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Faced with strict regulations, rising operational costs, depleted stocks, and competition from less expensive foreign imports, many fishers are pursuing new ways to market and sell their catch. Direct marketing arrangements can increase the ex-vessel value of seafood and profitability of operations for fishers by circumventing dominant wholesale ch...
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... CSFs are a relatively new phenomenon, first documented in Maine in 2007 (Libby 2011). There are now at least 40 active CSFs in North America, operating approximately 190 delivery locations in coastal communities (LocalCatch.org 2014), as well as ones in the United Kingdom, Chile, Italy, and Germany (M. Mesmain, 2014, personal communication; Fig. 1). The rise of direct marketing arrangements is partly a reflection of consumers' growing demand for the social, ecological, and economic value of local foods and associated terroirs ( Kloppenburg et al. 1996, O'Hara andStagl 2001). Indeed, direct marketing arrangements for seafood are being touted in popular media as among the ...
Citations
... We focus on the Mediterranean, but research has shown that the innovative marketing and selling activities by SSF are not unique to this region; their presence as means of resistance to mainstream monopolized markets has been observed in other parts of the world with relatively strong institutions (Stoll et al. 2015;Witter and Stoll 2017;Penca 2019b;Prosperia et al. 2019;Duggan et al. 2020). The Mediterranean initiatives have generated interest for the variety of activities, taking place against an alarming state of Mediterranean fisheries as well as the strong tradition of fishing and seafood consumption (Penca et al. 2021;Gómez and Maynou 2021). ...
... In these, SSF have started innovating in supply chains and the marketing of their products, as well as in cooperating within themselves more closely, with the view of gaining a stronger position in the market. Individually and collectively, these activities are believed to have brought about and made visible the benefits to SSF by increasing profit-taking, consumers choice and building a stronger community identity (Stoll et al. 2015;Duggan et al. 2020), as well as contributed to the empowering of the SSF as a stakeholder in policy-making (Penca 2019b). ...
The study of traditional marine stakeholders, such as small-scale fishers in the Mediterranean, represents a site of a changing seascape. This is characterized by impeding factors of the past but also a possibility for improved future trajectories. Small-scale fisheries (SSF) have played a crucial socio-economic role in the Mediterranean for decades, and they continue to comprise over 80% of the fishing fleets and provide direct and indirect economic contributions to coastal communities. Their contribution to blue economy has so far been described as low, but this is largely due to a narrow conception both of benefits to be drawn from the development of maritime sectors (which have focused strongly on economic growth) and types of innovation that are capable of supporting the transition to sustainability (which have overlooked social innovation). This chapter outlines the multi-scale contributions of the small-scale fisheries and presents innovative approaches of the sector towards the markets, both of which support the inclusion of SSF in the blue economy sector. The chapter focuses on key instances of recently developed initiatives by the SSF across the Mediterranean with impacts on the supply chain and the marketing of their products. We argue that these market interventions contribute to the ultimate governance objectives, and challenge the conception of SSF as a non-innovative sector. We propose that a richer engagement with the blue economy paradigm supports the perception of the SSF as a prospective sector, to match the promotion of aquaculture among others.
... We focus on the Mediterranean, but research has shown that the innovative marketing and selling activities by SSF are not unique to this region; their presence as means of resistance to mainstream monopolized markets has been observed in other parts of the world with relatively strong institutions (Stoll et al. 2015;Witter and Stoll 2017;Penca 2019b;Prosperia et al. 2019;Duggan et al. 2020). The Mediterranean initiatives have generated interest for the variety of activities, taking place against an alarming state of Mediterranean fisheries as well as the strong tradition of fishing and seafood consumption (Penca et al. 2021;Gómez and Maynou 2021). ...
... In these, SSF have started innovating in supply chains and the marketing of their products, as well as in cooperating within themselves more closely, with the view of gaining a stronger position in the market. Individually and collectively, these activities are believed to have brought about and made visible the benefits to SSF by increasing profit-taking, consumers choice and building a stronger community identity (Stoll et al. 2015;Duggan et al. 2020), as well as contributed to the empowering of the SSF as a stakeholder in policy-making (Penca 2019b). ...
