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Map showing the case study region of New England, composed of six states in the northeastern United States: Connecticut (CT), Rhode Island (RI), Massachusetts (MA), Vermont (VT), New Hampshire (NH), and Maine (ME). Population data based on 2010 U.S. Census (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015), highway shapefile provided by Esri®, and background mapping provided by ArcWorld and ArcWorld Supplement from Esri®.

Map showing the case study region of New England, composed of six states in the northeastern United States: Connecticut (CT), Rhode Island (RI), Massachusetts (MA), Vermont (VT), New Hampshire (NH), and Maine (ME). Population data based on 2010 U.S. Census (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015), highway shapefile provided by Esri®, and background mapping provided by ArcWorld and ArcWorld Supplement from Esri®.

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Weather and climate have substantial effects on human health. While much is known about how morbidity and mortality are affected by moderate-to-extreme heat, poor air quality, and heavy precipitation individually, less is known about the cumulative occurrence of these climatic hazards, and the extent to which they spatially overlap with community-s...

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... According to the literature spatial planning effectiveness on integrating the human and natural aspects of hazards facilitate impacts assessments. (Spangler et al. 2019). An integrative earthquake hazards assessment within the spatial planning system plays a pivotal role in identifying communities that face both frequent hazards and relatively high vulnerability. ...
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The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake catapulted seismic vulnerabilities to the forefront of Japan's concerns, sparking a seismic shift in spatial planning and disaster management strategies. Through an exploration of the interplay between seismic realities, legislative responses, and planning frameworks, this study unveils Japan's adept utilization of innovative technologies and legislative adaptations to fortify its preparedness. The research leverages NASA-USGS data collection, Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, kriging interpolation, and relational content analysis to illuminate Japan's trajectory towards heightened resilience. Therefore, a long term satellite data collected based on NASA-USGS data between 2000 and 2023 which is 10 years before and after the Great East Japan Earthquake in Fukushima, 2011 or known as 2011 Tohoku. Japan's intricate seismic landscape, coupled with the profound impact of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake, necessitated an immediate re-evaluation of its spatial planning and disaster management strategies. To comprehend the aftermath of the profound 2011 Tohoku Earthquake, this study delves into Japan's intricate seismic landscape, which compelled an immediate re-evaluation of disaster management strategies. It strives to unravel the intricate connections among seismic attributes, legislative adjustments, and planning systems that collectively shape Japan's capacity and feasibility to mitigate risks and amplify its resilience. The earthquake's seismic attributes spurred a proactive fusion of targeted risk evaluation and mitigation strategies within the planning fabric. The legislative adaptations and evolving planning drafts demonstrate Japan's commitment to strengthening its resilience against seismic intricacies and environmental hazards, effectively positioning the nation at the vanguard of disaster readiness.
... Average ambient temperature and relative humidity on a 4 km × 4 km scale over the sampling period was calculated at the geocoded residential address at the time of each visit. 41 ...
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Introduction Indoor nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) sources include gas heating, cooking, and infiltration from outdoors. Associations with pulmonary function, systemic inflammation, and oxidative stress in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are uncertain. Methods We recruited 144 COPD patients at the VA Boston Healthcare System between 2012 and 2017. In-home NO 2 was measured using an Ogawa passive sampling badge for a week seasonally followed by measuring plasma biomarkers of systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP] and interleukin-6 [IL-6]), urinary oxidative stress biomarkers (8-hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine [8-OHdG] and malondialdehyde [MDA]), and pre- and postbronchodilator spirometry. Linear mixed effects regression with a random intercept for each subject was used to assess associations with weekly NO 2 . Effect modification by COPD severity and by body mass index (BMI) was examined using multiplicative interaction terms and stratum-specific effect estimates. Results Median (25%ile, 75%ile) concentration of indoor NO2 was 6.8 (4.4, 11.2) ppb. There were no associations observed between NO 2 with CRP, 8-OHdG, or MDA. Although the confidence intervals were wide, there was a reduction in prebronchodilator FEV 1 and FVC among participants with more severe COPD (FEV 1 : –17.36 mL; –58.35, 23.60 and FVC: –28.22 mL; –91.49, 35.07) that was greater than in patients with less severe COPD (FEV 1 : –1.64 mL; –24.80, 21.57 and FVC: –6.22 mL; –42.16, 29.71). In participants with a BMI <30, there was a reduction in FEV 1 and FVC. Conclusions Low-level indoor NO 2 was not associated with systemic inflammation or oxidative stress. There was a suggestive association with reduced lung function among patients with more severe COPD and among patients with a lower BMI.
... [80][81][82] Moreover, the vulnerability of social and ecological communities displays high spatial variability with certain regions much more threatened by climate change than others. [83][84][85][86] Such high spatiotemporal variability and uncertainty contribute not only to a diverse resilience to climate change but also to different public risk perceptions, 87 and climate negotiation strategies may adjust accordingly. 58 Additionally, demographics, environmental organizations, organized unions, elected officials, green and brown lobbying, and other entities can influence public opinion and the adoption of policies. ...
