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Mean for some chemical and physical properties for dominant soil orders Mollisols, Vertisols, Aridisol in Hawler, Sulaimani and Duhok.
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This study was conducted to compare between two methods of soil organic matter determination for main soil orders in Kurdistan region/Iraq, for this purpose forty-five soil samples were taken then the organic matter was determined using chemical (Walkley-Black (wet) method and loss-on-ignition method (dry) combustion method. The results indicated t...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... parameters measured were determined, and the analysis was carried out at the soil and water department laboratories, in Agriculture College, at Salahaddin University. Three orders Kurdistan regain soil samples, including Mollisols, Vertisols, Aridisols illustrated in (Table 1) Table 1 illustrates some physic-chemical properties of the studied soils such as soil texture, water content, field capacity, saturation past, calcium carbonate, pH, and electrical conductivity for dominate orders in Kurdistan region Table 1 shows the physicchemical properties of for Mollisols, Vertisols, and Aridisols in Hawler, Sulaimani, and Duhok, respectively. The results of the numerical simulation indicate that the soil texture for Mollisols, Hawler and Sulaimani were silty loam the amount of particle size distribution for ( sand, silt, and clay) were (230, 560, 200) g kg -1 and (114.1, 455.9, 430) g kg -1 in Hawler and Sulaimani respectively, whereas in Duhok was silty clay, the sand, silt, and clay were (176.2, ...Context 2
... parameters measured were determined, and the analysis was carried out at the soil and water department laboratories, in Agriculture College, at Salahaddin University. Three orders Kurdistan regain soil samples, including Mollisols, Vertisols, Aridisols illustrated in (Table 1) Table 1 illustrates some physic-chemical properties of the studied soils such as soil texture, water content, field capacity, saturation past, calcium carbonate, pH, and electrical conductivity for dominate orders in Kurdistan region Table 1 shows the physicchemical properties of for Mollisols, Vertisols, and Aridisols in Hawler, Sulaimani, and Duhok, respectively. The results of the numerical simulation indicate that the soil texture for Mollisols, Hawler and Sulaimani were silty loam the amount of particle size distribution for ( sand, silt, and clay) were (230, 560, 200) g kg -1 and (114.1, 455.9, 430) g kg -1 in Hawler and Sulaimani respectively, whereas in Duhok was silty clay, the sand, silt, and clay were (176.2, ...Context 3
... parameters measured were determined, and the analysis was carried out at the soil and water department laboratories, in Agriculture College, at Salahaddin University. Three orders Kurdistan regain soil samples, including Mollisols, Vertisols, Aridisols illustrated in (Table 1) Table 1 illustrates some physic-chemical properties of the studied soils such as soil texture, water content, field capacity, saturation past, calcium carbonate, pH, and electrical conductivity for dominate orders in Kurdistan region Table 1 shows the physicchemical properties of for Mollisols, Vertisols, and Aridisols in Hawler, Sulaimani, and Duhok, respectively. The results of the numerical simulation indicate that the soil texture for Mollisols, Hawler and Sulaimani were silty loam the amount of particle size distribution for ( sand, silt, and clay) were (230, 560, 200) g kg -1 and (114.1, 455.9, 430) g kg -1 in Hawler and Sulaimani respectively, whereas in Duhok was silty clay, the sand, silt, and clay were (176.2, ...Context 4
... parameters measured were determined, and the analysis was carried out at the soil and water department laboratories, in Agriculture College, at Salahaddin University. Three orders Kurdistan regain soil samples, including Mollisols, Vertisols, Aridisols illustrated in (Table 1) Table 1 illustrates some physic-chemical properties of the studied soils such as soil texture, water content, field capacity, saturation past, calcium carbonate, pH, and electrical conductivity for dominate orders in Kurdistan region Table 1 shows the physicchemical properties of for Mollisols, Vertisols, and Aridisols in Hawler, Sulaimani, and Duhok, respectively. The results of the numerical simulation indicate that the soil texture for Mollisols, Hawler and Sulaimani were silty loam the amount of particle size distribution for ( sand, silt, and clay) were (230, 560, 200) g kg -1 and (114.1, 455.9, 430) g kg -1 in Hawler and Sulaimani respectively, whereas in Duhok was silty clay, the sand, silt, and clay were (176.2, ...Context 5