Despite the progress in the international and regional governance efforts at the level of climate change, ocean acidification (OA) remains a global problem with profoundly negative environmental, social, and economical consequences. This requires extensive mitigation and adaptation effective strategies that are hindered by current shortcomings of governance. This multidisciplinary chapter investigates the risks of ocean acidification (OA) for aquaculture and fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea and its sub-basins and the role of regional adaptive governance to tackle the problem. The identified risks are based on the biological sensitivities of the most important aquaculture species and biogenic habitats and their exposure to the current and future predicted (2100) RCP 8.5 conditions. To link OA exposure and biological sensitivity, we produced spatially resolved and depth-related pH and aragonite saturation state exposure maps and overlaid these with the existing aquaculture industry in the coastal waters of the Mediterranean basin to demonstrate potential risk for the aquaculture in the future. We also identified fisheries’ vulnerability through the indirect effects of OA on highly sensitive biogenic habitats that serve as nursery and spawning areas, showing that some of the biogenic habitats are already affected locally under existing OA conditions and will be more severely impacted across the entire Mediterranean basin under 2100 scenarios. This provided a regional vulnerability assessment of OA hotspots, risks and gaps that created the baseline for discussing the importance of adaptive governance and recommendations for future OA mitigation/adaptation strategies. By understanding the risks under future OA scenarios and reinforcing the adaptability of the governance system at the science-policy interface, best informed, “situated” management response capability can be optimised to sustain ecosystem services.
... We focus on the Mediterranean, but research has shown that the innovative marketing and selling activities by SSF are not unique to this region; their presence as means of resistance to mainstream monopolized markets has been observed in other parts of the world with relatively strong institutions (Stoll et al. 2015;Witter and Stoll 2017;Penca 2019b;Prosperia et al. 2019;Duggan et al. 2020). The Mediterranean initiatives have generated interest for the variety of activities, taking place against an alarming state of Mediterranean fisheries as well as the strong tradition of fishing and seafood consumption (Penca et al. 2021;Gómez and Maynou 2021). ...
... In these, SSF have started innovating in supply chains and the marketing of their products, as well as in cooperating within themselves more closely, with the view of gaining a stronger position in the market. Individually and collectively, these activities are believed to have brought about and made visible the benefits to SSF by increasing profit-taking, consumers choice and building a stronger community identity (Stoll et al. 2015;Duggan et al. 2020), as well as contributed to the empowering of the SSF as a stakeholder in policy-making (Penca 2019b). ...
This Open Access book on Ocean Governance examines sustainability challenges facing our oceans today. The book is organized into three sections: knowledge systems, policy foundations and thematic analyses. The knowledge produced in the book was catalyzed by the scientific outcomes within the European-funded Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) network “Ocean Governance for Sustainability – Challenges, Options and the Role of Science”. This network brings together scientists, policy-makers and civil society representatives from 28 nation states to cooperate on ocean governance research. This book offers a compilation of new research material including focused case studies, broad policy syntheses and reflective chapters on the history and current status of knowledge production systems on ocean governance. New research material is presented, although some chapters draw on secondary sources. The book starts with synthetic review chapters from the editors, outlining past and present knowledge systems, addressing how and why ocean governance for sustainability is where it currently stands with critical reflections on existing narratives, path dependencies and colonialist histories. This is followed by chapters addressing, synthesizing and analyzing different legal and policy frameworks for ocean governance both regionally and internationally. At the core of the book are the thematic analyses, which provide focused case studies with detailed contextual information in support of different ocean governance challenges and sustainability pathways around the world. The book concludes with a chapter explicitly targeting students, researchers and policy-makers with key take-away messages compiled by the editors.
