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| Mean percentage of non-referential, deictic, iconic, and conventional gestures in the infant gesture repertoire (n = 6). The error bars represent standard errors of the mean. Each shape corresponds to one infant.

| Mean percentage of non-referential, deictic, iconic, and conventional gestures in the infant gesture repertoire (n = 6). The error bars represent standard errors of the mean. Each shape corresponds to one infant.

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Speech and co-speech gestures always go hand in hand. Whether we find the precursors of these co-speech gestures in infants before they master their native language still remains an open question. Except for deictic gestures, there is little agreement on the existence of iconic, non-referential and symbolic gestures before children start producing...

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