Table 4 - uploaded by Reinout W Wiers
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The Alcohol Expectancy Challenge (EC) is a promising program for changing alcohol expectancies and reducing alcohol consumption in "heavy drinking" young men in a bar-lab setting. In this study the EC was adapted for use in mixed-gender groups in a holiday setting and its feasibility tested in camping resorts in the Netherlands where a lot of binge...
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Context 1
... were conducted to determine whether there were any differences between groups at pretest on background characteristics, expectancies, and drinking patterns. Table 4 presents baseline results for participants who completed at least the first two assess- ments. No significant differences were present between control and intervention group at pretest. ...
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Citations
... Les thérapies traditionnelles menées dans le cadre de la dépendance à l'alcool se centrent sur le changement des attitudes conscientes de l'individu envers l'alcool, ses croyances et ses envies. En dépit d'une certaine efficacité, ces thérapies ont cependant un succès limité Van de Luitgaarden, Wiers, Knibbe, & Boone, 2006) et le taux de rechute dans la dépendance à l'alcool reste très élevé (Brownell et al., 1986 ;Maffi, 1997). Ces résultats limités peuvent être expliqués par le fait que ces thérapies visent uniquement au changement des attitudes explicites, laissant les attitudes implicites intactes. ...
Cette thèse a pour objectif de tester la fiabilité de résultats majeurs de psychologie montrant que des mesures implicites permettraient de prédire et de changer des comportements autodestructeurs. Cela semble particulièrement important dans le contexte de crise de confiance traversé actuellement par les sciences et plus particulièrement par la psychologie. À cette fin, nous avons mené trois études préenregistrées. Dans une première série d'études, nous avons répliqué les résultats de Houben, Havermans, et Wiers (2010) montrant qu'un conditionnement évaluatif permettrait de changer l'évaluation implicite de l'alcool ainsi que les consommations d'alcool (Houben, Havermans, et al., 2010). Notre première étude, une réplication conceptuelle, ne réplique que partiellement les effets originaux. Nous ne trouvons en effet pas de réduction des biais implicites envers l'alcool après un conditionnement évaluatif ; cependant, nous répliquons l'effet montrant une réduction des consommations d'alcool. Notre deuxième étude, une réplication exacte, ne réplique aucun des deux résultats originaux. Néanmoins, nous trouvons dans cette étude une réduction des consommations d'alcool, après un conditionnement évaluatif, chez les individus ayant une consommation à risque. Une deuxième série d'études visait ensuite à tester la fiabilité et le consensus de résultats montrant qu'un test d'association implicite permettrait de discriminer les individus suicidaires et de prédire les futures tentatives de suicide (Nock et al., 2010). Pour cela, nous avons réalisé une petite méta-analyse afin de tester s'il existe un consensus dans la littérature scientifique sur la validité prédictive des mesures implicites dans les comportements suicidaires. Cette méta-analyse montre une taille d'effet moyenne dans la discrimination et la prédiction des comportements suicidaires par les mesures implicites. Enfin, dans une dernière étude qui s'est étendue sur une période de trois ans, nous avons voulu réaliser une réplication exacte des effets de Nock et al. (2010). Les résultats répliquent partiellement ceux de l'étude originale. Dans notre étude, le test d'association implicite suicide ne discrimine pas les patients suicidaires des autres patients mais prédit bien les futures tentatives de suicide à six mois au-delà des facteurs de risque habituels. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse démontrent que les mesures implicites joueraient un rôle dans la prédiction et la modification des comportements autodestructeurs. Les implications théoriques et cliniques sont discutées.
... Although the initial expectancy challenge studies [171,172] yielded promising findings -participants who were exposed to the expectancy challenge showed significant reductions in their alcohol consumption, compared with participants who received a control manipulation -these effects have not been replicated in subsequent research (see [13], for a review). Nonetheless, the procedure might hold promise for altering expectancies and alcohol consumption in subgroups of heavy drinkers [50,173,174]. Of particular relevance here, research has demonstrated that young binge drinkers hold particularly positive expectancies for a high dose of alcohol [18,173,174]. ...
... Nonetheless, the procedure might hold promise for altering expectancies and alcohol consumption in subgroups of heavy drinkers [50,173,174]. Of particular relevance here, research has demonstrated that young binge drinkers hold particularly positive expectancies for a high dose of alcohol [18,173,174]. Expectancy challenge treatments which specifically aim to manipulate outcome expectancies for high doses of alcohol might be particularly relevant for heavy binge drinkers. Challenging heavy drinkers' outcome expectancies for high doses of alcohol (rather than for undetermined doses of alcohol) might be expected to reduce the quantity of alcohol consumed during an alcohol binge, but such procedures are difficult to implement in heavy drinking participants [173,174]. ...