... We focus on the Mediterranean, but research has shown that the innovative marketing and selling activities by SSF are not unique to this region; their presence as means of resistance to mainstream monopolized markets has been observed in other parts of the world with relatively strong institutions (Stoll et al. 2015;Witter and Stoll 2017;Penca 2019b;Prosperia et al. 2019;Duggan et al. 2020). The Mediterranean initiatives have generated interest for the variety of activities, taking place against an alarming state of Mediterranean fisheries as well as the strong tradition of fishing and seafood consumption (Penca et al. 2021;Gómez and Maynou 2021). ...
... In these, SSF have started innovating in supply chains and the marketing of their products, as well as in cooperating within themselves more closely, with the view of gaining a stronger position in the market. Individually and collectively, these activities are believed to have brought about and made visible the benefits to SSF by increasing profit-taking, consumers choice and building a stronger community identity (Stoll et al. 2015;Duggan et al. 2020), as well as contributed to the empowering of the SSF as a stakeholder in policy-making (Penca 2019b). ...
... Variability in fishing is also influenced by regulatory closures to fisheries and culture (weekends and holidays) (Kroodsma et al. 2018). Educating consumers about seasonality in local wild caught seafood is recommended as well as increasing the connections between consumers and harvesters through direct marketing efforts (Stoll et al. 2015;Witter and Stoll 2017). Consumer perceptions, attitudes and beliefs of local food are also important (Palmer et al. 2017;Skallerud and Wien 2019), as well as supply chain infrastructure and a supportive policy environment (Imhoff and Badaracoo 2019). ...
Seasonality is a natural feature of wild caught fisheries that introduces variation in food supply, and which often is amplified by fisheries management systems. Seasonal timing of landings patterns and linkages to consumption patterns can have a potentially strong impact on income for coastal communities as well as import patterns. This study characterizes the relationship between seasonality in seafood production and consumption in the United States by analyzing monthly domestic fisheries landings and imports and retail sales of farmed and wild seafood from 2017 to 2019. Analyses were conducted for total seafood sales, by product form, by species group, and by region of the United States. The data reveal strong seasonal increases in consumption around December and March. Seasonal increases in consumption in Spring and Summer occurred in parallel with domestic fishing production. Domestic landings vary by region, but most regions have peak fishing seasons between May and October. Alaska has the largest commercial fishery in the United States and seasonal peaks in Alaska (July/August, February/March) strongly influence seasonality in national landings. Misalignment between domestic production and consumption in some seasons and species groups creates opportunities for imports to supplement demand and lost opportunities for domestic producers.
... examines communities of practice, aggregations of individuals bound together by shared expertise, craft or livelihood, and who learn how to improve their expertise and get better at their craft or vocation through regular interactions (Barnes, 2001;Wenger and Snyder, 2000). Communities of producers (Ansari et al., 2012;Weber et al., 2008) (Cantino et al., 2017;Quist and Nygren, 2015;Stoll et al., 2015;Uduji et al., 2020), gold miners (Saldarriaga-Isaza et al., 2015), and reindeer herders (Dana and Light, 2011). ...
... In this case, the push for entrepreneurship-and associated dynamics of emergence-came from an external source intending to empower through economic opportunity. Stoll et al. (2015) report similar findings in which, within a community of place taking on context and supporter roles, a new sub-community of practice emerged when fishermen within the existing community actively participated in the Walking Fish community-supported fishery, thereby enabling themselves to assume the role of opportunity creators. Table 4, line E4) study, the community of place also functions as supporter but, as the emergent sub-community of interest and practice arose, it became more entrepreneurial. ...
Although there is wide recognition of the importance of entrepreneurship for generating societal impact, entrepreneurial activities alone rarely achieve a positive impact without the engagement of communities. To date, however, entrepreneurship researchers have tended to overlook the importance of community for creating societal impact through entrepreneurship, and lack a comprehensive understanding of the nature and roles of communities. To address this, we conduct a systematic review of the literature published in 51 journals across the Management and Entrepreneurship, Economic Development/Community Development, Economic Geography and Regional Science, Energy, and Public Administration disciplines, that makes three contributions. First, it identifies a new typology of community and proposes a comprehensive framework of roles through which societal impact is created by entrepreneurship for, in, with, enabled by, and driven by communities. Second, it demonstrates that the key to understanding how community relates to societal impact creation is to jointly account for both its type(s) and role(s). By linking community types and roles, the findings also suggest a theoretical contribution based on the relationship between the degree of formalization of a community type, and the degree of agency that a community role enacts. Third, the review underscores that communities are not just static settings but can also be dynamic actors in efforts to use entrepreneurship to create societal impact. Our cross-disciplinary review highlights trends and gaps in the extant literature and provides researchers with an evidence-based research agenda to guide future inquiry on this vital topic.
