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Mean and individual values for Cycle-Ergometer Peak Power (A), Countermovement Jump Height (B), Maximal Voluntary Contraction (C) and Voluntary Activation (D). A) ^ indicates significant differences and large effects at post-compared to pre-trial. C) # indicates large effects at post-and 24 h post compared to pre-across trials. + indicates large effects between low and high trials at post-, 24 h post, and at post-trial between moderate and high trials. D) ^ indicates significant differences and large effects at 24 h post-compared to post-trial. * indicates significant differences and large effect size at 24 h between low and high trials and at 24 h post compared to pre-after the high trial.
Source publication
Wellness questionnaires are common in monitoring systems, yet the sensitivity to variations in acute training intensity is unclear. This study examined the controlled dosage effects of differing exercise intensities on wellness variables and subsequent associations with neuromuscular performance. Participants (n=10) completed low-, moderate- and hi...
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Commonly we see large within-age-group variations in physique, including body mass, stature, and percentages of predicted adult height, which suggests that age-specified training loads are flawed. Aims were to investigate how maturation impacts training load and neuromuscular response within academy soccer and to provide recommendations for practit...
Citations
... For instance, wearable Global Positioning System (GPS)-based units can provide a multitude of outcome metrics on a player's physical exertions with millisecond granularity. 6 In addition to these GPS-based outcome metrics, scientists collect data on self-perceived wellness scores, 7 ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), 8 9 musculoskeletal screening tests 10 and sleep quality 11 from players on a regular basis. ...
Objective
This study reviewed the current state of machine learning (ML) research for the prediction of sports-related injuries. It aimed to chart the various approaches used and assess their efficacy, considering factors such as data heterogeneity, model specificity and contextual factors when developing predictive models.
Design
Scoping review.
Data sources
PubMed, EMBASE, SportDiscus and IEEEXplore.
Results
In total, 1241 studies were identified, 58 full texts were screened, and 38 relevant studies were reviewed and charted. Football (soccer) was the most commonly investigated sport. Area under the curve (AUC) was the most common means of model evaluation; it was reported in 71% of studies. In 60% of studies, tree-based solutions provided the highest statistical predictive performance. Random Forest and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) were found to provide the highest performance for injury risk prediction. Logistic regression outperformed ML methods in 4 out of 12 studies. Three studies reported model performance of AUC>0.9, yet the clinical relevance is questionable.
Conclusions
A variety of different ML models have been applied to the prediction of sports-related injuries. While several studies report strong predictive performance, their clinical utility can be limited, with wide prediction windows or broad definitions of injury. The efficacy of ML is hampered by small datasets and numerous methodological heterogeneities (cohort sizes, definition of injury and dependent variables), which were common across the reviewed studies.
... Monitoring perceptual wellness has been reported to be the most commonly used tool in high-performance sports, with a greater preference for custom-designed questionnaires over those with published validity and reliability [60,61]. Perceptual-wellness variables have been found to be sensitive to the training load [62,63] and to impact training outputs [64]; however, contrasting findings have also been reported within the literature [65,66]. It is important to note that these custom designs vary in their rating scales and variables between studies [61], thus providing an inherent challenge when attempting to draw comparisons within the literature. ...
Background: There are no published data on the training-load magnitude or distribution in elite international-level boxers preparing for a major competition nor on the training load’s relationship with objective and subjective training markers. Methods: Twelve elite boxers (eight males and four females) preparing for the 2018 Commonwealth Games were monitored during training for 12 weeks. The training load (TL), change in creatine kinase (ΔCK), and wellness variables were measured daily but were amalgamated into average weekly values over the 12-week period for weekly comparisons. The relationships between the TL, ΔCK, and wellness variables were also assessed. Results: The significant (p < 0.001) main effects of the week with large and moderate effect sizes were noted for the TL and ΔCK, respectively, with weeks 9 and 12 in the competition-specific and taper phases showing the greatest differences, respectively. For wellness, only the muscle condition showed a significant change over time (p < 0.001). There were significant (p < 0.05) small–moderate correlations between the TL, ΔCK, and wellness variables. Conclusions: This is the first study to describe the weekly training loads and responses to training of elite international boxers across a 12-week pre-competition training period in preparation for a major competition. The findings within this study report that elite international boxers have high chronic training loads that change between training blocks to put emphasis on different qualities. Monitoring the indirect muscle damage through CK may provide further information on the internal training responses in boxers.
