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Map of Yucatan peninsula indicating the collecting sites in Yucatan (1 Telchac; 2 Dzilam de Bravo) and Quintana Roo (3 Cancún; 4 Playa del Carmen; 5 Tulum) coasts
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Extracts from 48 marine macroalgae species (17 Chlorophyta, 8 Phaeophyta and 23 Rhodophyta) from the coasts of Yucatan and
Quintana Roo (Mexico) were evaluated for antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity was measured with the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrasyl)
method, and the phenolic content of each extract were also evaluated. All specie...
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Context 1
... species of macroalgae were collected from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean coast of Yucatan and Quintana Roo (Fig. 1) between October 2005 andFebruary 2006. Once harvested, macroalgae were stored in plastic bags and placed on ice for transport to the laboratory. Voucher specimens of all species were pressed and stored in 4% formol for identification according to Wynne (2005). Samples were washed thoroughly with fresh water to remove salts, sand and ...
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... Among algal species including Rhodophyta (red), Phaeophyceae (brown) and Chlorophyta (green), brown seaweeds have the highest phenolic content [1]. Brown seaweeds are a source of unique polyphenols called phlorotannins [2,3]. ...
... Other factors such as growth conditions of algae, time and place of algal collection, employed extraction technique, purification and separation efficiency could also influence the phlorotannin's identification. 1 H NMR, by detecting the signals of aromatic protons on phloroglucinol rings, and 13 C NMR, by identifying various types of carbon linkages, play a crucial role in the structural identification of phlorotannins. For example, 13 C NMR helped DAD in confirming phlorotannin's presence in Laminaria digitata, and types of linkages including C -C (fucol-type), C-O-C (phlorethol-type), C -H, and C-OH, and their relative abundance, 22 %, 32.2 %, 1.7 %, and 44.1 % respectively, were obtained by 13 C NMR [5]. 1 H NMR spectra revealed signals between 5.70 ppm and 6.45 ppm, corresponding to hydrogens on the benzene rings of phlorotannins. ...
... In addition to its better selectivity for phlorotannins compared to the F -C assay, the DMBA also offers the advantages of being cheaper, rapid, and suitable for use with even smaller sample volumes. 1 H NMR, a less frequent phlorotannin's quantification technique, in which the average number of H-atoms on the benzene ring acquired by 13 C NMR, was used in 1 H NMR for phlorotannin's quantification [5]. The quantification was based on the comparison of the integrated phlorotannin's zone with the internal standards, Trimethylsilylpropanoic acid (TSP), and converting the integrated value to a mass value [71]. ...
Phlorotannins, the polyphenols mostly found in brown seaweeds, have attracted high attention from the pharmaceutical industry in recent years due to their antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. These properties make them desirable to be utilized in a wide range of therapeutics. Despite their importance, several challenges make their extractability and identification complex, for example, the unavailability of standards and their presence at low concentrations in seaweed matrices. This study reviews the analytical techniques utilized for the characterization of phlorotannins, highlights the associated challenges, and suggests potential solutions to overcome these challenges and improve the precision and reliability of phlorotannin analysis in future studies. Despite the longstanding use of conventional solid-liquid extraction (SLE) for the extraction of phlorotannin, recent studies have shifted toward more environmentally sustainable techniques. This study also highlights the critical importance of selective multi-step purification in improving the measured total phlorotannin content (TPC) and the number of identified phlorotannins by effectively removing interfering matrices, such as lipids and proteins. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) have proven successful in the tentative identification of phlorotannins. However, achieving the highest level of identification confidence remains challenging due to the unavailability of standards. For quantification, the 2,4- dimethoxybenzaldehyde (DMBA) assay and quantitative NMR technique offer greater precision and specificity for phlorotannins, whereas the Folin–Ciocalteu (F-C) assay tends to overestimate phlorotannin content due to quantifying other phenolic compounds.
... Among the macroalgae, the highest concentration of phenolic compounds is observed in brown algae (Zubia et al. 2007;Guinea et al. 2012;Heffernan et al. 2014;Tenorio-Rodriguez et al. 2017). Phenolic compounds represent a big family of molecules, e.g., phlorotannins, bromophenols, flavonoids or phenolic acids, that are synthetized in response to environmental stress conditions like herbivory or UV radiation. ...
