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Global crises drastically alter human behavior, rapidly impacting patterns of movement and consumption. A rapid-response analysis of material culture brings new perspective to disasters as they unfold. We present a case study of the coronavirus pandemic in Tromsø, Norway, based on fieldwork from March 2020 to April 2021. Using a methodology rooted...
Contexts in source publication
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... acknowledge our privilege as non-essential workers who could shift our offices home during the crisis. The four co-authors live in three different locations across Tromsø Island (see Figure 1): Sentrum (the city center), Bjørnstrand (a mixed, heavily trafficked area between the city center and the university), and Fagereng and Sorgenfri (a southwestern residential area adjacent to the main beaches). The daily routines that emerged following the closure of the University were thus situated in proximity to our homes. ...
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... gloves and 29 masks were observed across the center of the city. A majority of the masks were single-use surgical (Figures 10(a) to (c)), while six were permanent (Figures 10(d)). Two variables most likely contributed to a higher proportion of surgical masks: first, one is less likely to drop a permanent mask because it is intended to be curated for a longer period, and is not carried in multiples. ...
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... gloves and 29 masks were observed across the center of the city. A majority of the masks were single-use surgical (Figures 10(a) to (c)), while six were permanent (Figures 10(d)). Two variables most likely contributed to a higher proportion of surgical masks: first, one is less likely to drop a permanent mask because it is intended to be curated for a longer period, and is not carried in multiples. ...
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... the material discard hints at a low level of habitual mask use, marked by the temporary use of disposable surgical masks during periods of regulation in a region otherwise fortunate to have few serious outbreaks. Gloves were largely fragmentary, indicating they likely were likely deposited during earlier waves (Figures 10(e) and (f)). ...
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... example, posters outside a supermarket in the city center indicated that people should follow directions implemented nationally and at the municipal level. At Nerstranda, patrons were simply directed to follow the authority's recommendations for Figure 10. Materials recorded during the survey on March 24, 2021. ...
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... ground-based survey on April 16, 2021, showed that material culture associated with the pandemic had declined but not dissipated (see Figure 9). We found one permanent mask (Figure 11(a)), which appeared with the name of a local restaurant. Three sanitizing products (Figure 11(b)), three gloves, and 13 disposable masks were recorded. ...
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... found one permanent mask (Figure 11(a)), which appeared with the name of a local restaurant. Three sanitizing products (Figure 11(b)), three gloves, and 13 disposable masks were recorded. While some gloves and masks were relatively fresh and intact (Figures 11(c Figure 11. ...
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... sanitizing products (Figure 11(b)), three gloves, and 13 disposable masks were recorded. While some gloves and masks were relatively fresh and intact (Figures 11(c Figure 11. Materials recorded during the survey conducted on April 16, 2021. ...
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... sanitizing products (Figure 11(b)), three gloves, and 13 disposable masks were recorded. While some gloves and masks were relatively fresh and intact (Figures 11(c Figure 11. Materials recorded during the survey conducted on April 16, 2021. ...
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... recorded during the survey conducted on April 16, 2021. and 11(d)), others had degraded significantly (Figures 11(e) and (f)). Signs posted behind unwashed windows attested to three instances of closure. ...
Context 11
... acknowledge our privilege as non-essential workers who could shift our offices home during the crisis. The four co-authors live in three different locations across Tromsø Island (see Figure 1): Sentrum (the city center), Bjørnstrand (a mixed, heavily trafficked area between the city center and the university), and Fagereng and Sorgenfri (a southwestern residential area adjacent to the main beaches). The daily routines that emerged following the closure of the University were thus situated in proximity to our homes. ...
Context 12
... gloves and 29 masks were observed across the center of the city. A majority of the masks were single-use surgical (Figures 10(a) to (c)), while six were permanent (Figures 10(d)). Two variables most likely contributed to a higher proportion of surgical masks: first, one is less likely to drop a permanent mask because it is intended to be curated for a longer period, and is not carried in multiples. ...
