wl) in case there is no relief policy to immediately preserve their jobs or provide them with temporary wage support (necessity-motivated entrepreneurs) as pictured by area 1 in Figure 2; 2) in the medium term, the job seekers at the right of the equilibrium level wg,, who do not occupy the jobs at the wages offered by the market, because it is be- expectations. Consequently, among the three populations just described the quantity of necessity-motivated or opportunity-motivated entrepreneurs with higher expectations that equilibrium wages cannot be pictured in Figure 3. The next sections will discuss however how different trajectories can be expected for these three populations of entrepreneurs, and how this will in turn lead to differentiated aggregate outcome at the macroeconomic level. ...
Similar publications
The design of entrepreneurial processes deserves a concept as complex as the phenomenon of entrepreneurship. In fact, designing a single process in which an individual with specific entrepreneurial traits can evaluate the opportunities and move forward the entrepreneurial action within an institutional environment, is very challenging. The aim of t...
Citations
... Many scholars have explored this concept in developed and developing countries. They have confirmed that it is helpful at an individual level or when entrepreneurship occurs within a corporate setting (Abdelkafi and Refas, 2021). Based on that understanding, developing countries have started initiating and implementing this strategy in their search for sustainable solutions to their socioeconomic challenges (Hamdan et al., 2021). ...
... Based on that understanding, developing countries have started initiating and implementing this strategy in their search for sustainable solutions to their socioeconomic challenges (Hamdan et al., 2021). Ideally, entrepreneurial activities can help developing countries attain sustainable development goals (Abdelkafi and Refas, 2021). This view is supported by Neumann (2021), who reported that entrepreneurial activities could contribute at a macro level if well harnessed. ...
... If an enabling environment is created, entrepreneurs can develop and broaden the private sector needed for economic renewal (Derbali and Lamouchi, 2021). Abdelkafi and Refas (2021) believe that entrepreneurship can help developing countries be resilient in times of uncertainty, such as the Covid-19 pandemic. Thus, entrepreneurial activities can help absorb the shocks of the pandemic on a relatively shorter turnaround time compared to large businesses (Abdelkafi and Refas, 2021). ...
This paper evaluates the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and entrepreneurship development in developing countries. The paper also analyses the intervening effect of public sector venality and the foreign direct investment effect on developing entrepreneurship in developing countries. The paper applied a quantitative research method. Secondary data collection covered four years (2016-2019). Data related to FDI were collected from the World Bank database; data for public sector corruption were collected from the Transparency International Corruption Index, and data related to entrepreneurship development were collected from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) reports. The sample consisted of nine developing countries which resulted in 36 observations. Data were analysed with the application of fixed effect regression. The results showed that foreign direct investment significantly affects entrepreneurship development in developing countries and that public sector venality negatively affects entrepreneurship development. The practical significance of these findings includes the need for developing countries to place pragmatic emphasis on the continuous attraction of foreign direct investment to accelerate the positive spill-over effect of foreign direct investment on local entrepreneurs, which comes with skills and technology advantages – amongst others. There is a dire need for governments in developing countries to rethink their approach toward eradicating public sector venality, which this research has confirmed as inimical to the nurturing and development of local entrepreneurship. This paper recommends an agenda for further research to explore the current model by including more samples and more time series in future analysis models.
... At first, scholars think entrepreneurs are only responsible for managing employees and capital, paying attention to the development of enterprises, and handling daily production tasks (Abdelkafi and Refas, 2021). Therefore, in neoclassical economics, scholars always take the enterprise as a unified whole to calculate its costs and benefits. ...
This study aims to optimize the enterprise criminal law-based copyright protection. This exploration discusses the role of the entrepreneurial spirit (ES) in criminal law-based copyright protection. To study the relationship between ES and criminal law-based copyright protection, the concepts of ES, criminal law-based copyright protection, and enterprise innovation are given. Next, by collecting literature, hypotheses are put forward. They include the relationship between ES and enterprise innovation, ES and the criminal law-based copyright protection, and the intermediary role of ES in the criminal law-based copyright protection and economic growth. Then, relevant models are established. Finally, the hypotheses are tested through experiments and empirical analysis, and the model is regressed to test the experimental data’s robustness and the scale’s reliability and validity. The empirical analysis shows that: (1) the significance of ES under the 1% index is greater than 0. It indicates that the higher the managers’ ES is, the greater the enterprise innovation is. (2) The significance of criminal law-based copyright protection on ES under the 1% index is greater than 0 and the regression coefficient is 0.59. This shows that criminal law-based copyright protection has a significant positive impact on ES. (3) Under the l% index, the significance of ES on economic growth is greater than 0 and the regression coefficient is 0.63. It shows that ES mediates the relationship between criminal law-based copyright protection and economic growth. Therefore, strengthening criminal law-based copyright protection improves the ES and leads to faster enterprise and regional economic development. Therefore, the state should pay attention to criminal law-based copyright protection to encourage innovation to promote enterprise development. This exploration studies the relationship among ES, economic growth, enterprise innovation, and criminal law-based copyright protection. The finding provides a theoretical reference for criminal law-based copyright protection.
The pandemic caused by COVID has, among other things, led to a major economic crisis characterized by a significant drop in economic growth, higher unemployment, and reduced welfare. The specialized literature has considered entrepreneurship as a factor that stimulates economic growth in phases of low economic expansion. In this sense, it is worth asking whether this effect also occurs in a situation of serious economic crisis, such as that caused by COVID-19. If in situations of a certain economic stability, the specialized literature shows this positive relationship, it is worth asking whether the positive effect of entrepreneurship on economic growth is also fulfilled in situations in which a major crisis occurs, such as that produced by the pandemic. In addition, in this sense, it is also important to consider the factors that affect entrepreneurial activity. For this, an empirical analysis is carried out considering the cases of 19 OECD countries to analyze the relationship between Nascent Entrepreneurs and economic growth and the factors that stimulate the appearance of these entrepreneurs, which will allow economic policy measures to be designed to stimulate this activity.KeywordsNascent entrepreneurshipCOVID-19Economic growthInstitutionsExpectations