The invasion of Rugulopteryx okamurae along the southern European coastline is producing significant ecological and socioeconomic impacts. Its rapid proliferation and high adaptability have cause severe ecosystem disruptions, displacing indigenous species and altering habitat structures. Various factors, including favorable environmental conditions and chemical defenses, have contributed to its rapid spread. This situation has prompted urgent interdisciplinary research and the implementation of management strategies. Regulatory frameworks have been established to address its invasive status, aiming to control the bio-invasion. Valorization strategies could contribute to sustainable marine ecosystem management and marine biotechnology advancements. R. okamurae presents a wide variety of valuable molecules in its internal composition, such as alginates, terpenoids or carotenoids, with potential biotechnological applications. Promising results have been obtained using R. okamurae in compost or biostimulants, as supplements in aquafeed or as part of biomaterial to develop eco-friendly products. Some molecules like terpenoids have shown anti-inflammatory properties with applications in the nutraceutical industry. However, significant challenges remain in fully understanding its biology, ecological impacts, and effective control measures. Coordinated efforts among scientists, politicians, companies and stakeholders are essential to mitigate its spread and explore its potential for sustainable resource utilization. The ecological and economic impacts are being studied but there is a still scarce number of studies to follow a strategy of control based in blue and circular economy.
... When working at 100 • C, the E:W Cladophora glomerata extracts also showed outstanding TPC values, ranging from 16.06 to 25.85 mg GAE/g d.w., but significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05) than those obtained at 150 • C. Results are better than those found in the literature for other Cladophora species such as C. surera from Argentina (2.69 mg GAE/g d.w.) [11], C. prolifera and C. vagabond from Mexico (1.02-1.95 mg GAE/g d.w.) [39], and C. ruprestris and C. vulgaris from the Lithuanian coast (1.26-3.52 mg GAE/g d.w.) [40]. ...
Driven by a growing global interest in natural products, macroalgae have emerged as a prime source for nutraceuticals and pharmaceutical applications. In the current research, the effect of oven-drying (OD) and freeze-drying (FD), as well as the pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) conditions, were investigated in relation to the polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and tocochromanols levels in Cladophora glomerata extracts. The ethanol–water extracts (1:1) obtained with PLE-150 °C from macroalgae oven-dried (OD)-80 °C displayed the highest total polyphenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFCs), reaching 29.62 mg GAE/g and 5.92 mg QE/g. Aqueous extracts using PLE-200 °C were also an excellent environmentally friendly option for TPC and TFC isolation, which were the main factors accounting for the ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP antioxidant activity of the extracts. The remarkable effects of drying conditions positively affect the carotenoids, chlorophyll α-tocopherol, and α-tocotrienol levels from extracts showing 1.3–6 times higher amounts in extracts of Cladophora glomerata OD at 80 °C compared with other research approaches. Nanotechnology approaches allowed the formulation of antioxidant-loaded nanoemulsions from Cladophora glomerata extracts, providing stability and a great internalization rate that ameliorates to 85% the ROS levels, attenuating the oxidative stress induced by H2O2 in J774.1 macrophage cell line.
... Therefore, G. cornea has emerged as an ideal species for cultivation. Extracts derived from this macroalga exhibit remarkable bioactive properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and immunological activities, making it an attractive subject of study (Zubia et al. 2007;Coura et al. 2012;Álvarez-Gómez et al. 2019). ...
Gracilaria cornea was exposed to different irradiance intensities (low, moderate, and high) and light qualities (white and white + blue) in experimental cultures. Photosynthetic physiology was measured through daily growth rate, maximum photosynthesis, maximum photochemical efficiency, pigment content (chlorophyll a, phycobiliproteins, carotenoids), and elemental content of carbon and nitrogen. Gracilaria cornea effectively acclimated to low irradiance conditions and displayed tolerance to moderate irradiance, whereas high irradiance resulted in the deterioration of thalli. A decrease in maximum photochemical efficiency and maximum photosynthesis rate under high irradiance conditions was observed. Pigment content decreased during the acclimation period at high irradiance levels but increased when blue light was added under moderate irradiance conditions. The antioxidant capacity decreased in thalli exposed to high irradiance conditions, whereas the addition of blue light increased antioxidant capacity. Overall, the combination of white and blue light stimulated the accumulation of all evaluated compounds in G. cornea. Interestingly, higher values for photosynthesis, pigments, and certain antioxidants were observed under low irradiance conditions. These findings enhance our understanding of the adaptation strategies employed by G. cornea, potentially leading to improvements in indoor cultivation and the control of chemical compound production for nutraceutical applications.
