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Introduction Maximum bite force (MBF) is the maximum force performed by the subject on the fragmentation of food, directly related with the mastication and determined by many factors.
Objective Analyze the MBF of subjects according to age groups.
Methods One hundred individuals from the city of São Paulo were equally divided according to age grou...
Citations
... In the case of sample size, most studies had a small number of participants resulting in a wide confidence interval, with nineteen studies having a size larger than 36,46,[49][50][51][52]64,[70][71][72][73][74][75]77,79,80,89,91,93 , and two studies containing more than 1000 subjects 36,51 . In terms of sex, there were only five studies with an equal number of male and female participants in their study population 37,47,59,61,64 . ...
... The study shows male subjects exhibiting higher MBF compared to female population. Regarding age, ten studies differentiated MBF in different age categories 39,40,46,51,52,59,71,72,80,92 . Additionally, there were eleven studies that only included children and/or adolescents 36,42,50,51,58,71,72,81,85,87,92 , six studies with a mix of children and adult participants 39,43,46,52,59,80 , thirty studies that included young adults and/or adults 35,37,38,40,41,[43][44][45]47,48,54,56,57,59,62,63,65,[67][68][69][70][73][74][75][76][77]79,82,89,94 , nine studies that included partly or fully an elderly population 38,40,49,52,62,73,79,80,93 , and two studies that did not mention the age at all 53,91 . ...
... Regarding age, ten studies differentiated MBF in different age categories 39,40,46,51,52,59,71,72,80,92 . Additionally, there were eleven studies that only included children and/or adolescents 36,42,50,51,58,71,72,81,85,87,92 , six studies with a mix of children and adult participants 39,43,46,52,59,80 , thirty studies that included young adults and/or adults 35,37,38,40,41,[43][44][45]47,48,54,56,57,59,62,63,65,[67][68][69][70][73][74][75][76][77]79,82,89,94 , nine studies that included partly or fully an elderly population 38,40,49,52,62,73,79,80,93 , and two studies that did not mention the age at all 53,91 . In the study, higher MBF was measured in adults aged 20-60 years, followed by those under 20 and over 60. ...
Human mandibular finite element analysis (FEA) requires essential parameters for proper simulation, namely: the forces, fixtures, material properties, and the boundary conditions. The purpose of this systematic review is to determine the evidence-based values of these input parameters. A systematic search strategy was formulated with the search conducted in PUBMED and EMBASE (PROSPERO: CRD42022315303). Only the values from in vivo physical testing were included. Risk of bias was assessed using validated checklists. After screening 13,023 records, 66 records were included; where only the maximum bite force (MBF) (n = 60), muscle force (n = 5), and mandible material properties (n = 5) were found and assessed. Meta-analysis could be only applied for the MBF studies. MBF in the healthy dentulous populations varies, with male and adults (20–60 years) illustrating higher force. A fracture results in MBF reduction, with force increase in postoperative follow-ups. Further, MBF remains higher in partial versus complete denture wearers. In conclusion, the systematic review gives a comprehensive overview of MBF, muscle force, and mandible material properties that can be applied as guideline for defining mandibular FEA input parameters. Further, future in vivo studies are required to uncover the unknown parameters (e.g., friction) and to better specify the known parameters (e.g., muscle force).
Systematic Reveiw Registeration: A protocol for this systematic review was specified in advance and published on 7 April 2022 in the PROSPERO (registration number CRD42022315303) (www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO).
... Pairwise comparison indicated significant differences between most groups, except when comparing the 5% Mechanical properties are crucial for dental restorative materials, which must endure the forces from chewing. 17 These materials need to be strong enough to handle the repetitive stress of mastication, which averages 200-400 N. 18 The ability of a material to resist applied forces is influenced by its atomic bonds and material properties. Compressive strength, which measures the maximum stress a material can bear before fracturing, is particularly relevant for brittle materials like GIC. 19 It is commonly used to assess the strength of GICs. ...
Background
Glass ionomer cement (GIC), or polyalkenoate cement, is popular for esthetic restorations due to its tooth-bonding ability but suffers from low mechanical strength, abrasion resistance, and moisture sensitivity, leading to the search for better alternatives.
Aim
To evaluate the cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, mechanical properties, and solubility of phyto-mediated nanocomposite-modified GIC.
Materials and methods
Chitosan-titanium-zirconia-hydroxyapatite (Ch-Ti-Zr-HA) nanocomposites were synthesized using a single-step phyto-mediated process and added to GIC at 3, 5, and 10% concentrations (groups I, II, and III), with conventional GIC as the control (group IV). Characterization was done, and the effects on cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory response, antimicrobial activity, compressive strength, flexural strength, microhardness, and solubility were assessed and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey post hoc test.
