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Mean concentrations of soil NO 3-N and NH 4-N in the upper 10 cm soil layer of a) birch, b) spruce and c) pine stand. Bars indicate the values of standard error, n = 8 (24 replicates pooled by three).
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The main aim of the current study was to estimate the annual net nitrogen mineralization (NNM) flux in stands of different tree species growing on drained peatlands, as well as to clarify the effect of tree species, soil properties and litter on annual NNM dynamics. Three study sites were set up in May 2014: a downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) s...
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Context 1
... and Myrtillus fully drained forest sites ( Fig. 1). Both in the birch and spruce stands, soil mineral N concentration peaked in August and November, amounting almost to 70 mg kg -1 ( Fig. 1). In the pine stand, the mineral N concentration varied between 0.1-2.8 mg kg -1 throughout the year and peaked in April when it was only up to 3 mg kg -1 (Fig. 2c). In the birch and spruce stands the highest share of soil mineral N was formed of NO 3 -N, while in the pine stand NH 4 -N was the dominating form of mineral N in the upper soil layer (Fig. 2). Also soil pH was significantly lower in the pine stand ( Table 2). The pH of the incubated samples in the birch stand varied between 4.7 and ...
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... In the pine stand, the mineral N concentration varied between 0.1-2.8 mg kg -1 throughout the year and peaked in April when it was only up to 3 mg kg -1 (Fig. 2c). In the birch and spruce stands the highest share of soil mineral N was formed of NO 3 -N, while in the pine stand NH 4 -N was the dominating form of mineral N in the upper soil layer (Fig. 2). Also soil pH was significantly lower in the pine stand ( Table 2). The pH of the incubated samples in the birch stand varied between 4.7 and 4.8, in the spruce stand between 4.3 and 4.5 and in the pine stand 2.5 and 2.8. There was no difference between the pH values of the initial and the incubated samples at all studied sites ...
Context 3
... in the spruce stand between 4.3 and 4.5 and in the pine stand 2.5 and 2.8. There was no difference between the pH values of the initial and the incubated samples at all studied sites (t-test, p > 0.05). Although NH 4 -N was almost missing in the soil of the birch stand, it made up 30% of total mineral N in the spruce stand in the different months (Fig. 2). ...
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... Tree stand characteristics are brought out in Table 1. The soil at the study site was classified as Drainic Eutric Histosol (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2015), featuring low dry bulk density, high organic C content, and low pH, and a peat layer thickness of 100 cm (Becker et al., 2018;Clément et al., 2020). Soil chemical parameters are summarised in Supplementary Table 1. ...
... Tree stand characteristics. Based onBecker et al. (2018). ...
... The N cycle of forest ecosystems is greatly influenced by tree species and practices of forest management. Annual net mineral N yield in Betula pubescens, P. abies, and P. sylvestris communities on drained peatlands was estimated at 127.5 kg Nmin ha -1 a -1 , 87.7 kg Nmin ha -1 a -1 , and 11.8 kg Nmin ha -1 a -1 , respectively (Becker et al. 2018). In our forest communities, the annual mineral N yield was higher than in their P. sylvestris forest but lower than in their two other communities. ...
In this study, we investigated how tree species affect N mineralization in connection to some soil properties and seconder metabolite levels of litter, in the soil of the oldest native forest communities. In the oldest pure communities of Pinus nigra (PN), Fagus orientalis (FO), and Abies bornmuelleriana (AB) in the mountain range of Mount Uludağ, Bursa, Turkey, annual net yield and N mineralization in the 0–5- and 5–20-cm soil layers were determined in a field incubation study over 1 year. Sampling locations were chosen from 1300 to 1600 m a.s.l., and moisture content (%), pH, water-holding capacity (%), organic C, total N, and C/N ratio, and annual net mineral N yield of the soil and hydrolyzed tannic acid and total phenolic compounds in litter were compared for these forest communities. F. orientalis had the highest annual net Nmin yield (43.9 ± 4.8 kg ha –1 a –1 ), P. nigra the lowest (30.5 ± 4.2 kg ha –1 a –1 ). Our findings show that in the oldest forest ecosystems, the seasonal soil moisture content and tree species play an essential role in N cycling and that hydrolyzed tannic acids and total phenolic compounds effectively control N turnover. Tannic acid and total phenolics in the litter were found to inhibit nitrification, but total phenolics were found to stimulate ammonification.