... The results of Chan et al. [17] and Campbell et al. [18] show that moderate-intensity exercise is associated with greater improvement in mood. According to Chan et al. [17] to improve mood, a regimen of 10 to 30 minutes of exercise is enough. ...
Background and Study Aim. An important element in the system of museum activities are approaches to attracting visitors. Among these approaches, one can single out the dialogue of the museum with visitors through specially organized active motor actions. Such actions have certain parameters (the nature of physical activity and its age-appropriateness, intensity, duration, etc.), which can influence the perception and evaluation of exhibits and the decision of visitors to return to the museum. The purpose of the study is an attempt to explain how specially organized active motor actions of visitors affect the perception and evaluation of museum exhibits and getting satisfaction from visiting. Material and Methods. Publications from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoS) were selected as the source of information. The search was carried out using keywords that characterize the interaction of visitors with the subject-spatial environment of the museum. The VOSviewer program was used to analyze the relationships between documents retrieved from WoS. Results. It is argued that the sedentary behavior of visitors, typical for many museums, does not contribute to their involvement in the museum space and the creation of meaning in museums. It is noted that an important aspect in the organization of special motor actions of visitors is the orientation to their motivation and interpretation of movements in the museum exhibits. The optimal level of physical activity has been identified. It creates a comfortable feeling and contributes to an adequate perception of the exhibits and corresponds to the main mission of the museum. Conclusions. Specially organized motor actions form the maximum motivation for visitors to study the museum exhibits. Such movements carry a certain semantic character of the theme of the museum.
... Análisis de los efectos de las dosis controladas de ejercicio en sus diferentes intensidades sobre la percepción de bienestar indican que el bienestar total no presenta diferencias significativas durante las prácticas, pero sí se puede percibir una fatiga menor 24 horas después de los ejercicios de intensidad baja en comparación con las moderadas y altas, como también un aumento en las calificaciones de fatiga y dolor desde antes y hasta las 24 horas posteriores a la realización de los ejercicios (Campbell, 2020). En otros casos de estudio, se ha identificado que el bienestar subjetivo, específicamente lo que tiene que ver con fatiga, sueño y dolor se reducen significativamente 48 horas después de la exposición al ejercicio. ...
... De los estudios que tienen como variables de análisis el esfuerzo de los deportistas en la realización de un ejercicio (la determinación de la carga) con relación a la percepción del bienestar, se ha concluido varias consideraciones que importa presentar para reconocer las tendencias del uso del Cuestionario Wellness en investigaciones académicas. En primer lugar, se puede referir que, a pesar de que el bienestar pueda ser práctico, también se limita a determinar la acomodación de la carga por parte de un atleta (Campbell, 2020), es decir, su utilidad va más allá de saber en qué condición se encuentra un deportista para determinar cómo esto puede, en efecto, servir en el propósito de dosificar la exposición al ejercicio. Esto, por tratarse de estudios de no más de cinco años, ha sido considerado como una forma de cuantificación novedosa de las demandas físicas de los jugadores según su posición en cada deporte y con relación al momento en el que se llevan a cabo los ejercicios (entrenamiento, pretemporada o temporada) (Wellman, 2017). ...
... Otra de las tendencias en el campo de las ciencias del deporte que puede reconocerse como una coincidencia en los estudios con esta perspectiva es la del uso del Cuestionario Wellness como herramienta para identificar los riesgos de sobreentrenamiento. Otras investigaciones han identificado la prevalencia de estudios que cuantifican tanto el estrés general de los entrenamientos como la resistencia en el bienestar (Manfredi, 2017), y en paralelo este estudio ha encontrado que una de las principales tendencias tiene que ver con examinar los efectos de la exposición a dosis controladas de ejercicio (entrenamientos) y del análisis previo a estos (Campbell, 2020;Howle, 2019;Cullen, 2021;Fields, 2021;Buchheit, 2016). ...