Results
Characterization confirmed all particles were within the nanoscale. A 10 wt% concentration of phyto-mediated Ch-Ti-Zr-HA nanocomposite enhanced antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. It also improved compressive strength (197.29 ± 0.253 MPa), flexural strength (34.71 ± 0.223 MPa), and microhardness (50.35 ± 0.232 MPa) compared to conventional GIC (p ≤ 0.05). Solubility was lowest at 10% (0.053 ± 0.005), followed by 5% (0.056 ± 0.005), 3% (0.086 ± 0.005), and conventional GIC (0.113 ± 0.005), with significance (p < 0.05). Toxicological analysis showed no significant toxicity, and anti-inflammatory properties were stable. The modified GIC with phyto-mediated nanocomposite shows potential as a dental restorative material, especially in regions of high stress.
Conclusion
Our findings indicate that 10% phyto-mediated Ch-Ti-Zr-HA nanocomposite-modified GIC excels in antibacterial activity, compressive and flexural strength, microhardness, and solubility, outperforming conventional GIC and showing potential for enhanced dental applications.
How to cite this article
Alex A, Paulraj J, Maiti S, et al. An Innovative Phyto-mediated Nanocomposite-modified Glass Ionomer Cement: A Detailed Study on Synthesis, Cytotoxicity, Anti-inflammatory Effects, Antimicrobial Activity, Mechanical Performance, and Solubility. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(2):181–190.
... With regard to the FFLs endured by the restorative setup and clinical function requirements, it is important to note that the observed failure loads far exceeded the normal functional loads typically seen in clinical settings, where the mean chewing load values range between 285 and 462 N for men and between 254 and 446 N for women. 65,66 They were also higher than parafunctional loads seen in bruxist patients, which can reach 627 N. 67 Following this point of view, it seems a good option for clinicians to opt for RC restorations, over LD, when rehabilitating bruxist patients. ...
Objectives This article evaluates the marginal and internal gap, interfacial volume, and fatigue behavior in computer-aided design-computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) restorations with different designs (crowns or endocrowns) made from lithium disilicate-based ceramic (LD, IPS e.max CAD, Ivoclar AG) or resin composite (RC, Tetric CAD, Ivoclar AG).
Materials and Methods Simplified LD and RC crowns (-C) and endocrowns (-E) were produced (n = 10) using CAD-CAM technology, through scanning (CEREC Primescan, Dentsply Sirona) and milling (CEREC MC XL, Dentsply Sirona), and then adhesively bonded to fiberglass-reinforced epoxy resin. Computed microtomography was used to assess the marginal and internal gap and interfacial volume. A cyclic fatigue test (20 Hz, initial load = 100 N/5,000 cycles; step-size = 50 N/10,000 cycles until 1,500 N, if specimens survived, the step-size = 100 N/10,000 cycles until failure) was performed. Topography, finite element analysis (FEA), and fractography were also executed.
Statistical analysis Two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests were employed (α = 0.05) for marginal and internal gap and interfacial volume. Survival analysis based on Kaplan–Meier and Mantel–Cox tests (α = 0.05) was used for fatigue data.
Results RC crowns demonstrated the smallest marginal gap, LD crowns the largest. Endocrowns presented intermediary marginal gap values. Internal gaps were all above the planned 120 µm space. The lowest gap was seen at the cervical-axial angle at crowns, regardless of material. At the axio-occlusal angle, LD crowns presented a lower gap than RC; meanwhile, there was no difference among endocrowns. When comparing occlusal/pulpal space, LD crowns showed the lowest values, and RC-C, LD-E, and RC-E were statistically similar. Fatigue testing revealed superior behavior for RC restorations, withstanding higher loads and more cycles before failure compared to LD. FEA indicated that the crowns required higher stress concentration to unleash their failure than endocrowns. Fractographic features confirm failure origin at surface defects located at the restoration/cement intaglio surface, where it concentrated the highest maximum principal stress.
Conclusion RC crowns and endocrowns presented lower marginal gaps than LD ones. Differences in other internal gap outcomes exist but within a nonclinically relevant threshold. The restoration fatigue behavior was influenced by the CAD-CAM material, but not by its design.