... Leaf biomass production may form a significant share of a stand's NPP as well as C flux into soil (Çömez et al. 2019). The quality of litter affects the nitrogen mineralisation in soil (Uri et al. 2008;Becker et al. 2018), which in turn affects nutrient availability for the trees and thus the stand's NPP. The annual leaf mass of trees in the upper layer was roughly 2 Mg ha −1 in the CPs of both sites. ...
Pre-commercial thinning (PCT) is a common silvicultural practice for directing the development of the young stand in Nordic and Baltic countries. However, its impact on the stands carbon (C) cycling is still poorly studied. We carried out a comprehensive case study for estimating net ecosystem production (NEP) in unthinned control plot and in moderately and heavily thinned plots (2,500 and 1,500 trees ha⁻¹ remaining, respectively), in the next growing season after PCT in young Betula pendula stands on mineral soil (Site 1) and Betula pubescens stands on drained organic soil (Site 2). Thus, the study demonstrates post-thinning changes in C cycling in stands of two species of the same genus. The control plots of both sites served as C sinks: NEP 1.5 and 3.6 t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in Site 1 and Site 2, respectively. However, the thinned plots acted as C sinks on Site 1 (1.8 t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and as C sources on Site 2 (−1.4 and −3.1 t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in heavily and moderately thinned plot, respectively). The declined net primary production of trees after PCT was compensated for by the production of herbaceous vegetation and stump sprouts. Soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh) was the largest flux in the C budget of both sites and all treatments. Despite the increasing trend of Rh with increasing thinning intensity on Site 2, no statistically significant difference in the annual Rh flux occurred between the treatments in either site.
... Unmanaged peatland soils are generally a moderate source of methane (CH 4 ) and a weak source of nitrous oxide (N 2 O), both powerful greenhouse gases (GHGs) [1,2]. However, nutrient-rich northern peatlands are often drained to enhance forest productivity [3][4][5][6]. Drainage of these soils, lowering the soil water table and increasing oxygen availability in the topsoil layers, accelerates peat decomposition. As the soil environment is switched from anaerobic to aerobic, CH 4 production by methanogens is reduced and CH 4 oxidation by methanotrophs is enhanced, turning peatland soils into CH 4 sinks [3][4][5]. ...
... The stand was drained in the early 1970s using an open-ditch network drainage system [29] and belongs to the Oxalis site type. The soil was classified as Drainic Eutric Histosol [30] with low dry bulk density, high organic C content, and low pH [6,29]. The area is covered mainly by Downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) ...
Nutrient-rich northern peatlands are often drained to enhance forest productivity, turning peatland soils into sinks of methane (CH 4 ) and sources of nitrous oxide (N 2 O). However, further attention is needed on CH 4 and N 2 O dynamics during the winter period to fully understand the spatio-temporal variability of fluxes. Besides soil, tree stems can also emit CH 4 and N 2 O. However, stem contribution is not considered in most biogeochemical models. We determined the temporal dynamics of winter-time CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes in a drained peatland forest by simultaneously measuring stem and soil fluxes and exploring the relationships between gas fluxes and soil environmental parameters. During sampling (October 2020–May 2021), gas samples from Downy Birch (Betula pubescens) and Norway Spruce (Picea abies) trees were collected from different tree heights using manual static chambers and analysed using gas chromatography. Soil CH 4 and N 2 O concentrations were measured using an automated dynamic soil chamber system.
Tree stems were a net source of CH 4 and N 2 O during the winter period. The origin of stem CH 4 emissions was unclear, as stem and soil CH 4 fluxes had opposite flux directions, and the irregular vertical stem flux profile did not indicate a connection between stem and soil fluxes. Stem N 2 O emissions may have originated from the soil, as emissions decreased with increasing stem height and were driven by soil N 2 O emissions and environmental parameters. Soil was a net sink for CH 4 , largely determined by changes in soil temperature. Soil N 2 O dynamics were characterised by hot moments – short periods of high emissions related to changes in soil water content. Tree stem emissions offset the soil CH 4 sink by 14% and added 2% to forest floor N 2 O emissions. Therefore, CH 4 and N 2 O budgets that do not incorporate stem emissions can overestimate the sink strength or underestimate the total emissions of the ecosystem.
... This study demonstrated that the chemical composition of the litter of different tree species can contribute to the forest floor formation and chemical composition, which is consistent with many other studies (i.e., [71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80]). However, in this research, litter influences could be observed in the long-term (i.e., by humus) and in the short-term (i.e., fertilization by crushed litter on humus, at different amounts, in 150 days of greenhouse experiment) with litter of distinct species. ...
