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Premise of the Study: In crop breeding programs, breeders use yield performance in optimal and stressful environments as key indicator for screening the most tolerant genotypes. Over four decades, several yield-based indices have been suggested for evaluating stress tolerance in crops. Despite the well-established use of these indices in agronomy a...
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... we offer the first user-friendly online software that meets this need, the Plant Abiotic Stress Index Calculator (iPASTIC). Table 1 shows the mathematical formulas and selection pattern for each index. iPASTIC is written in the JavaScript programming language on the browser-side and PHP on the server-side, and is available as a web application (https ://mohse nyous efian.com/ipast ...Context 2
... we offer the first user-friendly online software that meets this need, the Plant Abiotic Stress Index Calculator (iPASTIC). Table 1 shows the mathematical formulas and selection pattern for each index. iPASTIC is written in the JavaScript programming language on the browser-side and PHP on the server-side, and is available as a web application (https ://mohse nyous efian.com/ipast ...Context 3
... we offer the first user-friendly online software that meets this need, the Plant Abiotic Stress Index Calculator (iPASTIC). Table 1 shows the mathematical formulas and selection pattern for each index. iPASTIC is written in the JavaScript programming language on the browser-side and PHP on the server-side, and is available as a web application (https ://mohse nyous efian.com/ipast ...Similar publications
Generation mean analysis belongs to the quantitative biometric methods based on measurement of phenotypic performances of certain quantitative traits on as many as possible plant individuals in basic experimental generations. Initially, 108 inbred lines of maize were planted in two separate trails under water deficit and normal irrigation condition...
Different responses of two melon (Cucumis melo L.) genotypes (Şemame, drought and salt-tolerant and Ananas, drought and salt-sensitive) to drought stress with or without humic acid (HA) treatment were studied. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions. The experimental design was two factorial randomized block with 4 replicates. HA...
Citations
... The PCA biplot was analyzed using the ggplot2 R package [57]. 3D diagram analysis of sorghum genotypes was performed by using the STI, and yield under stress and yield under optimal conditions were used to classify the genotypes into groups using iPASTIC online software [58]. ...
... An earlier researcher proposed the idea of classifying genotypes into four groups according to how well they yield under stressful conditions [50]. A 3D diagram based on the STI was drawn using iPASTIC online software [58] to discriminate the sorghum genotypes according to their yield performance (Fig. 5). Based on the 3D biplot results, the sorghum genotypes were classified into quadrants A, B, C, and D and with no genotype in quadrant C. The A quadrant contained genotypes with higher STI values, which indicates a greater yield under optimal and nitrogen stress conditions. ...
Nitrogen stress is one of the key factors limiting sorghum crop productivity. To identify desirable sorghum genotypes best suited to nitrogen stress, the response of 300 sorghum landraces and two standard checks: KS78, and BCK60 were evaluated using yield-based indices. The experiment was conducted under nitrogen stress and ideal conditions for two years using a split-plot in RCBD design with two replications. Nitrogen treatments were assigned to the main plots, and sorghum genotypes were assigned to the subplots. Fourteen nitrogen stress screening indices, namely, the yield stability index (YSI), stress tolerance index (STI), modified stress tolerance index (KSTI), low nitrogen tolerance index (LNTI), relative decrease in yield (RDY), tolerance index (TOL), yield index (YI), stress susceptibility index (SSI), stress susceptibility percentage index (SSPI), and harmonic mean (HM), were computed using grain yield. The yield under optimal and stress conditions was significantly positively correlated with the HM, MP, GMP, STI, HM, YI, and modified STI. The results from the cluster analysis, PCA biplot, and 3D biplot classified the genotypes into three groups: nitrogen stress tolerant, nitrogen stress susceptible, and poor performers under both environments. Using STI, GMP, and MP, Genotypes (G80) ETSL101255, (G216) ETSL101006, (G35) ETSL101258, (G146) ETSL100813, and genotypes (G244) ETSL100292, (G161) ETSL100539, (G240) ETSL100890, (G93) ETSL101845, (G261) ETSL100625, (G248) ETSL100874, (G258) ETSL100752, (G142) ETSL100921, (G135) ETSL100307 were identified as top nitrogen stress tolerant, and susceptible genotypes respectively. We conclude that the indices MP, GMP, and STI can help in improving sorghum yield by selecting nitrogen efficient genotypes.
