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Map of Nigeria showing the six geopolitical zones
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The journal Mathematics (ISSN 2227-7390) [...]
El estudio de la dinámica espacial urbana genera una aproximación de gran importancia en la investigación científica, cuya finalidad es determinar la evolución de los modelos y patrones de distribución espacial en la revalorización de usos del suelo. La disposición espacial de ejes o corredores longitudinales en altura con funciones de centralidad...
The objective of this study was to investigate changes in sedentary and active behaviors when previously inactive adults start exercising in the morning or evening. One-hundred adults with overweight or obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²) were recruited for a 12-week intervention and randomized to one of three groups: (i) morning exercise (AMEx; 0600–0900); (...
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... The recurrence of the agitation of the Biafra nation since the civil war between the federal government and southeastern secessionist groups has raised concerns about the security and survival of the Nigerian federal state (Olowu, 1991;Thom-Otuya, 2013;Olu-Adeyemi, 2017;Adeforiti, 2018;Amadi, Allen, & Mai-Bornu, 2023;Nwangwu, 2023). The civil war remains symbolic because it was the first time that the Biafra separatist agitators and the Nigerian government engaged in military exercises to settle their differences (Tamuno, 1970). ...
The recurrence of Biafra nation separatist agitation in Nigeria since the civil war between the federal government and southeastern secessionist groups continue to raise concerns about the security and survival of the Nigerian federal state. Hence, while studies have been conducted in this direction, the findings of extant studies have not been harmonized in the literature. This paper examined the factors sustaining separatist agitation in southeastern Nigeria. This study sourced information from secondary materials. Twenty articles published between 2018 and 2023 were purposively and randomly selected from peer-reviewed and open-access journals through the Google search engine using the phrase Biafra separatist agitation in Nigeria. The Greed and grievance, and elite theories were synthesized to analyze the agitation. The study argued that the factors sustaining Biafra separatist agitation in Nigeria can be classified as internal and external. While the internal factors are particular to the country and include military response, corruption, fear of dominance, marginalization, and failed nationalism, external factors include the proliferation of ammunition and the interest of the power blocs. In the class of factors, the elite remains necessary because it is an essential feature of human organization. Hence, the paper concluded that the elite remains the driving force behind Biafra separatist agitation in southeastern Nigeria because the unity of the elite or otherwise determines the situation in a nation. The paper suggests adequate public orientation to the masses. In addition, government institutions should be strengthened to provide services for citizens rather than based on identity.
... Federalism is an equilibrium between the two levels of governance that now exist: the states and the federal government. Thus, it can be described as a system of governance where two tiers of government with equal status have separate powers (Aliyu and Isah 2018;Lanre 2018). Federalism is distinguished from devolution within the unitary state, which is subordinated to the regional level of government, and from co-federalism, which is subordinated to the general level of government (Lanre 2018). ...
... Thus, it can be described as a system of governance where two tiers of government with equal status have separate powers (Aliyu and Isah 2018;Lanre 2018). Federalism is distinguished from devolution within the unitary state, which is subordinated to the regional level of government, and from co-federalism, which is subordinated to the general level of government (Lanre 2018). It represents the primary form constrained on the less integrated side by cofederalism and the more integrated side by devolution within a unitary state in terms of regional integration or separation. ...
... Resource controls operate vigorously in a real federal state, such as the United States of America, which is a sign of true federalism (Odje 2002). Resource control has some economic implications because it allows unit states to profit from natural and non-natural resources that fall within their borders and then give a portion of their earnings-such as taxes-to the central government on a monthly, quarterly, or annual basis (Azaiki 2003;Lanre 2018). ...