In boreal forests in Canada, broadleaf stands are characterized by generally well-drained soils and a humus-rich layer. In contrast, spruce-moss stands are often characterized by more poorly drained soils and acidic humus layer. However, presence of these two forest types in various degrees of mixture in stands can be beneficial to spruce seedlings productivity. It was hypothesized that leaf litter and humus from pure spruces-moss stands, pure broadleaf stands, and mixed stand may influence Black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) seedling growth and development differently. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different leaf litter and different humus on spruces seedlings. Our results suggest better development for seedlings grown in humus from mixed stands and pure broadleaf stands compared to humus from pure B. spruce or standard forest nursery substrate. Furthermore, leaf litter from broadleaf trees species, such as species Speckle alder (Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) R.T. Clausen), T. aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx), Willows (Salix spp.) and Paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), has shown distinct results in the growth and development of B. spruce seedlings in greenhouse. Furthermore, promotion of mixed stand can increase B. spruce productivity by improving the physicochemical composition of the forest floor.
... The data of the aboveground foliage litter flux, as well as of the total litter flux were gathered from different studies, among them original national projects, focusing solely on litter data collection and analysis during the period 2014-2017. Several earlier research projects aimed at forest C budgeting were an essential source of data (Uri et al., 2012;Uri et al., 2017;Uri et al., 2022;Aun et al., 2021a;Aun et al., 2021b;Becker et al., 2018). Some existing data of aboveground litter from earlier Estonian studies published in international and local scientific articles was included in the dataset (Kasesalu, 1965;Kollist, 1967;Kollist, 1968;Kõlli and Ingermaa, 1970;Sepp, 1959). ...
Canopy litterfall represents an essential aboveground flux in every forest ecosystem, affecting soil carbon and nutrient dynamics as well as soil fertility. However, despite the important role of the canopy litter flux in ecosysteḿs functioning and carbon sequestration, litterfall dynamics is still poorly studied in hemiboreal forests. The main aim of the current study was to estimate average annual litter fluxes in Scots pine, Norway spruce and birch (Betula pendula and Betula pubescens) stands, as well as to compile regional litter models for estimating the annual litter flux. The annual litter flux from a total of 33 pine, 15 spruce and 21 birch stands, with 85, 43 and 53 datapoints, respectively, was included in the study.
Although the annual litter flux depended on site quality index and stand age, no significant relationship was established between stand basal area and litter flux. Average annual canopy litterfall was similar for the studied tree species, being 3.24 ± 0.14 for pine, 3.62 ± 0.16 for spruce and 3.22 ± 0.07 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for birch across the stands of different ages. For all studied tree species, the relative proportion of needles or leaves in the total annual litter flux declined with stand age, due to the increased share of twigs and other fractions in the litter of older stands. The developed models of the litter flux allow to estimate the annual litter production of the canopy for the studied tree species on the basis of site quality index and stand age.
... Peatland drainage has been an essential component of forestry management practices in boreal and hemiboreal zones [1,2]. In Estonia, approximately 20% of the forests grow on peatlands, from which 14% are drained [3]. ...
Peatland drainage based on ditch systems is a widely used forestry management practice in the boreal and hemiboreal forests to improve tree growth. This study investigated the morphological variation in absorptive roots (first- and second-order roots) across the distance gradient from the ditch with four sampling plots (5, 15, 40, and 80 m) in six drained peatland forests dominated by Downy birch and Norway spruce. The dominating tree species had a significant effect on the variation in absorptive root morphological traits. The absorptive roots of birch were thinner with a higher specific root area and length (SRA and SRL), higher branching intensity (BI), and lower root tissue density (RTD) than spruce. The distance from the ditch affected the absorptive root morphological traits (especially SRA and RTD), but this effect was not dependent on tree species and was directionally consistent between birch and spruce. With increased distance from the ditch (from plot 5 to plot 80), the mean SRA increased by about 10% in birch and 5% in spruce; by contrast, the mean RTD decreased by about 10% in both tree species, indicating a potential shift in nutrient foraging. However, soil physical and chemical properties were not dependent on the distance from the ditch. We found a species-specific response in absorptive root morphological traits to soil properties such as peat depth, pH, and temperature. Our results should be considered when evaluating the importance of morphological changes in absorptive roots when trees acclimate to a changing climate.
