Figure 5 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
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Mechanism of GnRH-based antibodies on contraception. GnRH neurons in hypothalamus secrete GnRH to the hypophyseal portal system (HPS). Free GnRH in the HPS stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the anterior pituitary. After crossing the blood brain barrier, the LH and FSH work on the gonads and stimulate the reproduction cycle. The GnRH antibodies after vaccination with ERA-2GnRH bypass the Blood Brain Barrier through the HPS and catch/neutralize free GnRH in the median eminence, thus blocking the downstream signaling for reproduction.
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Rabies is preventable through vaccination, but the need to mount annual canine vaccination campaigns presents major challenges in rabies control and prevention. The development of a rabies vaccine that ensures lifelong immunity and animal population management in one dose could be extremely advantageous. A nonsurgical alternative to spay/neuter is...
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Context 1
... we were surprised the GnRH antibodies in Group C mice were also not high enough to prevent pregnancy. We think the GnRH antibodies could have a threshold level in the peripheral blood in order to reach the hypophyseal portal system in the brain for fertility disruption ( Figure 5). Also, the live ERA-2GnRH vaccine we tested previously could be different from the inactivated vaccine in inducing infertility [11]. ...
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... we were surprised the GnRH antibodies in Group C mice were also not high enough to prevent pregnancy. We think the GnRH antibodies could have a threshold level in the peripheral blood in order to reach the hypophyseal portal system in the brain for fertility disruption ( Figure 5). Also, the live ERA-2GnRH vaccine we tested previously could be different from the inactivated vaccine in inducing infertility [11]. ...
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... awareness of dog rabies as a major threat to humans has changed little over thousands of years since early human civilization [22,23]. The simple and strong message in rabies control is to "vaccinate Figure 5. Mechanism of GnRH-based antibodies on contraception. ...
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... experimental conditions, many investigations achieved temporary and reversible infertility in animals using GnRH analogs, or antagonists, including antibodies against GnRH [39][40][41][42][43][44][45]. The mechanism of how GnRH antibodies impair animal reproduction is depicted in Figure 5. The idea of using an immune contraceptive vaccine for animal population control started about half a century ago with porcine zona pellucida (PZP), a raw glycoprotein mixture exacted from pig ovaries [46][47][48][49]. ...
Citations
... However, the GnRH antibodies did not prevent fertilization of IP vaccinated mice even it last longer in hydrogel. Therefore, could be a promising dual vaccine candidate [19]. As J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f dogs are the major issue in rabies control, it could be noteworthy and exceedingly beneficial to develop a dual vaccine which ensures lifelong immunity and animal population management with a nonsurgical spay/neuter, at the same time. ...
... -Increase the production of persistent RVNA -Induce the production of sustained GnRH antibodies [19] In vivo HDCV-CpG -Increase the seroconversion rate and production of early RVNA -Increase the production of IFN-γ-secreting cells -Increase survival rate of vaccinated mice [21] In vivo --Increase the RVNA levels -Increase the number of B and T cells -Increase the numbers of IL-4 and IFN-γsecreting CD4 + and CD8 + T cells -Increase the production of IL-2 and IFN-γ from splenocytes [22] In vivo --Increase secretion of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β -Increase expression of MHC-II -Increase RVNA titers and total IgG and IgG1, IgG-secreting cells -Increase IFN-γ production and secreting cells -Induce secretion of IL-2, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-10 [26] In vivo --Increase levels of rabies antibody [27] In vivo --Induce the production of RVNA irrespective of diet [28] In vivo - In vivo --as good as Freund's adjuvant without local inflammatory repercussions -Induce the protective immunity in potency test [30] J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f -Increases the proliferation of splenocytes [31] In vivo --Increase levels of RVNA -Increase survival rate of vaccinated animal [32] In vivo --Increase the production of specific IgG, IgG2a and IgG1 isotypes -Induce the protective immunity [33] In vitro ...
Rabies is a zoonotic and progressive viral disease in warm-blooded animals including human that is almost always fatal following the onset of clinical symptoms. Increasing evidence indicated that vaccination is an effective strategy for preventing rabies in the host reservoir. During the last 50 years, many attempts have been made to establish and develop rabies vaccines, aiming at preventing or controlling rabies animals and human. In this respect, first generation rabies vaccines including attenuated live vaccine and inactivated rabies have been characterized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. To overcome the limitations of conventional rabies vaccines and improve potential immunogenicity and clinical efficacy, new-generation rabies vaccines including recombinant vaccines, viral vector vaccines, cell cultures vaccines, adjuvant vaccines, and DNA and RNA-based vaccines, as well as chimeric vaccines have been explored. So far, however, there has been little discussion about the immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety of rabies vaccines. Herein, this comprehensive review attempts to put together in vitro and in vivo studies, focusing on all types of rabies vaccines and gives an overview of their immunogenicity and efficacy. Finally, this review also assesses the clinical efficacy of rabies vaccines in clinical trials.
Rabies is the deadliest viral infection known, with no reliable treatment, and although it is entirely preventable, rabies continues to kill more than 60,000 people every year, mostly children in countries where dog rabies is endemic. America is only 1 generation away from the time when rabies killed more than 10,000 animals and 50 Americans every year, but 3 to 5 Americans continue to die annually from rabies. Distressingly, > 50,000 Americans undergo rabies prevention therapy every year after exposure to potentially rabid animals. While enormous progress has been made, more must be done to defeat this ancient but persistent, fatal zoonosis.
In the US, lack of public awareness and ambivalence are the greatest dangers imposed by rabies, resulting in unnecessary exposures, anxiety, and risk. Veterinarians have a special role in informing and reassuring the public about prevention and protection from rabies. This summary of current facts and future advances about rabies will assist veterinarians in informing their clients about the disease.
Human mesenchymal stem cell therapy (hMSCs) enables the transmission of alginate (A)/dextran (D)/β- glycerophosphate (β-GP) to the human myocardials infarcts. The fabricated hMSCs-AD@β-GP exhibited pixelation rate, pore size, absorbency, and aggregation rate values of 65.3%, 146.2%, 92.0%, and 29.1% with 1%, respectively. The hMSCs-AD@β-GP produced were physiochemically examined and were found to be highly stable, verifying the usefulness of the nanomaterials for cardiac regenerations. The in vitro studies of hMSCs- AD@β-GP hydrogels have indicated that the cell survival ratio improved, and the positive findings of ejection fraction, fibrosis, and vessel density with lowered infraction size indicated that the heart regenerative activity also improved significantly after myocardial infraction. The synergic effect of the hydrogel with hMSCs-AD@β- GP may, therefore, be suitable to treat patients with severe myocardial infarctions.
S. aureus (SA) and P. aeruginosa (PA) contaminations in thermally hurt patients have controlled invasive illness producing humanity. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) engaged in behaviour have limits owed to their oxidative damage. Current examinations demonstrated the biosynthesis of highly biocompatible AuNPs from rich antioxidant of aqueous cutting of Aerva javanica (A. javanica). The cell viability of the biosynthesised AuNPs was examined by cancerous cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and non-cancerous cell lines (HUVECs), which displayed the high biocompatibility in all the cell lines. We developed the encapsulation with chitosan hydrogels to the AuNPs for the burn wound infections created by the Sprague Dawley rats. Remarkable burn wound reduction in the chitosan hydrogels was found. The histological analysis also suggested the burn wound contracting without causing any damages. The outcomes indicated that AuNPs incorporate to the chitosan hydrogels are promising burn wound dressing resources for the treatment for wound healing.