... SD had a comparatively small constitute (7.02 ± 0.87 mg GA/g), whereas FD (Ulva intestinalis) had the highest TPC (12.59 ± 1.07 mg). A couple of studies (Khadijah, Soekamto, Firdaus & Syah, 2021;Zubia, Robledo & Freile-Pelegrin, 2007) conveyed identical TPCs of Ulva sp. for dried seaweeds. When exposed to sunlight, Ulva sp., Uribe et al. (2018) encountered the most influential TPC level (143.79 ± 5.76 mg of GA/g). ...
Marine algae have been visualized as fostering a prevalent actuation of bioactive substances that have noteworthy therapeutic effects. The current investigations deployed a trio of separate drying methods, i.e., oven drying, freeze drying, and sun drying, to quantify the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and dietary vitality of Ulva intestinalis and Padina tetrastromatica. By mining and scrutinizing it to the quercetin and gallic acid standards, TPC and TFC were derived. Among three drying techniques, freeze drying asserted higher TPC (12.59 ± 1.07 in U. intestinalis and 68.74 ± 1.95 mg of GA/g in P. tetrastromatica) and TFC (7.92 ± 0.97 in U. intestinalis and 58.15 ± 2.05 mg of quercetin/g in P. tetrastromatica) values. Ulva intestinalis and P. tetrastromatica also contain a high amount of protein (18.34% and 8.7%, respectively). The findings demonstrated that green seaweed possessed higher levels of potassium (2.20%) and molybdenum (2.41%) and brown seaweed showed higher amounts of potassium (2.41%) and calcium (1.11%). Where rapid drying methods are recommended to enhance constituent levels, freeze-drying could be an attractive alternative to oven and sun drying, as it addresses the drawbacks associated with prolonged drying periods.
... For instance, Guinea, et al. [66] reported that the highest FC activities were found in Ascophyllum nodosum, Lessonia vadosa, and Fucus vesiculosus, while other brown algae showed similar activities to red algae. Similarly, Zubia, et al. [67] observed that most of the highest values in the FC assay were found in brown algae. Additionally, Tibbetts, et al. [68] reported that all brown algae had higher FC values than other algae. ...
The Folin-Ciocalteu assay is a tool widely employed to measure total phenolic content (TPC) in various applications across different fields, including food industry, agriculture, medicine, and environmental sciences. However, despite its popularity, there are limitations and an ongoing debate concerning its accuracy in TPC measurement. This review addresses these concerns within the context of phycology. A comprehensive database was compiled to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze the use of the Folin-Ciocalteu assay in this field. The quantitative approach led to the creation of an activity scale, indicating that brown algae, with their phlorotannins, and green microalgae stand out within the algal groups. Moreover, the qualitative approach indicates that the assay has proven to be a sensitive tool for studying algal ecology and physiology, and it has been widely employed to evaluate the biotechnological potential. However, a critical analysis reveals concerns related to interfering non-phenolic compounds and insufficient information on data reporting, including imprecise language and undefined terms, which hinders comparison with literature. Despite the growing interest in the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, most articles (98.7 %) do not take into account the effect of interfering compounds on TPC determination. Thus, the Folin-Ciocalteu assay is used as a measure of reducing power or antioxidant capacity in phycology rather than a measure of TPC. Nevertheless, with proper consideration of limitations, the Folin-Ciocalteu assay remains a valuable tool due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and sensitivity.
... g. Cluster #6: Avrainvillea longicaulis (Major descriptors: "evolution," "resistance," "chemical defenses") -Investigates the seaweed species Avrainvillea longicaulis' chemical defenses and antioxidant activity, with Hay et al. [78] and Zubia et al. [79], examining its ability to produce secondary metabolites deterring herbivory. h. ...