Context 13
... gloves and 29 masks were observed across the center of the city. A majority of the masks were single-use surgical (Figures 10(a) to (c)), while six were permanent (Figures 10(d)). Two variables most likely contributed to a higher proportion of surgical masks: first, one is less likely to drop a permanent mask because it is intended to be curated for a longer period, and is not carried in multiples. ...
Context 14
... the material discard hints at a low level of habitual mask use, marked by the temporary use of disposable surgical masks during periods of regulation in a region otherwise fortunate to have few serious outbreaks. Gloves were largely fragmentary, indicating they likely were likely deposited during earlier waves (Figures 10(e) and (f)). ...
Context 15
... example, posters outside a supermarket in the city center indicated that people should follow directions implemented nationally and at the municipal level. At Nerstranda, patrons were simply directed to follow the authority's recommendations for Figure 10. Materials recorded during the survey on March 24, 2021. ...
Context 16
... ground-based survey on April 16, 2021, showed that material culture associated with the pandemic had declined but not dissipated (see Figure 9). We found one permanent mask (Figure 11(a)), which appeared with the name of a local restaurant. Three sanitizing products (Figure 11(b)), three gloves, and 13 disposable masks were recorded. ...
Context 17
... found one permanent mask (Figure 11(a)), which appeared with the name of a local restaurant. Three sanitizing products (Figure 11(b)), three gloves, and 13 disposable masks were recorded. While some gloves and masks were relatively fresh and intact (Figures 11(c Figure 11. ...
Context 18
... sanitizing products (Figure 11(b)), three gloves, and 13 disposable masks were recorded. While some gloves and masks were relatively fresh and intact (Figures 11(c Figure 11. Materials recorded during the survey conducted on April 16, 2021. ...
Context 19
... sanitizing products (Figure 11(b)), three gloves, and 13 disposable masks were recorded. While some gloves and masks were relatively fresh and intact (Figures 11(c Figure 11. Materials recorded during the survey conducted on April 16, 2021. ...
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Citations
... Masks, or their micro-and nano-parts, have become a marker of the Pandemic Period (Magnani et al. 2022;Schofield et al. 2021). Their stratigraphic imprint is perceptible and will be well into the future. ...
Here I will explore the contradictions raised by small plastic things forgotten, to paraphrase historical archaeologist James Deetz (1977), which were born from scientific innovation, entrepreneurial incentive, and concern for public health. The dental flosser, toothbrush, birth control pack, tampon and menstrual pad, condom wrapper, sanitising wipe, medical syringe, and surgical mask all qualify as mundane, taken‑for‑granted artefacts ripe for archaeological inquiry. I consider a few of these things in greater depth. To frame my discussion, I draw on ideas about biopower, a concept developed by Michel Foucault and taken up by subsequent writers. I argue that biopowered plastic things marshalled in the service of public health present a conundrum. Science‑based evidence supports their efficacy for safeguarding lives. Yet, because they represent techniques of power designed to control individuals with the aim of a more pliant, cohesive body politic (much like plastic as it moves from mouldable to hardened), these things engender pushback from the resistant, critical, opportunistic, and misinformed; ideologies and authorities are never absolute...
... In this case it involves an understanding of oceanographic modeling to help determine likely sources of marine plastics ( Van Sebille et al., 2019) as well as interpreting traces of biofouling to determine how long items have been in the water and the types of environment through which they may have passed. A similar archaeological approach has been taken both towards a specific category of artefact (plastic bags) in Galapagos (Schofield et al., 2020a), in this case working with social scientists, and to the wider issue of pollution involving PPE during the COVID-19 Pandemic (Schofield et al., 2021;Magnani et al., 2022). By adopting this approach, archaeologists working in interdisciplinary teams can contribute to helping reduce the impacts of plastic pollution on cultural landscapes. ...
Marine plastic pollution has increased exponentially despite global recognition of its impact on the environment. This chapter
examines the extent of the problem and then explores the governance and socio-ecological aspects of marine plastics pollution in
coastal and marine environments. We argue that well designed and implemented governance arrangements can bridge the gap between
science and policy. Holistic, integrated approaches that include key stakeholders such as governments, industry, civil society, and
communities are integral to successful future governance. We offer suggestions for ways forward on how to reduce plastic production
and consumption to save our marine and coastal environments.