... Peatland drainage has been an essential component of forestry management practices in boreal and hemiboreal zones [1,2]. In Estonia, approximately 20% of the forests grow on peatlands, from which 14% are drained [3]. ...
... Исходное качество опада регулирует скорость его разложения (Berg, 2000;De Marco et al., 2007;Berg, McClaugherty, 2008;Lukina et al., 2017;Иванова и др., 2019). Содержание элементов в опаде зависит от древесной породы Aponte et al., 2013;Jonczak, Parzych, 2014;Боев и др., 2018;Becker et al., 2018;, 1 Исследование выполнялось в рамках Государственного задания Института проблем промышленной экологии Севера ФИЦ КНЦ РАН № 0226-2018-0111 (АААА-А18-118021490070-5). ...
Оценивался химический состав опада хвои сосны обыкновенной в северотаежных сосновых лесах в фоновых условиях и под воздействием аэротехногенного загрязнения выбросами медно-никеле- вого комбината “Североникель”. В хвойном опаде в лесах, подверженных влиянию воздушного за- грязнения, снижается содержание элементов питания (Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn), увеличивается содержание тяжелых металлов (Ni, Cu) и расширяются стехиометрические соотношения C/P и N/P. Это свиде- тельствует о снижении качества растительного материала для разложения почвенной биотой. Вну- трибиогеоценотические различия в химическом составе опада хвои в фоновых условиях проявля- ются в более высоком содержании в нем K и P, поступающих с кроновыми и стволовыми водами под кронами, тогда как в межкроновых пространствах выше содержание Fe, Zn, Ni и Cu из-за фо- нового воздушного загрязнения. В дефолиирующих лесах хвойный опад под кронами деревьев со- держит больше Ca, Mg, K, Mn, P, N и S из-за интенсивного выщелачивания элементов питания из крон деревьев кислотными осадками и, как в случае с S, поступления в составе кислотных выпаде- ний. Повышенные содержания N, P и K в опаде хвои дефолиирующих лесов могут быть связаны с высокими концентрациями этих подвижных элементов в живой хвое, опадающей не только в фено- логические сроки. Сезонная изменчивость химического состава опада хвои в фоновых условиях и дефолиирующих лесах проявляется в высоком содержании в хвое Ca и Mn, накапливающихся к концу теплого периода года. В техногенных редколесьях в опаде хвои к концу вегетационного сезо- на накапливаются Mg и K, что свидетельствует о нарушении процессов ретранслокации в условиях за- грязнения. Значительное снижение содержания Fe и Zn в опаде в конце теплого периода года во всех изученных сосняках и содержания Ni и Cu в сосняках в условиях воздушного загрязнения объясняет- ся антагонизмом с Mn и выщелачиванием из хвои в теплый период подкисленными осадками.
... Numerous studies have been done to estimate regional drivers of litter production using both field measurements of litter production and modelling approaches (e.g. Wutzler and Mund 2007, Hansen et al. 2009, Becker et al. 2018, Cao et al. 2019, Ziche et al. 2019. Although forest ecosystems are highly complex and various factors exert large spatial heterogeneity (Qin et al. 2019), there are some large-scale efforts to develop litter production models and determine total litter contribution to C cycling in forests addressing climat-, region-and species-specific dif-ferences, and its temporal trends. ...
Assessments of net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in forest land with drained organic soils conducted within the scope of National GHG inventories requires reliable data on litter production and carbon (C) input to soil information. To estimate C input through tree above-ground litter, sampling of above-ground litter was done in 36 research sites in Latvia representing typical forests with drained organic soils in hemiboreal region. To estimate C input through tree below-ground litter and litter from ground vegetation, modelling approach based on literature review and data on characteristics of forest stands with drained organic soils in Latvia provided by National Forest Inventory (NFI) was used. The study highlighted dependence of C input to soil through litter production from the stand characteristics and thus significant differences in the C input with litter between young and middle age stands. The study also proves that drained organic soils in middle age forests dominated by Silver birch, Scots pine and Norway spruce may not be the source of net GHG emissions due to offset by C input through litter production. However, there is still high uncertainty of C input with tree below-ground litter and ground vegetation, particularly, mosses, herbs and grasses which may have crucial role in C balance in forests with drained organic soils. Key words: forests, drained organic soils, litter production, carbon input, National GHG inventory