... Stress distribution and maximum vonmises stress of all implant assemblies including prosthesis, abutment, central screw, prosthetic screw and implant as well as peri-implant bone tissue were computed. Based on the range of bite force for adults during daily eating being 30-300N, taking the upper limit, the load value is therefore set to 300 N (Takaki et al., 2014). There is no unified standard for the range of von Mises stress within the physiological limits of the Jaw bone (Linetskiy et al., 2017). ...
Purpose
This study aims to investigate the stress distribution in bone tissue, implant, abutment, screw, and bridge restoration when the mesial implant is placed axially and the distal implant is inserted at varying angles in the posterior maxillary region with free-end partial dentition defects, using three-dimensional finite element analysis.
Materials and methods
Cone-beam computed-tomography were utilized to create 3D reconstruction models of the maxilla. Stereolithography data of dental implants and accessories were used to design a three-unit full zirconia bridge for the maxillary model. The 3D models were imported into ANSYS Workbench 23.0 software for mesh generation and material property definition. Five different distal implant implantation directions were designed: Inner Tilting 30° group, Inner Tilting 17° group, Parallel group, External Tilting 17° group, and External Tilting 30° group. The models consisted of cortical bone, trabecular bone, implants, abutments, central screws, prosthesis screws, and prostheses. Material properties were assumed to be isotropic, homogeneous, and linearly elastic. The maxillary models were subjected to strict fixation restrictions, and the implants were considered fully osseointegrated. Two loading types were set in ANSYS Workbench 23.0: a vertical load of 300N and a lateral load of 300N at a 45°angle to the implant.
Results
Under vertical loading, the parallel group exhibited the lowest maximum stress across all implants, crowns, abutments and screws. Greater tilt angles increased abutment stress, with the external tilting 30° group reaching 1,426 MPa (close to titanium alloy’s yield strength). Smaller angles of both external tilting and inner tilting shifted stress to implants from abutment and screw. During lateral loading, the external tilting 30° group showed catastrophic stress escalation (abutment: 8,612 MPa), exceeding titanium’s yield limit. Bone stress remained physiological except for the internal tilting 30° group under lateral loading (142 MPa).
Conclusion
The parallel group demonstrated the least stress accumulation in all components and bone tissues. Internal tilting of the distal implant is biomechanically preferable to external tilting, and a smaller tilt angle is recommended when external tilting is necessary. This study provides valuable reference data for optimizing implant angulation in patients with the loss of three posterior maxillary teeth, potentially reducing long-term complications associated with implant-fixed bridges.
... Third, gender differences in OTA and bite force were not explored. While previous studies have established that males typically exhibit higher maximum bite force than females (Sathyanarayana et al., 2012;Takaki et al., 2014), there is currently no data on gender-related variations in OTA. Finally, the study population consisted of young, healthy individuals aiming to establish primary outcomes. ...
... This value was selected after considering several factors. The average adult human voluntary bite force during normal function ranges between 100 and 150 N, while the maximum bite force can reach approximately 285-700 N. 28,30,31 The fracture strength of dental ceramic materials used in posterior teeth often exceeds 1000 N, with some materials demonstrating facture thresholds up to 5000 N. 32,33 By applying a traction force of 1000 N, which exceeds typical human bite forces, the experiment not only simulates extreme conditions to induce catastrophic stress failure at the interface, but also ensures that the dental material remains intact in the software. If the retentive shoulder design withstands such an exaggerated load, it increases the likelihood that it will perform reliably under normal conditions, allowing for a margin of safety in real-life applications. ...
Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate, analyze and compare the stress distribution and biomechanical displacement generated at the interface between composite resin core buildups and two retentive shoulder designs on molars subjected to traction forces, through the utilization of finite element analysis (FEA).
Method
Four nonlinear 3D virtual Models of the maxillary first molar with resin core buildups with and without pins supported by a retentive shoulder design were generated using SOLIDWORKS 2017Ⓡ. All four virtual Models; Model 1: Pin Retained Complete, Model 2: Non-Pin Retained Complete, Model 3: Pin Retained Partial and Model 4: Non-Pin Retained Partial were subjected to a traction force of 1000 N and analyzed for the mechanical behavior of composite resin core buildups in relation to the retentive shoulder design.
Results
The resin core buildups without pins, Model 2 (2.62 µ) and Model 4 (5.83 µ) exhibited comparable levels of resin core buildup maximum displacement when compared to the Models with pins, Model 1 (2.24 µ) and Model 3 (5.11 µ), respectively. Model 2 (45.2 MPa) exhibited lower stress distribution than Model 1 (89.8 MPa). Similarly, Model 4 (29.5 MPa) displayed lower stress distribution compared to Model 3 (38.8 MPa).