... In this case it involves an understanding of oceanographic modeling to help determine likely sources of marine plastics ( Van Sebille et al., 2019) as well as interpreting traces of biofouling to determine how long items have been in the water and the types of environment through which they may have passed. A similar archaeological approach has been taken both towards a specific category of artefact (plastic bags) in Galapagos (Schofield et al., 2020a), in this case working with social scientists, and to the wider issue of pollution involving PPE during the COVID-19 Pandemic (Schofield et al., 2021;Magnani et al., 2022). By adopting this approach, archaeologists working in interdisciplinary teams can contribute to helping reduce the impacts of plastic pollution on cultural landscapes. ...
... Issues like the aforementioned archaeology of forced migrations, the very recent archaeology of Covid-19 (e.g. Magnani et al. 2022), or current graffiti archaeology (Frederick 2009;Schofield 2009) question traditional practices with an enormous potential to engage other disciplines and society in a fresher way (Figure 4). Figure 4: Graffiti in the centre of Athens (Greece) depicting classical motifs. Graffiti archaeology is a growing topic with very different approaches and great potential to understand links between contemporary societies and archaeology. ...
Contemporary archaeology was one of the topics addressed within a large study to improve understanding of archaeological heritage management in the Mediterranean basin by the pubarchMED project. While 19th and early 20th century contexts are often studied, contemporary archaeology in the Mediterranean (especially post World War II period) still represents a challenge both for practitioners and heritage managers. This article delves into some structural issues of archaeological heritage management and archaeological practice of the contemporary world, disentangling the main challenges they reveal and the interesting questions they raise for archaeological practice.
... Several museums and archives engaged in the collection of social history material in the form of printed and digital ephemera [51], artistic interpretation [52], and the collection of eyewitness history [53]. Some documentation projects focused on the tangible material culture of and associated with COVID-19, such as fitted face masks [54][55][56][57][58]; hand sanitizer stations [59]; social distancing markers [59]; rapid antigen tests [60]; public information material (posters, leaflets) [59]; as well as temporary infrastructure, such as field hospitals, containment barriers to existing hospitals, and pop-up testing centers [61]. Fitted face masks became 'COVID artifacts' in the urban and peri-urban environment due to loss of intentional disposal [62,63]. ...
The documentation and management of the cultural heritage of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the heritage of the digital age are emerging discourses in cultural heritage management. The enthusiastic uptake of a generative artificial intelligence application (ChatGPT) by the general public and academics alike has provided an opportunity to explore (i) whether, and to what extent, generative AI can conceptualize an emergent, not well-described field of cultural heritage (the heritage of COVID-19), (ii), whether it can design an exhibition on the topic, and (iii) whether it can identify sites associated with the pandemic that may become significant heritage. Drawing on an extended 'conversation' with ChatGPT, this paper shows that generative AI is capable of not only developing a concept for an exhibition of the heritage of COVID-19 but also that it can provide a defensible array of exhibition topics as well as a relevant selection of exhibition objects. ChatGPT is also capable of making suggestions on the selection of cultural heritage sites associated with the pandemic, but these lack specificity. The discrepancy between ChatGPT's responses to the exhibition concept and its responses regarding potential heritage sites suggests differential selection and access to the data that were used to train the model, with a seemingly heavy reliance on Wikipedia. The 'conversation' has shown that ChatGPT can serve as a brainstorming tool, but that a curator's considered interpretation of the responses is still essential.
... Archaeology has also been used to help understand (and potentially, ultimately change) people's behaviours, for example through highlighting the distributions of COVID waste on local and international scales (e.g. Magnani et al. 2022 andSchofield et al. 2021 respectively). ...
Toxic Heritage addresses the heritage value of contamination and toxic sites and provides the first in-depth examination of toxic heritage as a global issue.