... Expectancy challenge treatments which specifically aim to manipulate outcome expectancies for high doses of alcohol might be particularly relevant for heavy binge drinkers. Challenging heavy drinkers' outcome expectancies for high doses of alcohol (rather than for undetermined doses of alcohol) might be expected to reduce the quantity of alcohol consumed during an alcohol binge, but such procedures are difficult to implement in heavy drinking participants [173,174]. ...
Alcohol abuse is associated with a cluster of long-term changes in cognitive processes, as predicted by contemporary models of addiction. In this paper we review evidence which suggests that similar changes may occur during an alcohol binge, and as such they may play an important role in explaining the loss of control over alcohol consumption that occurs during alcohol binges. As a consequence of both acute alcohol intoxication (alcohol 'priming' effects) and exposure to environmental alcohol-related cues, we suggest that a number of changes in cognitive processes are likely. These include increased subjective craving for alcohol, increased positive and arousing outcome expectancies and implicit associations for alcohol use, increased attentional bias for alcohol-related cues, increased action tendencies to approach alcohol, increased impulsive decision-making, and impaired inhibitory control over drives and behaviour. Potential reciprocal relationships between these different aspects of cognition during an alcohol binge are discussed. Finally, we discuss the relationship between the current model and existing models of cognitive processes in substance abuse, and we speculate on the implications of the model for the reduction binge drinking and its consequences.
... Traditional programs targeting substance abuse have often focused on changing substance use behavior by targeting individuals' conscious attitudes, expectancies, and beliefs. Many of these programs have met with very limited success (e.g., see Park, 2006;Thush et al., 2007;Van de Luitgaarden, Wiers, Knibbe, & Boon, 2006;Wiers, Van de Luitgaarden, van den Wildenberg, & Smulders, 2005). One possible explanation for these disappointing outcomes is that these programs only target one of the two key cognitive systems known to control behavior. ...
A meta-analysis of 89 effect sizes based on the responses of 19,930 participants was conducted to estimate the magnitude of the relationship between substance-related implicit cognitions and the use of legal and illegal substances. The analysis produced a weighted average effect size of r=.31. Moderation analyses revealed significant heterogeneity in effect sizes related to facet of implicit cognition, measurement strategy, sample composition, and substance type. The largest effect sizes were found in studies that assessed implicit semantic associations, employed word association measures, and focused on marijuana use. The findings suggest that implicit cognition is a reliable predictor of substance use, although effect sizes vary as a function of several methodological factors.
... One interesting method is the expectancy challenge method, developed by Goldman (1993, 1998). This procedure has been found to decrease positive expectancies in young adult men ( Goldman, 1993, 1998) and also in younger samples (Thush et al., this issue; Wiers et al., 2005), including a heavy drinking adolescent sample (Van de Luitgaarden et al., 2006). However, effects on alcohol consumption were either absent (Thush et al., this issue), limited (Van de Luitgaarden et al., 2006) or short-lived (Wiers et al., 2005). ...
... This procedure has been found to decrease positive expectancies in young adult men ( Goldman, 1993, 1998) and also in younger samples (Thush et al., this issue; Wiers et al., 2005), including a heavy drinking adolescent sample (Van de Luitgaarden et al., 2006). However, effects on alcohol consumption were either absent (Thush et al., this issue), limited (Van de Luitgaarden et al., 2006) or short-lived (Wiers et al., 2005). Moreover, Wiers et al. (2005) found that while the expectancy challenge changed explicit alcohol expectancies, it hardly affected implicit associations, and the two changes were entirely uncorrelated (r = 0). ...
This paper presents a review and a model of the development of addictive behaviors in (human) adolescents, with a focus on alcohol. The model proposes that addictive behaviors develop as the result of an imbalance between two systems: an appetitive, approach-oriented system that becomes sensitized with repeated alcohol use and a regulatory executive system that is not fully developed and that is compromised by exposure to alcohol. Self-regulation critically depends on two factors: ability and motivation to regulate the appetitive response tendency. The motivational aspect is often still weak in heavy drinking adolescents, who typically do not recognize their drinking as problematic. Motivation to regulate use often develops only years later, after the individual has encountered serious alcohol-related problems. Unfortunately, at that point behavioral change becomes harder due to several neurocognitive adaptations that result from heavy drinking. As we document, there is preliminary support for the central elements of the model (appetitive motivation vs. self-regulation), but there is a paucity of research directly addressing these mechanisms in human adolescents. Further, we emphasize that adolescent alcohol use primarily takes place in a social context, and that therefore studies should not solely focus on intra-individual factors predicting substance use and misuse but also on interpersonal social factors. Finally, we discuss implications of the model for interventions.