... The ranking method was employed to determine the optimal accessions based on the specified strategy, using several computed traits. As selected criteria for the best accessions across all traits, the average number of ranks (ASRs) and the stress tolerance index (STI) were developed [37]. These metrics are valuable for identifying tolerant genotypes based on their productivity in adverse situations. ...
Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses that affect plant growth and productivity, and
plant stress responses are affected by both the intensity of stress and genotype. In Iraqi Kurdistan,
tomato plants play a significant role in the country’s economy. Due to climate change, which causes
soil moisture to diminish, the crop’s growth and yield have been dropping in recent years. Accordingly, the effects of simulated drought stress on germination parameters were assessed in 64 tomato
accessions gathered from the Iraqi Kurdistan region in order to identify sensitive and tolerant accessions. In this respect, the responses associated with drought stress were observed phenotypically
and biochemically. Germination percentage (GP) and morphological characteristics such as root
length (RL), shoot length (SL), and shoot fresh weight (SFW) were significantly reduced in both
stress treatments with polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) (7.5% PEG and 15% PEG). On the other hand,
significant changes in biochemical profiles such as proline content (PC), soluble sugar content (SSC),
total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AC), guaiacol peroxidase (GPA), catalase (CAT),
and lipid peroxidation (LP) in tomato accessions were detected; all biochemical traits were increased
in most tomato accessions under the PEG-induced treatments compared to the control treatment
(0.0% PEG). Three tomato accessions (AC61 (Raza Pashayi), AC9 (Wrdi Be Tow), and AC63 (Sandra)) were found to be the most tolerant accessions under all drought conditions, whereas the performances of the other tested accessions (AC13 (Braw), AC30 (Yadgar), and AC8 (Israili)) were inferior. The OMIC analysis identified the biomarker parameters for differentiating the highly, moderately, and low tolerant groups as PC, SSC, and TPC. This study shows that early PEG-6000 screening for drought stress may help in choosing a genotype that is suitable for growth in water-stressed
environments. Hence, Raza Pashayi, Wrdi Be Tow, and Sandra accessions, which had great performances under drought conditions, can be candidates for selection in a breeding program to improve
the growth of plants and production in the areas that face water limits
... accessed on 17 March 2024). Additionally, drought tolerance indices utilizing seed yield of soybean genotypes were measured using iPASTIC [80] (https://manzik.com/ipastic/, accessed on 17 March 2024). ...
Water scarcity leads to significant ecological challenges for global farming production. Sustainable agriculture depends on developing strategies to overcome the impacts of drought on important crops, including soybean. In this present study, seven promising soybean genotypes were evaluated for their drought tolerance potential by exposing them to water deficit conditions. The control group was maintained at 100% field capacity (FC), while the drought-treated group was maintained at 50% FC on a volume/weight basis. This treatment was applied at the second trifoliate leaf stage and continued until maturity. Our results demonstrated that water shortage exerted negative impacts on soybean phenotypic traits, physiological and biochemical mechanisms, and yield output in comparison with normal conditions. Our results showed that genotype G00001 exhibited the highest leaf area plant −1 (483.70 cm 2), photosynthetic attributes like stomatal conductance (gs) (0.15 mol H 2 O m −2 s −1) and photosynthetic rate (Pn) (13.73 µmol CO 2 m −2 s −1), and xylem exudation rate (0.25 g h −1) under drought conditions. The G00001 genotype showed greater leaf greenness by preserving photosynthetic pigments (total chlorophylls (Chls) and carotenoids; 4.23 and 7.34 mg g −1 FW, respectively) in response to drought conditions. Soybean plants accumulated high levels of stress indicators like proline and malondialdehyde when subjected to drought stress. However, genotype G00001 displayed lower levels of proline (4.49 µg g −1 FW) and malondialdehyde (3.70 µmol g −1 FW), indicating that this genotype suffered from less oxidative stress induced by drought stress compared to the other investigated soybean genotypes. Eventually, the G00001 genotype had a greater yield in terms of seeds pod −1 (SP) (1.90) and 100-seed weight (HSW) (14.60 g) under drought conditions. On the other hand, BD2333 exhibited the largest decrease in plant height (37.10%), pod number plant −1 (85.90%), SP (56.20%), HSW (54.20%), gs (90.50%), Pn (71.00%), transpiration rate (59.40%), relative water content (34.40%), Chl a (79.50%), total Chls (72.70%), and carotenoids (56.70%), along with the maximum increase in water saturation deficit (290.40%) and malondialdehyde content (280.30%) under drought compared to control conditions, indicating its higher sensitivity to drought stress. Our findings suggest that G00001 is a promising candidate to consider for field trials and further evaluation of its molecular signature may help breeding other elite cultivars to develop drought-tolerant, high-yielding soybean varieties.
