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Maximum likelihood (ML) tree derived from partial sequences of the combined fragments of cyt b genes. Numbers at nodes correspond to Bayesian posterior probabilities (BI PP; >70% retained) and to Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values (ML BS; > 70% retained).
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We report the first record of the poorly known slug-eating snake, Pareas vindumi from China: a female specimen collected from Dazhuba ranger station, Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, Tengchong city, Yunnan Province. The newly collected specimen represents only the second known specimen of the species and provides the first and valuable data o...
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... ML BS values, respectively), and then together formed a genetically distinct lineage and was clustered into the same clade with P. hamptoni (Boulenger, 1905), P. niger (Pope, 1928), P. formosensis (Van Denburgh, 1909), P. geminatus Ding et al., 2020, P. xuelinensis Liu & Rao, 2021, P. kaduri (Bhosale et al., 2020 and P. nigriceps Guo & Deng, 2009 (Fig. 2). Furthermore, the uncorrected pairwise divergence between the unknown Pareas from TC-GLGS and holotype of P. vindumi is very low, p=1.1% ( Table 2), indicating that these two specimens are conspecific (Shen et al. 2013). Therefore, we confirm that our specimen can be safely allocated to P. ...
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... NO. 01 and KFBG 14360 have weakly keeled dorsal scales. Specimen KFBG 14360 greatly resembles the holotype of P. vindumi in overall coloration and scalation, but still has some notable morphological variations: the presence of a tiny scale between nasal and loreal (see Fig. 4; vs absent in the holotype); seven supralabials (vs six in the holotype); seven infralabials (vs six in the holotype); the absence of a pre-subocular scale (vs present in the holotype); the presence of a postmental scale (see Fig. 4; vs absent in the holotype); first infralabial separated from each other behind the mental shield (vs touching each other in the holotype); three pairs of chin shields (vs two pairs in the holotype, see Figure 2 in Vogel 2015). Revision of diagnostic characters. ...
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... ML BS values, respectively), and then together formed a genetically distinct lineage and was clustered into the same clade with P. hamptoni (Boulenger, 1905), P. niger (Pope, 1928), P. formosensis (Van Denburgh, 1909), P. geminatus Ding et al., 2020, P. xuelinensis Liu & Rao, 2021, P. kaduri (Bhosale et al., 2020 and P. nigriceps Guo & Deng, 2009 (Fig. 2). Furthermore, the uncorrected pairwise divergence between the unknown Pareas from TC-GLGS and holotype of P. vindumi is very low, p=1.1% ( Table 2), indicating that these two specimens are conspecific (Shen et al. 2013). Therefore, we confirm that our specimen can be safely allocated to P. ...
Context 4
... NO. 01 and KFBG 14360 have weakly keeled dorsal scales. Specimen KFBG 14360 greatly resembles the holotype of P. vindumi in overall coloration and scalation, but still has some notable morphological variations: the presence of a tiny scale between nasal and loreal (see Fig. 4; vs absent in the holotype); seven supralabials (vs six in the holotype); seven infralabials (vs six in the holotype); the absence of a pre-subocular scale (vs present in the holotype); the presence of a postmental scale (see Fig. 4; vs absent in the holotype); first infralabial separated from each other behind the mental shield (vs touching each other in the holotype); three pairs of chin shields (vs two pairs in the holotype, see Figure 2 in Vogel 2015). Revision of diagnostic characters. ...
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A new species of Pareas Wagler, 1830 is described from Dulongjiang Township, GongshanCounty, Yunnan Province, China. Phylogenetically, the new species is most closely related to Pareaskaduri Bhosale, Phansalkar, Sawant, Gowande, Patel and Mirza, 2020; however, the genetic diver‑gence (uncorrected p‑distance) of the cyt b gene between the new species and P. kaduri reached 9.4%.Morphologically, the new species can be distinguished from P. kaduri by the absence of preoculars, lo‑real bordering the orbit, the fusion of subocular and postocular, three rows enlarged vertebral scales,five rows keeled mid‑dorsal scales at the middle of the body, having more subcaudals, and havinga relatively longer tail. In addition, the new species can be distinguished from all other congenersby a combination of morphological characteristics. Our work brings the total number of recognizedspecies of the genus Pareas to 29, of which 23 occur in China.
Slug-eating snakes of the subfamily Pareinae are an insufficiently studied group of snakes specialized in feeding on terrestrial mollusks. Currently Pareinae encompass three genera with 34 species distributed across the Oriental biogeographic region. Despite the recent significant progress in understanding of Pareinae diversity, the subfamily remains taxonomically challenging. Here we present an updated phylogeny of the subfamily with a comprehensive taxon sampling including 30 currently recognized Pareinae species and several previously unknown candidate species and lineages. Phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA and nuDNA data supported the monophyly of the three genera Asthenodipsas , Aplopeltura , and Pareas . Within both Asthenodipsas and Pareas our analyses recovered deep differentiation with each genus being represented by two morphologically diagnosable clades, which we treat as subgenera. We further apply an integrative taxonomic approach, including analyses of molecular and morphological data, along with examination of available type materials, to address the longstanding taxonomic questions of the subgenus Pareas , and reveal the high level of hidden diversity of these snakes in Indochina. We restrict the distribution of P. carinatus to southern Southeast Asia, and recognize two subspecies within it, including one new subspecies proposed for the populations from Thailand and Myanmar. We further revalidate P. berdmorei , synonymize P. menglaensis with P. berdmorei , and recognize three subspecies within this taxon, including the new subspecies erected for the populations from Laos and Vietnam. Furthermore, we describe two new species of Pareas from Vietnam: one belonging to the P. carinatus group from southern Vietnam, and a new member of the P. nuchalis group from the central Vietnam. We provide new data on P. temporalis , and report on a significant range extension for P. nuchalis . Our phylogeny, along with molecular clock and ancestral area analyses, reveal a complex diversification pattern of Pareinae involving a high degree of sympatry of widespread and endemic species. Our analyses support the “upstream” colonization hypothesis and, thus, the Pareinae appears to have originated in Sundaland during the middle Eocene and then colonized mainland Asia in early Oligocene. Sundaland and Eastern Indochina appear to have played the key roles as the centers of Pareinae diversification. Our results reveal that both vicariance and dispersal are responsible for current distribution patterns of Pareinae, with tectonic movements, orogeny and paleoclimatic shifts being the probable drivers of diversification. Our study brings the total number of Pareidae species to 41 and further highlights the importance of comprehensive taxonomic revisions not only for the better understanding of biodiversity and its evolution, but also for the elaboration of adequate conservation actions.