Bringing together case studies, visual essays, and substantive chapters written by leading scholars from around the world, the volume provides a critical framing of the globally expanding field of toxic heritage. Authors from a variety of disciplinary perspectives and methodologies examine toxic heritage as both a material phenomenon and a concept. Organized into five thematic sections, the book explores the meaning and significance of toxic heritage, politics, narratives, affected communities, and activist approaches and interventions. It identifies critical issues and highlights areas of emerging research on the intersections of environmental harm with formal and informal memory practices, while also highlighting the resilience, advocacy, and creativity of communities, scholars, and heritage professionals in responding to the current environmental crises. Open Access: https://www.routledge.com/Toxic-Heritage-Legacies-Futures-and-Environmental-Injustice/Kryder-Reid-May/p/book/9781032429977
... As for future lines of research, we recommend the inclusion of other variables related to protection against the coronavirus and in activities such as visits to tangible heritage (e.g., Tsironis et al., 2021)., archaeological sites (e.g., Geser, 2021;Magnani et al., 2021), or museums (e.g., Bernardi, 2021;Cecilia, 2021). Moreover, a more in-depth study is needed of the relationship between destination, heritage and loyalty in this context. ...
Sars-Cov-2 paralyzed tourism, which only began to recover after the vaccine roll-out. This study investigates loyalty to a city based on the perception of COVID safety measures in traditional restaurants. To test eight hypotheses, the PLS-SEM method was applied to a sample of 154 tourists who visited Córdoba (Spain) for the traditional cuisine. Results show that visitors' perception of restaurants’ COVID safety measures affects their satisfaction with the restaurant and local cuisine, their general image of this World Heritage city, and their loyalty to it. Thus, appropriate coronavirus risk management can help ensure that visitors recommend and revisit the city.
... As for future lines of research, we recommend the inclusion of other variables related to protection against the coronavirus and in activities such as visits to tangible heritage (e.g., Tsironis et al., 2021)., archaeological sites (e.g., Geser, 2021;Magnani et al., 2021), or museums (e.g., Bernardi, 2021;Cecilia, 2021). Moreover, a more in-depth study is needed of the relationship between destination, heritage and loyalty in this context. ...
The traditional gastronomy of a territory reflects the history and customs of populations that have inhabited it over time and left the imprint of their respective cultures. This research focuses on traditional gastronomy in World Heritage cities. It delves into the concept of visitors' loyalty to cities listed as World Heritage sites, with the aim of providing results that can help improve the management of the tourist destination in question. To do so, a questionnaire was given to a sample of 154 visitors to Córdoba, a World Heritage city. Structural equation modelling is then used to test, and ultimately confirm, five proposed hypotheses. The analysis includes traditional gastronomy as a factor that affects satisfaction with the destination, satisfaction with the restaurant and visitors' loyalty to the city. Results show that traditional gastronomy in World Heritage cities has a very significant influence on satisfaction with the destination and satisfaction with the restaurant itself. Consequently, this finding highlights the importance of supporting traditional gastronomy in those destinations that have it and promoting it abroad. In addition, a number of areas for improvement have been identified: enhancing the local population's awareness of their own gastronomy; the professionalization of gastronomy in restaurants' front and back of house; and highlighting the cultural legacy of traditional gastronomy and improving the information provided about it. Therefore, this study is important for the tourism management of heritage cities to make them stand out from other similar destinations.
HERISTEM is a strategic partnership project funded by the Erasmus+ Programme with the main goal of gathering together institutions of higher education, those dealing with heritage preservation and protection, and small businesses to provide transfer of knowledge, skills, and good practices of STEM in the field of archaeology, through intensive courses, seminars, exhibitions, and students/teachers mobility. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and consequent travel restrictions caused inevitable adjustments of project activities. New forms of online content were explored, engaging both professional (online conference, Archaeological Dialogues Without Isolation), and wider audiences (video and interactive content for Researchers’ Night 2020). The feedback and evaluation of these activities revealed that they were great outreach initiatives with high interest from the audience and high engagement with online content, and therefore new possibilities for communication with the public.
