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This study determined the quantity, composition, the levels of remaining recyclable materials, and to evaluate treatment methods for commercial solid waste (CSW) in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Waste samples were collected from 52 commercial sectors including hotels, restaurants, internet cafés, guesthouses, beer gardens, markets, schools, microfinance ag...
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... Globally, the population in urban areas is increasing at an alarming rate, hence an enormous volume of waste is generated every day [1][2][3][4]. One of the main problems facing developing countries, especially in cities that are expanding quickly, is the volume of municipal solid wastes [5][6][7]. The main causes of this are uncontrolled urbanization and population expansion. ...
Effective municipal solid waste management is a critical aspect of urban development. This study investigated the waste generation rate, composition, and current solid waste management plan in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia. A two-stage random sampling technique was implemented. Data collection involves onsite data collection, structured questionnaires, and semistructured interviews. The result indicated that retail trade emerges as the leading sector, generating nearly half of the total solid waste (49%), and the food service sector stands second. In terms of solid waste type, food waste constitutes a significant portion of the waste stream, with a daily generation of 10,817.51 kg. The paper and cardboard waste in the market centers were the second waste, accounting for 762.684 kg per day. The amount of plastic waste generated per day ranges from 157.946 to 493.253 kg, and because of its high volatile matter content (68.95%), it might be used to produce energy. Food waste and yard waste had a high moisture content of 63.25% and 40.14%, respectively, which makes them ideal for composting and biogas production. Among the seven study sites, Kebele 04 had a huge waste generation, which was 47% of the total waste generation, indicating a spatial disparity in waste production in the city. The results highlighted the immense potential for waste reuse and recycling, emphasizing the circular economic opportunities associated with sustainable waste management practices. The findings contribute valuable insights to urban planners and policymakers to implement sustainable solid waste management plans in the country.
... They usually burn biodegradable waste and bury broken glass. The householders and business owners usually sort and sell recyclables, such as glass, metal, cardboard, and plastic (Mongtoeun et al. 2014;Uch et al., 2014). More than two-thirds of all respondents estimate their WGR less than 0.5 kg capita -1 day -1 (Table 3). ...
This study developed logistic regression models to analyse the relationship between 12 observed variables on knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward solid waste management in the suburbs of Phnom Penh city. We interviewed 800 households, including 200 collection service users and 600 non-service users. The determinants of how individuals are aware of, think of, and behave were assessed in the models based on the values of estimated coefficient and probability of t-statistics. As a result, education level and knowledge of health effects have positive influences on knowledge of waste problems. Income is a decisive economic factor of knowledge and attitudes. The residents seem dissatisfied with the status of waste management and collection service if they are aware of the problems. The administration, therefore, needs improvements to satisfy the knowledgeable citizens. Service provision to the non-service users is imperative to halt the practice of illegal dumping. However, the infrequent collection still leads to the improper practice of the service users. We suggest that the service is provided widely, efficiently, and regularly.
Increasing waste production and its disposal into the environment without treatment and resource recovery is considered as a threat to the environment and human health. This study aimed to determine the current commercial and institutional solid waste generation rates, physicochemical and compositional analyses at selected sub-cities in Addis Ababa (Arada, Kirkos and Yeka), Ethiopia and to estimate its nutrient recovery potential for the production of organic fertilizer. The study covered a sample size of 44 commercial and 44 institutional centers. Physiochemical analyses of organic fraction of mixed commercial and institutional solid wastes were determined following standard methods. The study finding showed that the average municipal (commercial and institutional) solid waste generation rates was 0.24 kg/capita/day with 0.33 kg/capita/day and 0.16 kg/capita/day, respectively. The bulk densities of commercial and institutional solid waste were 421.80 kg/m3 and 361.87 kg/m3, respectively. The composition of commercial and institutional solid waste in the selected area was dominated by food waste (42.3%) followed by paper waste (30.8%). Yard & plastic wastes accounted for 9.9% and 8%, respectively. The rest waste fractions were accounted for a total of 9%. The average percentage composition of compostable wastes of the solid waste was significantly high (53%) followed by recyclable wastes (41%). The average value of pH and moisture content of the organic wastes were in the range of 6–7.5 and 47–81%, respectively. With the exception of paper waste, the highest amount of hemicellulose was recorded. Generally, the overall results showed that most of the generated waste was organic, easily biodegradable, and can be suitable feedstocks for processing organic fertilizer through composting.