... Climatic and geographical factors such as temperature, rainfall, relative humidity and altitude are important to define risk, but the ability to differentiate risk levels with these variables is limited in this set-up, as they tend to vary minimally in the context of neighboring geographical areas [55,56]. ...
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... While investigations in the heat and health literature identify ways that data source decisions can affect measures of association by changing exposure misclassification rates, results from the present study show that while different data sources may decrease levels of measurement error and minimize the impact of exposure misclassification, these changes do not occur uniformly across strata of many common environmental and community determinants of health such as race, socioeconomic status, and social vulnerability, which vary substantially over space (49,(60)(61)(62). These factors all increase a population's vulnerability to negative health effects of climate change (53,54,60,(63)(64)(65)(66)(67). The results presented here demonstrate that the evaluated data sources and methods vary across commonly identified vulnerability factors, suggesting that different exposure data may limit the ability to detect harmful health effects of climate change in a population at higher risk. ...
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Epidemiologic investigations of extreme precipitation events (EPEs) often rely on observations from the nearest weather station to represent individuals' exposures, and due to structural factors that determine the siting of weather stations, levels of measurement error and misclassification bias may differ by race, class, and other measures of social vulnerability. Gridded climate datasets provide higher spatial resolution that may improve measurement error and misclassification bias. However, similarities in the ability to identify EPEs among these types of datasets have not been explored. In this study, we characterize the overall and temporal patterns of agreement among three commonly used meteorological data sources in their identification of EPEs in all census tracts and counties in the conterminous United States over the 1991–2020 U.S. Climate Normals period and evaluate the association between sociodemographic characteristics with agreement in EPE identification. Daily precipitation measurements from weather stations in the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) and gridded precipitation estimates from the Parameter-elevation Relationships on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) and the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) were compared in their ability to identify EPEs defined as the top 1% of precipitation events or daily precipitation >1 inch. Agreement among these datasets is fair to moderate from 1991 to 2020. There are spatial and temporal differences in the levels of agreement between ground stations and gridded climate datasets in their detection of EPEs in the United States from 1991 to 2020. Spatial variation in agreement is most strongly related to a location's proximity to the nearest ground station, with areas furthest from a ground station demonstrating the lowest levels of agreement. These areas have lower socioeconomic status, a higher proportion of Native American population, and higher social vulnerability index scores. The addition of ground stations in these areas may increase agreement, and future studies intending to use these or similar data sources should be aware of the limitations, biases, and potential for differential misclassification of exposure to EPEs. Most importantly, vulnerable populations should be engaged to determine their priorities for enhanced surveillance of climate-based threats so that community-identified needs are met by any future improvements in data quality.
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... For example, it has been estimated that the time lag between a CO 2 emission pulse and its maximum impact on average temperature may be of several decades (Ricke and Caldeira, 2014a; Zickfeld and Herrington, 2015;. Moreover, the vulnerability of social and ecological communities displays high spatial variability with certain regions much more threatened by climate change than others (Reid et al., 2009;Flanagan et al., 2011;Field and Barros, 2014;Spangler et al., 2019). Such high spatio-temporal variability and uncertainty contribute not only to a diverse resilience to climate change but also to different public risk perceptions (Leiserowitz, 2006), and climate negotiation strategies may adjust accordingly citebarrett2012climate. ...
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... While international and national assessments of climate change, such as those produced by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the US Global Change Research Program, are focused on describing broad climate mechanisms, risks, and trends, this information is of limited value to people seeking to understand what climate change could mean for them and their local communities specifically. Just as both local and global actions are needed to appropriately contend with the climate crisis, so too must information about the impacts of climate change be made available on multiple scales (Patz et al. 2005;Spangler et al. 2019). But an advantage of presenting climate change as a local and regional health problem is that such an approach lends itself to the field of applied epidemiology, which relates changes in local and/or regional environmental conditions (e.g., changes in daily minimum and maximum temperatures) to expected changes in the incidence of health problems (e.g., heat stroke) (Limaye et al. 2018). ...
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... Assess the threat posed by climate change . Explore the association between heat-related outcomes and social vulnerability (Spangler et al. 2019;Lehnert et al. 2020). ...
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