... parameters measured were determined, and the analysis was carried out at the soil and water department laboratories, in Agriculture College, at Salahaddin University. Three orders Kurdistan regain soil samples, including Mollisols, Vertisols, Aridisols illustrated in (Table 1) Table 1 illustrates some physic-chemical properties of the studied soils such as soil texture, water content, field capacity, saturation past, calcium carbonate, pH, and electrical conductivity for dominate orders in Kurdistan region Table 1 shows the physicchemical properties of for Mollisols, Vertisols, and Aridisols in Hawler, Sulaimani, and Duhok, respectively. The results of the numerical simulation indicate that the soil texture for Mollisols, Hawler and Sulaimani were silty loam the amount of particle size distribution for ( sand, silt, and clay) were (230, 560, 200) g kg -1 and (114.1, 455.9, 430) g kg -1 in Hawler and Sulaimani respectively, whereas in Duhok was silty clay, the sand, silt, and clay were (176.2, ...Context 6
... parameters measured were determined, and the analysis was carried out at the soil and water department laboratories, in Agriculture College, at Salahaddin University. Three orders Kurdistan regain soil samples, including Mollisols, Vertisols, Aridisols illustrated in (Table 1) Table 1 illustrates some physic-chemical properties of the studied soils such as soil texture, water content, field capacity, saturation past, calcium carbonate, pH, and electrical conductivity for dominate orders in Kurdistan region Table 1 shows the physicchemical properties of for Mollisols, Vertisols, and Aridisols in Hawler, Sulaimani, and Duhok, respectively. The results of the numerical simulation indicate that the soil texture for Mollisols, Hawler and Sulaimani were silty loam the amount of particle size distribution for ( sand, silt, and clay) were (230, 560, 200) g kg -1 and (114.1, 455.9, 430) g kg -1 in Hawler and Sulaimani respectively, whereas in Duhok was silty clay, the sand, silt, and clay were (176.2, ...Similar publications
Citations
... In general, the degree of soil development decreases from northern to southern Iraq (2,22,43). Iraqi soils show varying degrees of development depending on the predominant local circumstances, namely climatic and geological factors (34). The majority of soils in Iraq are of secondary origin, meaning they are made up of materials that have been transported from their initial weathering site and deposited elsewhere (12). ...
The study area located at Erbil province, Kurdistan, Iraq, seven pedons were elected. Twenty-one soil samples were collected in the study area. Different physiochemical and fertility indices have been used to determine the soils development, despite of generating interpolated maps for them. The results indicated that the low values of clay were found in the less pedon developed and argillic horizon existed in development pedons. Study soils were non-saline, slightly to moderately alkaline, and had relatively high bulk density values. Organic matter is concentrated at the soil surface. Considerable total carbonates are found in studied soils and have irregular distribution manner, as well as have high CEC values. Low C/N ratio due to highly decomposed organic matter. The active CaCO3/total CaCO3 increases with depth in all pedons, while, slightly fluctuated in one pedon. The ratio of total clay in BH /AH was found just in some pedons and more than (1) therefore these soils are considered development, and are more developed depending on the ratio of fine clay/total clay. Soils are classified into three groups the first was the least developed soils, the second group has the most development. Third group are intermediate in their development. Pedogenic processes included leaching, illuviation, eluviation, alkalization, humification, lessivage, desalinization, calcification, decomposition, and littering. Studied soils classified as Inceptisols and Mollisols.
... Organic matter (OM) is an important source of nutrients for plants and plays an important role in improving the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. It is also considered a major factor in soil productivity and fertility by providing nutrients to the soil and increasing its ability to retain water [32]. The results of this study showed variations in organic matter values, which may be due to the difference in temperature during the seasons and their relationship with the activity of microorganisms. ...
Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) is an integral component of aquatic ecosystems and provides essential habitats and ecosystem services. This study investigated the distribution and abundance of SAV in the Shatt Al-Arab River, located in Southern Iraq, and examined its relationship with changing environmental factors. Monthly surveys were conducted at three stations from October 2015 to September 2016 to assess the percentage cover of vegetation, biomass, and the physicochemical properties of water and sediment. Three SAV species belonging to the Potamogetonaceae family have been recorded. Canonical correspondence analysis showed a negative relationship between Potamogeton perfoliatus and depth/reactive phosphorus. The abundance of plants in this area was significantly lower than that reported in previous studies. Species richness and abundance were analyzed at all stations during the same period using biodiversity indices. The analysis revealed differences in species richness between the stations. This decline in abundance was likely due to increased salinity, nutrients, and anthropogenic pressures. This study demonstrates the impact of environmental changes on ecologically important SAV and emphasizes the necessity of implementing conservation and management strategies.
... In this experiment, soil organic matter (SOM), organic carbon (SOC), available phosphorous (AP), available potassium (AK), nitrate (NO 3 − ), ammonium (NH 4 + ), total nitrogen (TN), soil pH, electrical conductivity, and texture have been measured using standard laboratory techniques. The SOM was determined by the Walkley Black method (Khoshnaw and Esmail, 2020). The SOC was estimated by the potassium dichromate oxidation method (Pathak and Reddy, 2021). ...
... Walkley-Black Wet Oxidation Method described by Faina et al. (2012) and Khoshnaw and Esmail (2020) was used at the Soil Science Laboratory in the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences to determine the organic carbon content in Alectra seeds from all five sites as a composite sample in each site. However, no ANOVA was done on organic carbon (%) as only one site collections were available and triplet sampling was done per site. ...
Parasitic angiosperm Alectra vogelii Benth is a growing problem in Malawi, particularly with the current emphasis on legume crops. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted in Lilongwe, Malawi to evaluate the effects of site, A. vogelii dormancy-breaking period on Mkanakaufiti and IT82E-16 cowpea varieties. Varieties of cowpea were grown in A. vogelii-infested pots sourced from three agroecological zones and subjected to varied dormancy-breaking periods. The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design and replicated four times. The study revealed that dormancy breaking had impacts depending on the A. vogelii source. However, the Alectra source affected the A. vogelii shoot counts and cowpea grain weight. Neno-Manyenye collections had a higher incidence without induced dormancy breaking periods while Lilongwe-Kamowa, and Salima-Matumba collections had a high incidence after the dormancy-breaking period. Late infestation (at 119 to 149 days after planting) on resistant Mkanakaufiti cowpea variety by A. vogelii collections used indicated apparent strain variability of collections used. The results confirmed the delayed resistance mechanism of Mkanakaufiti against A. vogelii. Nevertheless, the variety reactions on the parasitic weed depends on suitability, compatibility, and specificity, although some resistant genotypes tend to lose the resistance mechanism with time. A. vogelii seeds organic carbon % varied (4.87±1.73 to 9.13±0.95) from the three agroecological zones which signified the collections' variability due to warmer temperatures, relative humidity, and crop husbandry practices under long-term conditions. Therefore, screening efforts for resistance or evaluation of agronomic options to suppress the weed should be intensified.
... The reason for obtaining high levels of phenols, flavonoids, and anthraquinones in plants collected from the Qandil region is probably due to the high altitude of this region above sea level 1743 m compared to the rest of the regions under study (Fig 1) and this rise leads to lower temperatures and thus lower respiratory rate, in addition, The highest rate of rain and relative humidity was in the Qandil area ( Table 1) and this, in turn, leads to an increase in the efficiency of the photosynthesis process and thus an increase in the production of primary and secondary metabolic compounds. It has been observed from Table 2 that Qandil soil contains the highest rate of organic matter 61.9% which improves the physicochemical characteristics of the soil, the main consequence was an improvement in the uptake of macro and micronutrients which improves water holding capacity and helps the soil to maintain better aeration and soil quality and plant root development [33]. In addition, an increase in plant biomass contributed to the elevated production of phenolic compounds. ...
... Also, a higher amount of organic matter causes an increase in porosity, which entails a decrease in the specific density of the soil. It makes it easier for the increase in the activity of microorganisms to penetrate the soil environment and use mineralization organic compounds, thereby plants have greater access to nutrients which leads to an increase in the efficiency of photosynthesis [33,34]. Table (2) showed a decrease in electrical conductivity (EC) in the soil of Qandil compared to the rest of the locations. ...