... The productive performance of all genotypes under heat-stressed vs. standard conditions was also comparatively evaluated on the basis of several stress indices, commonly used to assess the effect on grain yield (or even specific yield components, e.g., [24]) of abiotic stresses, mainly heat and drought, and hence to identify and select stress-tolerant genotypes [62][63][64][65]. The 9 indices tested here included the following: tolerance index (TOL), mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), stress tolerance index (STI), harmonic mean (HM), stress susceptibility index (SSI), yield index (YI), yield stability index (YSI) and relative stress index (RSI). ...
... This rationale was followed to rank genotypes for SSI_GY and SSI_GN values, whereas for SSI_GW, the ability to increase it under stress was considered a positive attribute; therefore, genotypes were ranked in an opposite fashion. As for the other indices, relatively more tolerant genotypes are identified by higher values, being positively correlated with Ys and, some of them, with Yp as well (see [63][64][65]). ...
... Margherita had the lowest ranks (Table 4). On the other hand, R69-9/R112+ was the top-ranking genotype for MP, GMP, HM, YI and STI indices (with low ranks for the other ones), as frequently observed for genotypes with high yield potential under both stressed and unstressed conditions [63][64][65]. Good values for all stress indices (ranking 2 to 4, see Table 4) were detected for R69-9/R5+, which was thus confirmed to possess good yield stability under stress and high yield potential under stressful and favorable conditions. A further test of genotype comparison was realised by calculating the stress susceptibility index (SSI) taking into consideration not only grain yield (both GYP, as in Table 4, and GY1, see Table 1 for acronyms) but also the main yield contributing traits, i.e., grain number (GN) and grain weight (GW), of both the whole plant (SSI_GNP and SSI_TGW, respectively) and the main (first) tiller (SSI_GN1 and SSI_TGW1, respectively). ...
Durum wheat (DW) is one of the major crops grown in the Mediterranean area, a climate-vulnerable region where the increase in day/night (d/n) temperature is severely threatening DW yield stability. In order to improve DW heat tolerance, the introgression of chromosomal segments derived from the wild gene pool is a promising strategy. Here, four DW-Thinopyrum spp. near-isogenic recombinant lines (NIRLs) were assessed for their physiological response and productive performance after intense heat stress (IH, 37/27 °C d/n) had been applied for 3 days at anthesis. The NIRLs included two primary types (R5, R112), carriers (+) of a differently sized Th. ponticum 7el1L segment on the DW 7AL arm, and two corresponding secondary types (R69-9/R5, R69-9/R112), possessing a Th. elongatum 7EL segment distally inserted into the 7el1L ones. Their response to the IH stress was compared to that of corresponding non-carrier sib lines (−) and the heat-tolerant cv. Margherita. Overall, the R112+, R69-9/R5+ and R69-9/R112+ NIRLs exhibited a tolerant behaviour towards the applied stress, standing out for the maintenance of leaf relative water content but also for the accumulation of proline and soluble sugars in the flag leaf and the preservation of photosynthetic efficiency. As a result, all the above three NIRLs (R112+ > R69-9/R5+ > R69-9/R112+) displayed good yield stability under the IH, also in comparison with cv. Margherita. R112+ particularly relied on the strength of spike fertility/grain number traits, while R69-9/R5+ benefited from efficient compensation by the grain weight increase. This work largely confirmed and further substantiated the value of exploiting the wild germplasm of Thinopyrum species as a useful source for the improvement of DW tolerance to even extreme abiotic stress conditions, such as the severe heat treatment throughout day- and night-time applied here.