Seaweed research has gained substantial momentum in recent years, attracting the attention of researchers, academic institutions, industries, policymakers, and philanthropists to explore its potential applications and benefits. Despite the growing body of literature, there is a paucity of comprehensive scientometric analyses, highlighting the need for an in-depth investigation. In this study, we utilized CiteSpace to examine the global seaweed research landscape through the Web of Science Core Collection database, assessing publication trends, collaboration patterns, network structures, and co-citation analyses across 48,278 original works published since 1975. Our results demonstrate a diverse and active research community, with a multitude of authors and journals contributing to the advancement of seaweed science. Thematic co-citation cluster analysis identified three primary research areas: "Coral reef," "Solar radiation," and "Mycosporine-like amino acid," emphasizing the multidisciplinary nature of seaweed research. The increasing prominence of "Chemical composition" and "Antioxidant" keywords indicates a burgeoning interest in characterizing the nutritional value and health-promoting properties of seaweed. Timeline co-citation analysis unveils that recent research priorities have emerged around the themes of coral reefs, ocean acidification, and antioxidants, underlining the evolving focus and interdisciplinary approach of the field. Moreover, our analysis highlights the potential of seaweed as a functional food product, poised to contribute significantly to addressing global food security 2 and sustainability challenges. This study underscores the importance of bibliometric analysis in elucidating the global seaweed research landscape and emphasizes the need for sustained knowledge exchange and collaboration to drive the field forward. By revealing key findings and emerging trends, our research offers valuable insights for academics and stakeholders, fostering a more profound understanding of seaweed's potential and informing future research endeavors in this promising domain.
... Each technique contrasts as far as their assay principles and the investigation conditions. Consequently, the total antioxidant potential may differ based on the diverse strategies (Mayalen Zubia et al., 2007). ...
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Marine algae are potential antioxidant natural resources and have gained recent attention. Reducing the strength of methanol extract improved with an increasing the extract concentration. In the current investigation, the use of DPPH and ABTS assay was done on antioxidant activity of methanol extract from marine red alga Champia purvula. The radical scavenging activity was noted in different concentrations from 100 to 900 μg/mL. An IC 50 value of DPPH radical was recorded in 33 μg/mL and ABTS was recorded at 33.5 μg/mL and compared to the standard. Thus, the findings showed that red alga C. purvula possesses powerful antioxidant activity that indicates their possible use in the development of pharmaceutical drugs.
... The overall aim of this type of research is discovery of compounds and/or extracts that can counteract free radical-induced and other oxidative stress processes, and in so doing decrease the incidence of human diseases directly related to these processes [5]. Natural antioxidants from algae are known to play an important role against various diseases and aging processes [6]. ...
... In light of the potential commercial uses of algal antioxidant compounds in the medicine, food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries [6], we saw the need to ascertain whether algae could be a natural source of such compounds. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant activity of extracts from marine red algae Chondrococcus hornemannii and Spyridia fusiformis using nitricoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals assay. ...
The antioxidant activity of methanol extracts of the red seaweed, Chondrococcus hornemannii and Spyridia fusiformis was analyzed through two different radicals such as nitricoxide and hydroxyl radicals. The extract from S. fusiformis had the highest antioxidant potential, which was also found to be equivalent to the antioxidant activities of some commercial antioxidants (BHT and L-ascorbic acid). The antioxidant assay was performed at the concentration ranging from 100 – 500 μL. The present study confirms that C. hornemannii and S. fusiformis received special attention and used as a source of natural antioxidant.
... The highest detected amount of total phenolic compound (205.5 mg of GA/g) was uncovered by [8] in red seaweed, Hypnea musciformes. The here and now inspection outweighed 45.1 ± 0.01 mg of GA/g for G. persica [58], 10.7 ± 0.02 mg of GA/g for H. flagelliformis [58], 9.84 ± 0.03 mg of GA/g for H. musciformes [8], 20.4 ± 0.13 mg of GA/g for Gracilariopsis tenuifrons [59], and 11.37 ± 0.92 mg of GA/g for Hypnea sp. [21]. ...
Seaweed is known to empower a mass embodiment of bioactive compounds with potent health convenience. Current perusals intended to explore the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant dynamism of red seaweed, Gracilariopsis longissima as pervaded by different solvents and solvent fractions (methanol, ethanol, acetone, and water). The extracts dynamism to antioxidant were assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2, 2 ’ -Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). Here, 100% methanolic and acetonic extract asserted maximal extent of total phenolic and flavonoid content (88.70 mg of gallic acid/g and 75.06 mg of quercetin/g respectively) in a sufficiently great way. However, 50% methanolic DPPH and ABTS solution (74.32%, IC 50 = 0.027 mg/ml and 70.51%, IC 50 = 0.033 mg/ml) significantly demonstrated the highest percentage of inhibition and antioxidant activity compared to other solvents. Gracilariopsis longissima also contains a high amount of protein (30.63%) and minerals especially potassium (4.47%) and calcium (2.54%). According to the results of this study, G. longissima extracts prepared using 100% methanol as a solvent showed higher total phenolic and total flavonoid quantity and 50% methanol as a solvent showed higher antioxidant potential. These properties will be valuable for nutritional food and medicinal uses.