Abstract. Rheum ribes is one of the most important medicinal plants spread wildly in Iraqi
Kurdistan, and its roots are used traditionally in the treatment of Obesity and obesity-related
disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia which are considered the major
cause of mortality worldwide and since the therapeutic medication failed to prevent their
progression. Here comes the importance of medical plants as rich sources of natural bioactive
substances that are used to treat many disorders. The current study intended to examine the
phytochemical contents of roots (rhizome), leaves, and flowering stems of R. ribes L. that have
been collected from five locations: Qandil, Kanitoo, Sharbazher, Penjwen, and Hawraman and
to analyze the active compounds by HPLC technique, and also to study the potential of
ethanolic extract of R. ribes root in the hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic points of view
by using diet-induced obese and diabetic rats. The results showed that roots collected from
Qandil had a higher concentration of total phenol and flavonoids and HPLC analysis results
found that active compounds found in the plant root were: Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, Quercetin,
Catechin, Rutin, Cinnamic acid, Tannic acid, Emodin, Aloe-emodin, and Physcion. Leaves and
flowering stems contained all the mentioned compounds except Cinnamic acid and Tannic
acid. The ethanolic extract of the roots significantly lowered the level of glucose, cholesterol,
triglycerides(TG), and low-density lipoprotein(LDL)level (p<0.05) in the blood of rats and also
had a positive effect on the body weight loss in rats, especially at a dose of (60 mg/ kg).
... The reason for obtaining high levels of phenols, flavonoids, and anthraquinones in plants collected from the Qandil region is probably due to the high altitude of this region above sea level 1743 m compared to the rest of the regions under study (Fig 1) and this rise leads to lower temperatures and thus lower respiratory rate, in addition, The highest rate of rain and relative humidity was in the Qandil area ( Table 1) and this, in turn, leads to an increase in the efficiency of the photosynthesis process and thus an increase in the production of primary and secondary metabolic compounds. It has been observed from Table 2 that Qandil soil contains the highest rate of organic matter 61.9% which improves the physicochemical characteristics of the soil, the main consequence was an improvement in the uptake of macro and micronutrients which improves water holding capacity and helps the soil to maintain better aeration and soil quality and plant root development [33]. In addition, an increase in plant biomass contributed to the elevated production of phenolic compounds. ...
... Also, a higher amount of organic matter causes an increase in porosity, which entails a decrease in the specific density of the soil. It makes it easier for the increase in the activity of microorganisms to penetrate the soil environment and use mineralization organic compounds, thereby plants have greater access to nutrients which leads to an increase in the efficiency of photosynthesis [33,34]. Table (2) showed a decrease in electrical conductivity (EC) in the soil of Qandil compared to the rest of the locations. ...
Rheum ribes is one of the most important medicinal plants spread wildly in Iraqi Kurdistan, and its roots are used traditionally in the treatment of Obesity and obesity-related disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia which are considered the major cause of mortality worldwide and since the therapeutic medication failed to prevent their progression. Here comes the importance of medical plants as rich sources of natural bioactive substances that are used to treat many disorders. The current study intended to examine the phytochemical contents of roots (rhizome), leaves, and flowering stems of R. ribes L. that have been collected from five locations: Qandil, Kanitoo, Sharbazher, Penjwen, and Hawraman and to analyze the active compounds by HPLC technique, and also to study the potential of ethanolic extract of R. ribes root in the hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic points of view by using diet-induced obese and diabetic rats. The results showed that roots collected from Qandil had a higher concentration of total phenol and flavonoids and HPLC analysis results found that active compounds found in the plant root were: Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, Quercetin, Catechin, Rutin, Cinnamic acid, Tannic acid, Emodin, Aloe-emodin, and Physcion. Leaves and flowering stems contained all the mentioned compounds except Cinnamic acid and Tannic acid. The ethanolic extract of the roots significantly lowered the level of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides(TG), and low-density lipoprotein(LDL)level (p<0.05) in the blood of rats and also had a positive effect on the body weight loss in rats, especially at a dose of (60 mg/kg).