... To select the best genotypes that tolerate drought stress, the seven best genotypes were identified on the basis of the iPASTIC [15] toolkit average of sum ranks (ASR) for each studied trait under each condition. The average ASR was subsequently estimated each year and over the two growing seasons for each genotype. ...
These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Drought stress, which significantly affects growth and reduces grain yield, is one of the main problems for wheat crops. Producing promising drought-tolerant wheat cultivars with high yields is one of the main targets for wheat breeders. In this study, a total of seven drought-tolerant wheat genotypes were screened for the presence of 19 specific drought tolerance genes. The genotypes were tested under normal and drought conditions for two growing seasons. Four spike traits, namely, spike length (SPL), grain number per spike (GNPS), number of spikelets per spike (NSPS), and grain yield per spike (GYPS), were scored. The results revealed that drought stress decreased the SPL, GNPS, NSPS, and GYPS, with ranges ranging from 2.14 (NSPS) to 13.92% (GNPS) and from 2.40 (NSPS) to 11.09% (GYPS) in the first and second seasons, respectively. ANOVA revealed high genetic variation among the genotypes for each trait under each treatment. According to the drought tolerance indices, Omara 007 presented the highest level of drought tolerance (average of sum ranks = 3), whereas both Giza-36 genotypes presented the lowest level of drought tolerance (average of sum ranks = 4.8) among the genotypes tested. Among the 19 genes tested, 11 were polymorphic among the selected genotypes. Omara 007 and Omara 002 presented the greatest number of specific drought tolerance genes (nine) tested in this study, whereas Sohag-5, Giza-36, and PI469072 presented the lowest number of drought tolerance genes (four). The number of different genes between each pair of genotypes was calculated. Seven different genes were found between Omara 007 and Giza-36, Omara 007 and Sohag-5, and Omara 002 and PI469072. The results of this study may help to identify the best genotypes for crossing candidate genotypes, and not merely to genetically improve drought tolerance in wheat.
... Productive performance of all genotypes under heat-stressed vs. standard conditions was also comparatively evaluated on the basis of several stress indices, commonly used to assess the effect on grain yield (or even specific yield components, e.g. [24]) of abiotic stresses, mainly heat and drought, and hence to identify and select stress tolerant genotypes [62][63][64][65]. The 9 indices tested here included: tolerance index (TOL), mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), stress tolerance index (STI), harmonic mean (HM), stress susceptibility index (SSI), yield index (YI), yield stability index (YSI) and relative stress index (RSI). ...
... This rationale was followed to rank genotypes for SSI_GY and SSI_GN values, whereas for SSI_GW, the ability to increase it under stress was considered a positive attribute; therefore, genotypes were ranked in an opposite fashion. As for the other indices, relatively more tolerant genotypes are identified by higher values, being positively correlated with Ys and, some of them, with Yp as well (see [63][64][65]). 7 ...
... Margherita had the lowest ranks (Table 4A). On the other hand, R69-9/R112+ was the top-ranking genotype for MP, GMP, HM, YI and STI indices (with low ranks for the other ones), as frequently observed for genotypes with high yield potential under both stressed and unstressed conditions [63][64][65]. Good values for all stress indices (ranking 2 to 4, see Table 4A) were detected for R69-9/R5+, which was thus confirmed to possess good yield stability under stress and high yield potential under stressful and favorable conditions. ...