Artículo sobre las tendencias investigativas en el uso del cuestionario Wellness y sus principales campos de aplicación, según 22 artículos. Como criterio de selección se tuvo que la fecha de publicación no fuera menor a 2016 y, en cuanto a la sistematización, se analizaron campos como el objetivo de la investigación, el problema estudiado y la metodología. Los resultados sugieren que las ciencias del deporte son el campo donde más se utiliza el Cuestionario Wellness, en algunos casos como objeto de estudio, aunque en la mayoría, como instrumento de medición del bienestar autopercibido. Se concluye que el Cuestionario Wellness es un recurso valioso para los tomadores de decisiones en el campo del desempeño físico de las personas, especialmente de los deportistas.
... Inclusion Criteria. We opted to include articles if they filled each of the following criteria: (1) original article; (2) abstract available for screening; (3) published in English language; (4) published/ ahead of print up to and including November 2021; (5) in a scientific-indexed peer-reviewed journal (i.e., abstracts published in conference proceedings, books, theses, dissertations, reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses were not considered); (6) studies conducted in soccer; (7) simulated soccer match tests or validated simulation protocols (on-field or treadmill); (8) included at least 1 outcome measure of post-simulated-match test or protocol, such as neuromuscular performance, external and internal load, or psychometric state; (9) no restrictions regarding the date of publication were imposed other than those described in item 4; (10) no sex restriction was applied, and age .18 years (i.e., adults) was considered; and (11) studies reporting descriptive effects of soccer fatigue protocols on fatigue (validation studies). ...
... Only 3 studies were marked as unclear arising from the blinding outcome assessment, since Bendiksen et al. (7), Barrett et al. (6), and Campbell et al. (9) analyzed 2 or more groups, and it was not clear whether the evaluators were blinded to the groups. ...
... Harper et al. (17) evaluated inflammatory markers (Interleukin) and endocrine responses (cortisol). The rating of perception exertion (RPE) was evaluated in CSP (31), T-SAFT90 (35), SMS130 (17), and LIST (9,10,30). ...
Brito, P, Costa, J, Figueiredo, P, and Brito, J. Simulated soccer game protocols: A systematic review on validated protocols that represent the demands of the game. J Strength Cond Res 38(1): 192–205, 2024—Several laboratory and field testing protocols have been developed attempting to simulate the activity pattern and physiological demands of soccer. In the present systematic review, we aimed to analyze and discuss the appropriateness, strengths, and limitations of soccer-specific simulated tests. A systematic review of the literature was conducted based on the PRISMA guidelines. Studies conducted in soccer, simulated soccer match tests, and validated simulation protocols performed on-the-field or on a treadmill were considered. No sex restriction was applied, and age >18 years (i.e., adults) was considered. At least 1 outcome measure (e.g., neuromuscular performance, external load, internal load, or psychometric state) of post-simulated-match test or protocol had to be reported. Within the 14 studies included, the average methodological quality of the included articles was 0.61 ± 0.09 (mean ± SD) of 1. Overall, 9 validated protocols were identified. In the protocols, only amateur, university, or semiprofessional soccer players were analyzed. Only one study evaluated female soccer players. None of the studies evaluated the effect on performance over the 2–3 days after the protocol. Accelerations and decelerations, and changes in direction typically present in a game have not been clearly described in any protocol. Future research should address this issue and validate soccer-specific protocols in women.
... Este proceso se puede dar por el control de la carga intrínseca y extrínseca en los procesos de entrenamiento de cualquier disciplina deportiva (44,45). Se ha reportado el uso de distintos tipos de herramientas para el control de la carga para obtener procesos de recuperación óptimos y reducir el riesgo de lesión basados en la monitorización de distintos elementos tales como sistemas de posicionamiento global (GPS), acelerometría, producción de potencia metabólica, escala de esfuerzo percibido, frecuencia cardiaca, estado de bienestar del deportista, exámenes bioquímicos y control de fatiga neuromuscular caracterizado por pruebas de fuerza y salto con placas de fuerza y superfi cies de salto utilizados dentro de los microciclos estructurados de entrenamiento específi co donde el adecuado control y seguimiento permiten generar ciclos estadísticos de variables por deportista logrando estandarizar los procesos de carga y recuperación por parte de los profesionales generando modelos estadísticos de control (46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51). ...