Freshwater plastic pollution is critically understudied in Southeast Asia (SEA). Recent modelling studies indicate that SEA rivers contribute vast quantities of plastic to the world’s oceans, however, these fail to capture the complexity of individual systems. We determine the volume of mismanaged plastic waste (MPW) entering Tonle Sap Basin (TSB)—the largest freshwater lake–river system in SEA, between 2000 and 2030. Using economic, population and waste data at provincial and national levels, coupled with high resolution population and flood datasets, we estimate that ca. 221,700 tons of plastic entered between 2000 and 2020, and 282,300 ± 8700 tons will enter between 2021 and 2030. We demonstrate that policy interventions can reduce MPW up to 76% between 2021 and 2030. The most-stringent scenario would prevent 99% of annual MPW losses by 2030, despite substantially higher waste volumes and population. If successfully implemented, Cambodia will prevent significant losses in natural capital, material value and degradation in TSB worth at least US$4.8 billion, with additional benefits for the Mekong River and South China Sea.
Driven by economic development, population growth, change in life style, and consumption patterns, Cambodia is faced with equally rapid increase of solid waste, with MSW disposal amount attaining 1,709,379 tons/year in 2018. Various policy instruments and legislations have been developed over the years in response to this long-existing crisis, which effectively translated into tangible improvements on the ground. But municipalities continue to suffer from weak waste management system including collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal. Resource recovery almost entirely depends on informal sector while efforts for reduce and reuse are still weak, while presenting vast opportunity if effective policies are employed and implemented. The ongoing governance reform involving functional decentralization of waste management service is being implemented although at a slow pace.
The current study aims to analyze waste characteristics and management practices of the hotel industry in Hoi An, a tourism city in the center of Vietnam. Solid wastes from 120 hotels were sampled, the face-to-face interviews were conducted, and statistical methods were carried out to analyze the data. The results showed that the mean of waste generation rate of the hotels was 2.28 kg/guest/day and strongly correlated to internal influencing factors such as the capacity, the price of the room, garden, and level of restaurant. The differences in waste generation rate of the hotels were proved to be statistically significant. The higher the scale of hotels, the higher the waste generation rate. Moreover, the waste composition of the hotels was identified by 58.5% for biodegradable waste, 25.8% for recyclables and 15.7% for others. The relative differences in the waste composition of the hotels by climate, the features of hotels, and the types of the guest were explained. Whereby, the higher size of the hotels, the higher percentage of biodegradable and less proportion of recyclable waste. Also, this study revealed that the implementation status of waste management practices of the hoteliers initially reaped quite positive achievements with 76% for sorting, 39% for recycling, 29% for reduction, and 0.8% for composting. The rate of waste management practices was proportional to the scale of the hotel. This study provided information on waste management practice of hotel industry and contributed to the overall assessment of municipal solid waste management practices of Hoi An city.
This paper presents the findings of a study carried out in Phnom Penh city, Cambodia, on the basis of commercial solid waste. The waste samples were collected from hotels, restaurants, internet cafés, guesthouses, beer gardens, markets, schools, microfinances and shops from 22 July–28 August 2013. The objectives of this research are to determine waste generation rate, physical composition, and the level of recyclables remaining in the residual of waste stream and to evaluate the appropriate technology for waste treatment. The waste from 52 commercial sectors were daily collected and segregated into 23 categories. The results show that composition of commercial waste consist of 56.70% (biodegradable), 19.32% (plastic), 14.84% (paper), 8.14% (inorganics), 1.25% (textiles & shoes), 0.25% (rubber/leather), and 0.01% (wax). Waste generation rate (kg/cap/day) is 1.31 (internet cafés), 1.04 (restaurants), 0.84 (beer gardens), 0.51 (guesthouses), 0.33 (hotels), 0.23 (markets-family marts), 0.19 (ministries), 0.13 (council of ministers) and 0.11 (stores-phone, grocery and small cloth shops). In addition, schools and microfinance agencies produce waste less than 0.1.The most sorted wastes by those sectors are food waste, followed by glass bottle, paper, PET bottle, aluminium can and steels. The most recyclable remaining in unsorted waste is plastic, followed by paper, steels and aluminium can. Finally, treatment options for organic waste from commercial sectors in Phnom Penh were discussed.