... The findings from studies examining expectancy challenge interventions have generally produced promising results. While some studies have found that modification of expectancies are not necessarily correlated with changes in alcohol consumption rates, many authors recognize the importance of continuing efforts to explore expectancy challenge procedures in an attempt to improve prevention and treatment protocols (Connors et al., 1993;Corbin et al., 2001;Cruz & Dunn, 2003;Dunn et al., 2000;Jones et al., 2001;Jones, Silvia, et al., 1995;Kraus et al., 1994;Musher-Eizenman & Kulick, 2003;Sharkansky & Finn, 1998;Van De Luitgaarden, Wiers, Knibbe, & Boon, 2006). As noted by Jones et al. (2001), "further research is warranted to determine the relative efficacy of different types of expectancy manipulations on both positive and negative expectancies" (p. ...
Aim of this study was to evaluate a standard ten-minute peer education protocol to reduce binge drinking among Dutch adolescents at campsites during summer holidays. Using a quasiexperimental design, we evaluated the effects of the peer education protocol as applied by trained peer educators. We collected data by telephone interviews fourteen days after the holiday. Peer education significantly increased knowledge on the risks of alcohol abuse and promoted personal reflection on alcohol intake. After peer education, adolescents had a more realistic view of their alcohol intake, more frequently perceived alcohol intake of their friends as binge drinking, and reported a higher intention to drink less alcohol in the future. Contrary to expectations, adolescents reported less self-efficacy to reduce alcohol use after peer education.
Research has documented normative perceptions of others' alcohol use and how these related to increased rates of drinking and related problems among college students. Recently, research has expanded this concept to specific events (21st birthday drinking and tailgating). No studies to date examine the construct of normative perceptions of alcohol use for spring break (SB). SB is a known time of risk for increased alcohol use, and understanding whether students overestimate SB drinking norms, variables that influence norms perceptions (gender, ethnicity and travel) and whether SB norms relate to one's own drinking can inform future prevention and intervention efforts. We extend the literature by examining SB normative perceptions: (1) whether or not these perceptions are accurate and (2) the relationship to students' own drinking and related consequences. A random sample (N = 1583) of students were asked about their SB drinking, consequences and norm perceptions. Students' SB drinking in this study was lower than their perception of typical student SB drinking (p < 0.001), and women's perceptions were higher than men's (p < 0.001). After adjusting for demographics and typical drinking, SB norms were significantly associated with SB drinking among those taking a trip over SB (p < 0.001). After controlling for SB drinking, SB drinking norms were unrelated to consequences. Similar misperceptions exist for SB drinking. Prevention and intervention efforts aimed at reducing SB drinking and consequences, particularly for those planning a trip, may incorporate SB specific social norms education.
De afgelopen jaren is er veel aandacht in de media geweest voor de alarmerende toename van alcoholmisbruik bij jongeren. Uit
een groot vergelijkend Europees onderzoek bleek bijvoorbeeld dat Nederlandse jongeren tot de koplopers van Europa behoren
wat betreft drankmisbruik (Hibell e.a., 2004) en artsen luidden de noodklok over steeds jongere kinderen die met een alcoholvergiftiging
bij de eerste hulp terechtkwamen. Tegelijkertijd wordt er steeds meer bekend over de veel grotere (dan algemeen aangenomen)
schadelijke effecten van middelengebruik op de ontwikkeling van de hersenen van jongeren: uit dieronderzoek blijkt dat deze
effecten veel groter zijn wanneer de middelen toegediend worden tijdens de adolescentie dan tijdens de volwassen leeftijd
en er zijn toenemend aanwijzingen dat dit ook geldt voor mensen (Dahl & Spear, 2004). Een van de gevolgen die verslavingsgedrag
tijdens de adolescentie heeft is een toegenomen kwetsbaarheid voor verslaving op latere leeftijd.
In dit artikel reageren wij kort op de reactie van Paul Kocken op ons artikel waarin wij enkele ervaringen delen die we hebben
opgedaan met het ZonMw project “Leren Drinken”.
A double perspective on drinking less: The influence of explicit and implicit cognitive processes and early intervention in
adolescents
Alcohol use among Dutch adolescents is a serious problem. Dual process models of addiction state that both implicit and explicit
cognitive processes influence (early) adolescent drinking behavior. Where implicit cognitive processes represent more automatic
associative motivational processes, explicit cognitive processes are related to more deliberate thought processes. The relationship
between alcohol-related cognition and adolescent alcohol use is assumed to be moderated by other factors, such as executive
functioning and motivation. This implicates that different intervention methods might be effective for different subgroups
of at-risk adolescents. The present paper discusses the current state of affairs in intervention research from a dual process
perspective.