... Management actions that adapt harvest levels to match changing stock productivity are key to supporting sustainable fisheries with ongoing harvest opportunities as ecosystem conditions change(Gaines et al., 2018;Holsman et al., 2019;Kasperski & Holland, 2013; Walters & Martell, 2005). Adjusting fishing practices to focus on quality over quantity, direct marketing, or a shortened supply chain could maintain income as catch levels decrease(Stoll et al., 2015). Additionally, the development of aquaculture for existing species that cannot sustain wild fisheries could be considered as an important acceptance strategy(Lorenzen, 2006;Stoll et al., 2019). ...
Fisheries management is a complex task made even more challenging by rapid and unprecedented socioecological transformations associated with climate change. The Resist‐Accept‐Direct (RAD) framework can be a useful tool to support fisheries management in facing the high uncertainty and variability associated with aquatic ecosystem transformations. Here, RAD strategies are presented to address ecological goals for aquatic ecosystems and social goals for fisheries. These strategies are mapped on a controllability matrix which explores the ability to guide a system's behaviour towards a desired state based on ecological responsiveness and societal receptivity to change. Understanding and improving the controllability of aquatic systems and fisheries can help managers to maintain the broadest suite of available RAD management strategies. El manejo de recursos pesqueros es una tarea compleja que se complica aun más con las transformaciones socioecológicas asociadas al cambio climático. El marco de Resistir‐Aceptar‐Dirigir (RAD) puede ser una herramienta útil para la toma de decisiones en el manejo pesquero en cara a la alta incertidumbre y variabilidad asociada a las transformaciones de los ecosistemas acuáticos. Aquí se presentan las estrategias de RAD en cuanto a los objetivos ecológicos para los sistemas acuáticos y objetivos sociológicos para las pesquerías. Dichas estrategias están presentadas en una matriz de control, la cual explora la habilidad de guiar el comportamiento de un sistema hacia el estado deseado basado en la capacidad ecológica a responder al manejo y la receptividad social a cambios. Entender y mejorar el nivel de control de sistemas acuáticos y pesquerías puede ayudar a los manejadores a mantener una amplia selección de estrategias de manejo RAD.
... However, small-scale fisheries in Sweden and many other European countries are declining. Degraded marine environments and poor fish stocks combined with intense price competition on global markets pose challenges for SSF, who under current circumstances cannot catch more to compensate for income loss (Hultman et al., 2018;Stoll et al., 2015). The top-down, market-based management models employed in the EU favour large-scale over small-scale actors, worsening conditions for SSF (Arias Schreiber et al., 2020;Autzen and Ounanian, 2021;Björkvik et al., 2020;Hultman et al., 2018;Percy & O'Riordan, 2020). ...
Swedish and EU authorities, scholars, and activists have articulated sustainability visions and goals related to direct sales of fish and seafood, small-scale fisheries, and coastal communities. Research that investigates whether and how direct seafood sales by European or Swedish coastal fishers achieve such sustainable futures is however only beginning to emerge. In this study we use the theoretical framework of sustainable materialism to analyse qualitative data from eight Swedish operations that market fish and seafood directly to consumers. Our findings reveal that fishers who sell directly confront social and economic challenges and operate at a small scale, which calls into question claims made in policy documents, reports, and the media about the relationship between direct sales and sustainable development. At the same time, the operations realise sustainability visions promoted by the global alternative food movement: they strengthen non-fishers' support for small-scale producers, transmit knowledge and concern about fish and marine environments, and facilitate some consumption outside the corporate-industrial food system. For the practice to contribute meaningfully to supporting small-scale fisheries, coastal communities and sustainable consumption, we argue, direct seafood sales must be repositioned in thicker social and institutional arrangements that can spread laterally and be networked.
