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Maternity-and childcare leaves' usage in Poland in 2012-2018 Source: own work, based on LFS.

Maternity-and childcare leaves' usage in Poland in 2012-2018 Source: own work, based on LFS.

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The aim of the paper is to describe availability and usage of parental leaves for women of reproductive age. We show the motivation for introducing the leaves and their history in Poland. Based on data from the Central Statistical Office (CSO; Polish: GUS), Social Insurance Institution (SII; Polish: ZUS) and Labour Force Survey (LFS; Polish: BAEL),...

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... cannot therefore be said that the institution of maternity leave is a universal solution. Figure 3 presents a comparison of the number of women receiving maternity benefit (and thus also taking maternity and parental leave) and parental leave on the basis of data provided by the ZUS. The nearly double drop of the number of women on parental leave is accompanied by a more than fourfold increase in the number of women on maternity allowance 28 . ...

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Post-birth career breaks and their impact on mothers’ labor market outcomes have received considerable attention in the literature. However, existing evidence comes mostly from Western Europe and the US, where career breaks tend to be short. In contrast, Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, where post-birth career interruptions by mothers are typically much longer, have rarely been studied. In the first part of this study, we place CEE countries into the EU context by providing key empirical facts related to the labor market outcomes of mothers and the most important factors that may affect them. Besides substantial differences between CEE countries and the rest of the EU, there is also large heterogeneity within CEE itself, which we explore next. In the second part, we review the main family leave and formal childcare policies and reforms that have occurred in CEE countries since the end of Communism and provide a comprehensive survey of the existing scientific evidence of their impact on maternal employment. While research on the causal impacts of these policies is scarce, several important studies have recently been published in high-impact journals. We are the first to provide an overview of these causal studies from CEE countries, which offer an insightful extension to the existing knowledge from Western Europe and the US.