... Five soil orders which Aridisols, Mollisols, Entisols, Vertisols and Inceptisols were found in Iraq based on the results of morphological, physical, and chemical soil attributes (Muhaimeed et al., 2014). Aridisols, Mollisols and Vertisols are the most common soil orders in Kurdistan region (Khoshnaw and Esmail, 2020). ...
This study conducted to investigate the effect of organic manure and different levels of Mn on the wheat growth and yield at two different soil orders (Mollisols and Vertisol) in Sulaimani-Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Pot experiments was conducted during (November 12th, 2021 to May 10th, 2022), two rate of organic manure (0 and 2) % of (sheep manure) and five different levels of Mn (0,5,10,15 and 20) mg Kg-1 as MnSO4.H2O were used to the soil. The experiment was carried out using a factorial complete randomized design (CRD) in Triplicate. Growth characters, reproductive, and total dry matter were evaluated. The result showed that application organic manure and Mn were affected on the growth characters of wheat, except plant height (cm) and flag leaf area (cm2). While all reproductive characters were significantly affected with the fertilizer application. Total dry matter increased with application of organic manure and Mn levels in both soil orders. In Vertisol, total dry matter superior (40.813 %) from the most other application levels.
... Moreover, the Qaradagh soil contains a high proportion of organic matter which was considered to have a significant impact on the physicochemical properties of the soil. The main consequence was an improvement in the uptake of micro and macroelements (Khoshnaw and Esmail, 2020). Leskovar and Othman (2018) discovered that increasing the amount of organic matter increases porosity, which decreases soil-specific density and allows microorganisms to penetrate more easily into the soil environment to use organic compounds, providing plants with better access to nutrients. ...
... The positive correlation between clay content and soil CEC may be due to increase in clay causes increase in negative charge because clay particles regards as a source of negative charge (1), Soil organic matter is considered to be a key influence of soil quality because of its role on properties and processes in soils (13). On the other hand, Levine and Ciolkosz (15) proposed a clay accumulation index which yielded a good relationship between age and clay accumulation in (Bt) horizons. ...
The study area was located in the North of Iraq. Five sites were selected that have formed from the limestone parent material. One pedon dug in each site and was divided into a number of horizons. Thirty-five soil samples were collected for physical and chemical analyses. The climate of study sites were similar to the Mediterranean Sea climate which is hot dry in summer and cool humid in winter. The mean of annual precipitation, varies from one site to another. Studied soils classified as Mollisols, Inceptisols, Vertisols, and Aridisols. Study soils were relatively high clay content and its content at the surface horizons is lower than it at subsurface horizons, and soil texture was ranged between clayey to loamy, the high value for clay content indicates to soil development. Fine clay/Coarse clay ratio showed that the pathway of fine clay similar to the pathway of total clay. CEC values increased with increasing clay. Organic matter was high in the surface horizons and decrease with depth. The following pedogenic processes occurred in study soils loss,
... Soil organic matter is important for nutrient cycling and the maintenance of soil structure and fertility [1]. Decomposition is a biological process in which complex organic molecules in decaying matter are physically breakdown and biochemically transformed into simpler organic and inorganic molecules [2]. ...
... Maulood and Darwesh in 2020 [17] reported 0.22 to 2.15% SOM for upper parts of Erbil Governorates. Higher SOM was recorded by [1] for both methods in the same studied area. However, higher SOM of 7.82% for Erbil soil samples was recorded by [18]. ...
The study was carried out to determine soil organic matter content (SOM) using loss on ignition (LOI) and titrant methods. Eighty-four composite soil samples were collected from surface soil of randomly different locations in four governorates of northern parts of Iraq. The percent mean values of SOM recorded were 2.34, 2.399 and 1.821, respectively for Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Kirkuk, and Duhok soil samples for the LOI method, while lower values were obtained 1.39, 1.595 and 0.98% respectively by using the titrant method for the same soil samples. A low relationship between two SOM procedures was obtained (r 2 = 0.462, 0.585 and 0.241) respectively for the same governorates soil samples. Current results revealed that the titrant method is more accurate and convenient to be used for SOM determination of soils in our area, and further studies must be done by using other methods to find the more suitable procedure for this purpose.