Durum wheat (DW) is one of the major crops grown in the Mediterranean area, a climate-vulnerable region where the increase in day/night (d/n) temperature are severely threatening DW yield stability. In order to improve DW heat tolerance, the introgression of chromosomal segments derived from the wild gene pool is a promising strategy. Here, four DW-Thinopyrum spp. near-isogenic recombinant lines (NIRLs) were assessed for their physiological response and productive performance after an intense heat stress (IH, 37/27°C d/n) applied for 3 days at anthesis. The NIRLs included two primary types (R5, R112), carriers (+) of a differently sized Th. ponticum 7el1L segment on DW 7AL arm, and two corresponding secondary types (R69-9/R5, R69-9/R112), possessing a Th. elongatum 7EL segment distally inserted into the 7el1L ones. Their response to the IH stress was compared to that of corresponding non-carrier sib lines (−) and of the heat tolerant cv. Margherita. Overall, the R112+, R69-9/R5+ and R69-9/R112+ NIRLs exhibited a tolerant behaviour towards the applied stress, standing out for maintenance of leaf relative water content, but also for accumulation of proline and soluble sugars in flag leaf and for preservation of photosynthetic efficiency. As a result, all the above three NIRLs (R112+ > R69-9/R5+ > R69-9/R112+) displayed good yield stability under the IH, also in comparison with cv. Margherita, R112+ particularly relying on strength of spike fertility/grain number traits, R69-9/R5+ on efficient compensation by grain weight increase. This work largely confirmed and further substantiated the value of exploiting the wild germplasm of Thinopyrum species as useful source for the improvement of DW tolerance to even extreme abiotic stress conditions, such as the severe heat treatment throughout day- and night-time applied here.
... Several selection methods and stability indices for quantifying drought tolerance have [Vol. 84,No. 2 been devised to identify tolerant genotypes (Clarke et al. 1992;Pour-Aboughadareh et al. 2019). Among these indices, stress susceptibility index (Fischer and Maurer 1978), stress tolerance index (Fernandez 1992), geometric mean productivity (Ramirez-Vallejo and Kelly1998) and harmonic mean (Kumar et al. 2016) suitable selection indices were applied to find out the stable genotypes. ...
Maize is mainly a rainfed crop prone to drought stress, suffering yield losses. The present study evaluated eleven early and nine late maturity hybrids to identify widely adapted genotypes under drought stress and irrigated conditions at the flowering stage. Genotypes showed 25.2% yield reduction under drought over irrigated conditions. GGE biplot analysis demonstrated major effect of environment (72-85%) on grain yield followed by genotype × environment (8-18%), identifying two different mega-environments under drought stress. Suitable selection indices identified DRMH 1417, DKC 7074 in the early and CMH12-686 in late maturity group as high-yielding and drought-tolerant hybrids.
... Several selection methods and stability indices for quantifying drought tolerance have [Vol. 84,No. 2 been devised to identify tolerant genotypes (Clarke et al. 1992;Pour-Aboughadareh et al. 2019). Among these indices, stress susceptibility index (Fischer and Maurer 1978), stress tolerance index (Fernandez 1992), geometric mean productivity (Ramirez-Vallejo and Kelly1998) and harmonic mean (Kumar et al. 2016) suitable selection indices were applied to find out the stable genotypes. ...
Maize is mainly a rainfed crop prone to drought stress, suffering yield losses. The present study evaluated eleven early and nine late maturity hybrids to identify widely adapted genotypes under drought stress and irrigated conditions at the flowering stage. Genotypes showed 25.2% yield reduction under drought over irrigated conditions. GGE biplot analysis demonstrated major effect of environment (72-85%) on grain yield followed by genotype × environment (8-18%), identifying two different mega-environments under drought stress. Suitable selection indices identified DRMH 1417, DKC 7074 in the early and CMH12-686 in late maturity group as high-yielding and drought-tolerant hybrids.
... This divergence in correlation trends suggests that these indices may have different implications for hybrid performance depending on soil-N condition. In low-N conditions, the negative correlations imply that genotypes with lower values for these indices tend to have higher grain yields, indicating their high tolerance to stress (Pour-Aboughadareh et al., 2019;Zhao et al., 2019). Conversely, under optimum-N conditions, the positive correlations suggest that genotypes with higher values for TOL and SSI tend to have higher grain yields, reflecting their ability to thrive in non-stress conditions. ...