... 4.2.2.1 Cluster 1: resilience, entrepreneurship and networksenvironmental perspective and innovation. In Cluster 1one of the largest formed (16 articles) and containing the most influential articles (according to total citations)the authors highlight different aspects of resilience, entrepreneurship and collaboration networks according to two perspectives: first, those based on an environmental perspective (Baird et al., 2019;Butler et al., 2016;Graham et al., 2016;Hegger et al., 2014;Johannessen et al., 2014;Jozaei et al., 2020;Kangogo et al., 2020;Olsson et al., 2004;€ Osterblom and Sumaila, 2011;Rosen and Olsson, 2013;Stoll et al., 2015) and second, those analysing these topics from a perspective of innovation (Hooli et al., 2016;Jabeen et al., 2019;Moore and Westley, 2011;Pierce et al., 2017;Westley et al., 2011). ...
... From a perspective of environmental governance, € Osterblom and Sumaila (2011) underline that the challenges arising from illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing led to developing a model to respond to crises that created opportunities for political entrepreneurs who capitalized on political innovations (some of them based on international cooperation). Also concerning fishing, Stoll et al. (2015) highlighted how cooperation among fishermen, a form of institutional entrepreneurship, gives them many advantages and lets them promote the resilience of the socio-ecological systems in which they operate. ...
Focused on the intersection between entrepreneurial resilience and different forms of collaboration, this research makes a systematic analysis of the literature resorting to various complementary bibliometric techniques (key-word co-occurrence; bibliographic coupling of documents; bibliographic coupling of authors; co-citation of references). According to the research protocol defined, a search by topics was made in Web of Science, with no time restriction, which led to including 97 articles in the sample. Descriptive analysis identified the evolution and tendency of publications and citations, the most productive journals, universities and countries in this topic and the research methodologies followed in the articles of the sample. The different bibliometric techniques applied led to understanding and systematization of the tendencies and themes concerning the topic, allowing the development of a conceptual framework articulating them and revealing possible lines of research that could contribute to developing the literature.
Key-words: Resilience; Entrepreneurship; Entrepreneurial Resilience; Collaboration; Cooperation; Partnerships; Alliances; Networks; Systematic Literature Review; Bibliometric Techniques.
... Direct marketing arrangements are growing in number, and research suggests they have the potential to significantly influence fisheries sustainability and improve the livelihoods of fishing communities (Stoll, Dubik, et al., 2015). This is as a result of the values embedded in alternative food businesses that allow them to operate not entirely in pursuit of profit, but in pursuit of values related to community ownership of food resources, fair wages, transparency, and ecological sustainability. ...
... While many small-scale fishermen were able to pivot to direct marketing during the COVID-19 pandemic, many faced obstacles that relate to a policy environment designed around large-scale industrial fishing and international trade. Some of the challenges that small-scale fishermen trying to enter the direct-marketing space face are similar to the challenges faced by many new business owners: lack of business knowledge, struggling with workload and capacity, and marketing their product (DesRivières et al., 2017;Stoll, Dubik, et al., 2015;Stoll, Pinto da Silva, et al., 2015). ...
The globalization of the seafood industry has prompted the creation of alternative business models that seek to resist the industrialization of the industry, while promoting a specific set of core social and environmental values that ostensibly deviate from the global mainstream. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, actors in this "alternative" space emerged as a visible feature of the global seafood distribution system. By restructuring and shortening seafood supply chains, alternative seafood networks (ASNs) are reasserting the importance of a specific set of values in food systems for both environmental and socio-cultural reasons. This thesis explores the diversity of businesses within the alternative seafood space and how this diversity has emerged and changed over time. It also draws comparisons from food systems literature to understand the implications of too much diversity within the alternative seafood space. Finally, this thesis also explores the challenges ASN operators face and opportunities to address them. This work is an opportunity to explore the current and future role of ASNs in the broader seafood economy. iii