RESUMEN Introducción El concepto de monitorización y periodización es un visión que se ha desarrollado en la última década, donde se busca que se pueda tener un control de la carga interna y externa en los deportistas de distintas disciplinas deportivas producidas por el proceso de interacción con variables de prescripción de ejercicio que causan modificaciones a nivel fisiológico, bioquímico, biomecanico, muscular, neuromuscular ocasionando la tensión en los subsistemas del movimiento corporal humano generando adaptaciones especificas ante una carga determinada la cual puede ser medida mediante el uso de tecnología especifica o test indirectos Metodología Revisión de la literatura con la combinación de palabras clave como Monitoring, Performance, sports training load, Periodization en bases de datos como Pubmed, Ebsco, Medline, Scopus, Science Direct Resultados se pudo identificar 65 artículos que referencian la existencia de herramientas tecnológicas para realizar un proceso de monitorización y periodización desde la rehabilitación , prevención, control de carga, recuperación y readaptación deportiva que permiten la generación de datos estadísticos y crear perfiles desde cada área de actuación del fisioterapeuta deportivo. Conclusión la fisioterapia es una profesión encargada de muchos procesos deportivos que deben ser monitorizados y generen datos que permitan estandarizar procesos, crear perfiles de seguimiento específicos para facilitar la toma de decisiones desde el equipo biomédico e investigaciones en el deporte de alto rendimiento fusionando la practica con la evidencia científica.
... This has led to practitioners developing their own ASRMs to meet the demands of wellness monitoring to reduce the burden on the athlete and to increase compliance [126,137]. Consequently, reliability and validity of these ASRMs have come into question [138,139]. ...
Athlete monitoring enables sports science practitioners to collect information to determine how athletes respond to training loads (TL) and the demands of competition. To date, recommendations for females are often adapted from their male counterparts. There is currently limited information available on TL monitoring in female Gaelic team sports in Ireland. The collection and analysis of female athlete monitoring data can provide valuable information to support the development of female team sports. Athletic monitoring can also support practitioners to help minimize risk of excessive TL and optimize potential athletic performance. The aims of this narrative review are to provide: (i) an overview of TL athlete monitoring in female team sports, (ii) a discussion of the potential metrics and tools used to monitor external TL and internal TL, (iii) the advantages and disadvantages of TL modalities for use in Gaelic team sports, and (iv) practical considerations on how to monitor TL to aid in the determination of meaningful change with female Gaelic team sports athletes.
... Previous research seeking to elucidate dose-response relationships between wellness measures and markers of external training load have demonstrated differing trends, with trivial-to -large relationships identified within a variety of external load metrics (Campbell et al., 2020a;Gallo et al., 2015;Malone et al., 2018;Thorpe et al., 2015). Wellness tends to progressively improve within a weekly in-season microcycle (Gastin et al., 2013;Govus et al., 2018;McLean et al., 2010); however, when controlling for days-to-game within the statistical model, no effect of training load on wellness responses is apparent (Gallo et al., 2015). ...
This study aimed to identify the predictive capacity of wellness questionnaires on measures of training load using machine learning methods. The distributions of, and dose–response between, wellness and other load measures were also examined, offering insights into response patterns. Data (n= 14,109) were collated from an athlete management systems platform (Catapult Sports, Melbourne, Australia) and were split across three sports (cricket, rugby league and football) with data analysis conducted in R (Version 3.4.3). Wellness (sleep quality, readiness to train, general muscular soreness, fatigue, stress, mood, recovery rating and motivation) as the dependent variable, and sRPE, sRPE-TL and markers of external load (total distance and m.min⁻¹) as independent variables were included for analysis. Classification and regression tree models showed high cross-validated error rates across all sports (i.e., > 0.89) and low model accuracy (i.e., < 5% of variance explained by each model) with similar results demonstrated using random forest models. These results suggest wellness items have limited predictive capacity in relation to internal and external load measures. This result was consistent despite varying statistical approaches (regression, classification and random forest models) and transformation of wellness scores. These findings indicate practitioners should exercise caution when interpreting and applying wellness responses.