... In this regard, SIP stands out as both representative and discriminating, making it the ideal index for selecting genotypes with superior performance under both low-N and optimum-N conditions. Conversely, selection indices TOL, SSI, YSI, and RSI, while non-representative, are highly discriminating and can be useful for identifying genotypes that are specifically tolerant to low-N conditions (Pour-Aboughadareh et al., 2019). The screening indices were grouped based on the angles formed between them (Figure 3). ...
... The 13 selection indices were grouped into five categories based on these angles: MP, HM, STI, and GMP formed group 1; YI, BI, and I N comprised group 2; TOL and SSI were in group 3; RSI and YSI formed group 4; and LNTI and SIP constituted the last group. The indices in each group can be interchangeably used to select tolerant genotypes (Pour-Aboughadareh et al., 2019;Aga et al., 2022). Notably, the grouping of SIP with LNTI, a widely recognized index in various studies (Badu-Apraku et al., 2013;Obeng-Bio et al., 2019;Ribeiro et al., 2020;Abu et al., 2021), further validates SIP's efficacy as a dependable selection index for identifying genotypes tolerant to low-N conditions. ...
Background and Objective: Traditional breeding methods often prioritize yield-centric indices for assessing genotypic stress tolerance, overlooking the nuanced contributions of other traits. This study introduced the Selection Index based on Trait Points (SIP), a comprehensive approach incorporating all measured traits under stressed and optimum conditions. The study aimed to identify low-nitrogen (N) tolerant maize hybrids and evaluate SIP's efficacy in stress tolerance assessment.
... Additionally, to identify the salt-tolerant genotypes, nine stress tolerance indices were calculated based on total fresh biomass of control (0 mM NaCl) and the plants subjected to severe stress (150 mM NaCl). These indices were computed using mathematical equations specified in Table 2 with the aid of the iPASTIC toolkit [37]. ...
... The YI, YSI, and RSI indices offer valuable insights into the performance and stability of wheat genotypes under various growth conditions. Genotypes demonstrating high values for these indices are considered tolerant [37]. Genotypes G11, G14, and G12 displayed superior vigor, stability, and salt tolerance, with high YI values. ...
... In addition, the strong association between these indicators shows that they can be used interchangeably in the selection of salt-tolerant genotypes. These results are consistent with the findings reported by Pour-Aboughadareh et al. (2019) [37], who assessed the effect of water stress on the shoot dry weight of cultivated and wild wheat species, indicating the robustness of these indices in evaluating genotype performance under stress conditions. In a recent study by Ivic et al. (2021) [65], MP, GMP, HM, STI, and YI were found to be strongly correlated with genotype performance and grain quality under low and sufficient amount of nitrogen conditions. ...
Wheat is a vital crop globally, essential for agriculture, economics, and food security. However, in arid and semi-arid conditions, wheat production faces significant challenges due to low water availability, uneven rainfall distribution, and high soil salinity. The germination and early seedling stages are particularly vulnerable to these stresses. Therefore, this study assessed 15 wheat genotypes for their tolerance to salinity stress during early growth stages, using a hydroponic system with four salt stress levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl). Significant differences were observed for genotype and salinity main effects and their interaction on all investigated traits, indicating considerable variability in the response to salt stress among the investigated wheat cultivars. High NaCl concentrations led to substantial reductions in measured parameters across genotypes, with some showing resilience while others exhibited heightened sensitivity. Stress tolerance indices, such as mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), harmonic mean (HM), stress tolerance index (STI) and yield index (YI), were identified as reliable indicators for selecting salt-tolerant wheat cultivars. Consequently, Sidi Okba (G11), Ziad (G12), Tamezghida (G13) and Zidane (G14) emerged as the most promising, displaying acceptable performance under both non-stress and salt-stress conditions. These genotypes could serve as valuable genetic resources for breeding programs aimed at enhancing wheat's salinity tolerance, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions.