Conclusion
The comparison of two core buildup designs with and without pins through FEA revealed that retentive shoulder designs without pins provided similar retention and resistance form for composite resin buildups than those with pins.
... The physiological and normal mastication force varies from 70 to 150N, with a maximal biting force of 500 to 700N, according to Scully's Oxford Handbook of Dental Science [30]. Several other studies have corroborated this, despite the fact that maximal biting forces of up to 1000N have been documented in the past among some Eskimo groups [31][32][33][34]. ...
Aim of the study was to investigate compatively the compressive strength for three computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) dental materials: glassceramic IPS Empress CAD (IvoclarVivadent), hybrid ceramic Cerasmart (GC) and polymer-reinforced graphene G-CAM (Graphenano Dental). Material and methods 45 samples consisted of the single-unit molar crowns fabricated by three CAD/CAM materials were cemented adhesively on 3D printed abutments (Asiga Dental Resin). The samples were divided into 3 groups (n=15) according to the crowns thickness; group 1 under the cusps/cervical margins - 0.6 mm/0.4 mm, group 2 - 1 mm/0.7 mm respectively, and group 3 - 1.5 mm/1 mm. Additionally, 20 cylindrical specimens fabricated by the three crowns and abutments material (n=5) were prepared by CAD/CAM technique. All samples and specimens were subjected to an axial compressive load by using a universal testing machine (Instron 3366-10kN, USA) until fracture. Results The compressive strength values were 1258 MPa for Empress CAD, 501.3 MPa for Cerasmart, 435 MPa for G-CAM and 360 MPa Asiga resin. G-CAM crowns exhibited a higher maximum compressive load (1701.5-2011.8N) than both Cerasmart (1295.4-1642.9N) and Empress CAD (494.3-597.5N). Conclusions The CAD/CAM crown materials presented different mechanical behavior; Empress CAD and Cerasmart presented a fragile behavior, with a high compressive strength when compared to G-CAM and Asiga resins.
... Although variations in fatigue performance were noted among the materials examined, it is noteworthy that the values obtained surpass those typically encountered in a clinical setting. For instance, in men, the observed values ranged from 285 ± 149 N to 462 ± 199 N, and in women, from 254 ± 131 N to 446 ± 175 N, irrespective of age [42]. Therefore, our study suggests that all tested materials are suitable for clinical application. ...
... The highest measured chewing force was 1758 N [14]. The biting force of horses is almost five times greater than that of humans (354 N) [15]. This shows that a horse exerts a great bite force, which frequently leads to serious injuries. ...
Introduction
Hand injuries are frequently caused by sports and are associated with long periods of inability to work and high economic health costs. After ball sports and cycling, the most common cause of hand injuries is horseback riding. Therefore, measures should be taken to prevent these risks and increase safety in sports, however data characterizing equestrian sports-associated injuries are limited.
Materials and Methods
A retrospective monocentric cohort study was performed including 39 patients (mean age: 35 ± 2.6 (range 9–65) years, female 89.7% who sustained an injury to the hand while practicing equestrian sports during 2016–2021 and presented to our hand surgery center. Data analysis was performed to characterize the trauma mechanism and injury patterns by evaluating the clinical information system and conducting telephone interviews.
Results
Overall, 53.8% of the injuries occurred while leading the horse owing to traction by bridles or a lead rope on the fingers, whereas only 33.3% were caused by a fall and 12.8% by a bite injury. The majority (87.2%) of cases were injuries to the phalanges (metacarpus: 7.7%; carpus: 5.1%). Fractures were present in 51.3% of cases. The most serious injuries included avulsion amputations in 23.1% of patients (10.3% subtotal; 12.8% total amputation).
Conclusions
Equestrian-associated injuries occur more frequently during horse handling than riding, resulting in severe avulsion amputations due to traction of the lunge or bridle, requiring complex microsurgical treatment. We recommend that appropriate protective gloves are worn for prevention of hand injuries. Additionally, the use of self-opening panic hooks with overload protection can prevent excessive traction.
Level of evidence
III
... From the results in this study the mean fracture resistance for the PEEK group showed lower resistance than Zirconia group as shown in tables 3 and 4, but all larger than normal human bite, human bite forces range between (285.0 and 462.3 N) for men, and (253.9 -445.8 N) for women as mentioned in Marini et al., (24) , stimmelmayr et al., (33) Takaki et al., (34) and Gehrke et al., (35) It also showed that there is no significant difference between the two designs fabricated from the same material as shown in table 1 and 2 as P ³ 0.05. ...