... The data from the questionnaires are then purportedly used to evaluate how athletes are tolerating the training load, and their subsequent readiness to train or compete. Currently, the capability of wellness variables as a marker of training load in response to periodized changes in training intensity and volume, or in identifying potentially overreached states, has not been fully evaluated (5). Research linking wellness and training load primarily consist of retrospective in-season studies descriptively portraying changes from match-day to match-day, with the results suggesting progressive improvements in wellness are experienced as competition approaches (14,15,28); however, various in-competition traits (e.g., win/loss/home/away) have been noted to impact on these measures (1). ...
This study seeks to evaluate the effect of periodized fluctuations in training load on wellness and psychological questionnaires, perceived exertion, performance, and neuromuscular measures in team-sport athletes. Thirteen amateur Australian rules football athletes completed 6 weeks of periodized training, consisting of 2-week normal training (NT), intensified training (IT), and taper training (TT). Training sessions were quantified using global positioning system devices, heart-rate, and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE), with wellness (general soreness, sleep quality/quantity, readiness to train, fatigue, stress, mood, and motivation) questionnaires collected daily. Psychological (Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes) and physical performance (countermovement jump, cycle ergometer peak power, 30-m sprint, and 2-km time trial) markers were measured after each training period. Perceived (sRPE) and mechanical loading were higher for IT than NT, and IT than TT (p < 0.03; d = 0.65–25.34). Cycle ergometer peak power, 30-m sprint, 2-km time trial, and countermovement jump height showed reductions in performance after IT compared to initial testing (p < 0.02; d = 0.51–1.46), with subsequent increases in performance after TT (p < 0.04; d = 0.66–2.27). Average wellness was higher during NT compared to IT (p = 0.005; d = 1.11). Readiness to train did not significantly differ from NT to IT or TT (p < 0.55; d = <0.59); however, readiness to train did improve during TT after the IT (p = 0.01; d = 1.05). The disturbances in performance, perceptual, and mood states may indicate a state of functional overreaching. The findings suggest that an averaged wellness score may be useful in potentially identifying overreaching. However, despite the popularity of wellness in monitoring systems, these measures overall demonstrated a limited capacity to differentiate between periodized fluctuations in load.
Athlete-reported outcome measures (AROMs; e.g. fatigue, stress, readiness, recovery, sleep quality) are commonly implemented in team sports to monitor the athlete status. However, the relationship between AROMs and match performance indicators is unclear, and warrants further investigation. This systematic review examined the relationship between pre-competitive AROMs and subsequent match performances of team sport athletes. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, three (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) databases were systematically searched to retrieve studies investigating the effects or association of AROMs and match: i) technical-tactical performance (match-related statistics), ii) physical performance, iii) physiological and iv) perceptual demands, and v) other measures of performance in adult team sport athletes. Quality assessment of included studies was performed using a modified Black and Downs checklist. Fifteen articles representing 289 team sport athletes were included. Mean quality of included studies was 7.6 ± 1.0 (out of 11). Across the included studies, 22 AROMs parameters were used, and 16 different statistical approaches were identified. 11 out of 15 studies used non-validated AROMs. Overall, associations or effects of AROMs were found consistently for match-related statistics (7/9 studies), while results were unclear for physical performances (3/7 studies), perceptual demands (1/2 studies) or other measures of performance (2/4 studies). Considering the importance of key match-related statistics for success in team sports, this review suggests that monitoring pre-competitive AROMs has potential to provide valuable information to coaches. However, it is indispensable to validate AROMs questionnaires and to uniform data collection and statistical procedures before substantiated indications to practitioners can be made.