Nigeria is challenged by massive economic and national developmental stripes. These trials comprise of but are not restricted to political unpredictability, dangerous poverty, high rate of joblessness, limited economic progress, shortage of infrastructure and a decline of the country’s Gross Domestic Product as well as militancy, agitations and/or resentment, insurgency, and corruption. This paper is a theoretical attempt to assess the role of Federalism in the Niger Delta Conflict. Federal political orders are desirable as an answer aimed at creating cohesion among the people divided by ethnic, religious, economic, and cultural cleavages like in the case of Nigeria, but not in the total control of the natural resources of the sub-states. The chapter used document analysis as the research methodology and concludes that all the laws or decrees enacted by the previous military junta, like the Petroleum Act of 1969 and the Land Use Act of 1978 must be dismantled by the National Assembly. This will give room for the practice of true Federalism as the one practised in the United States of America, where the sub-states independently manage and control their resources without the direct interference of the federal government in Washington DC. The true practice of Federalism will help checkmate the institutionalization of the practices of corruption across the board in Nigeria. The practice of Federalism similar to the one practised in the United States of America will encourage productivity among the states, especially those in Northern Nigeria, instead of allowing the poor practice of Federalism to perpetuate conflict, dismantle the country’s economy, and unsettle peace.
... The reorganization or rearrangement of the constitutional, operational, fiscal, functional, structural, attitudinal, resource management and the other national-question concerns of the ethnic nationalities that constitute Nigeria for the purpose of making Nigeria to be more efficient, more acceptable, more productive, more functional and above all, more equitable. This restructuring is expected to devolve powers from the central to the constituent units, respect resource control, structurally balance the number of states per region, allow for State Police, encourage comparative advantage of natural endowments and among other things, allow the government at the center and each constituent units to function as co-ordinate and independent entities (Olu-Adeyemi, 2017;43) In similar view, Olatunji in a comment to online newspaper article stated that: Generally, Nigeria has a serious problem that must be addressed. Nigeria was better off when it operated a parliamentary system of government because the regions were autonomous, controlled their resources, had their own Police and only contributed to the central government. ...
The governmental framework of the Nigerian state – federalism was officially adopted in 1954. Then it was two levels of government; the federal government and the three regional governments. Previous administrations especially the military regimes tinkered the structure of Nigerian state from the three regions to the present 774 local government areas and 36 states federation. Despite the changes in the structure of the state, there have been pockets of demands for political restructuring of Nigeria to ensure equitable distribution of national resources and good governance. However, since the inception of the present administration in 2015, there have been upsurge in the agitation for restructuring of the Nigerian state. Sadly, the proponents of the renewed agitations for restructuring Nigeria have divergent views on what should be restructured. Therefore, this paper explores the reasons and perspectives of the renewed agitations for restructuring, the challenges and prospects of political restructuring of the Nigerian state, with a view to understanding what should be restructured. Data for this study were generated mainly from secondary sources and they were content analyzed. The paper reveals that the high level of centralization of political power, nepotism, bad leadership and marginalization of some ethnic groups in the present administration led to renewed agitation of restructuring. The paper recommended that the federal government should heed to the calls of restructuring in Nigeria and if this is granted it would engender the institutionalization of true federalism, give more powers and resources to the states, enhance political stability, competition and balanced development among states.
... The idea originated with the concept of intergovernmental relations and dates back to the legal relationship between the league and city-states (Kalagbor, 2017). According to Olu-Adeyemi (2018), federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with sub-regional governments in a single political system. Amuwo, Agbaje, Suberu and Herault, (2004) defined federalism as a form of government where the components units of a political organisation participate in sharing powers and functions in a cooperative manner. ...
... It is important to note that the essential nature of federalism is to be sought not in the shading of legal and constitutional terminology but in forces economic, social, political and cultural that make the outward forms of federalism necessary. "The essence of federalism lies not in the constitutional or institutional structure but in the society itself… Federal government is a device by which the federal qualities of the society are articulated and protected" (Olu-Adeyemi, 2018). It is a system in which governmental powers and functions are shared among various component units in such a way that each unit's jurisdictional operations are spelt out in the constitution. ...
Nigeria has, over the last three decades, observed threats to its corporate existence as a federation due to the dissatisfaction of the various ethnic nationalities. This dissatisfaction has necessitated the growth of ethnic and micro-nationalistic groups requesting that the country be restructured. Hence the clamour for “restructuring” is high more than ever in the country, with the different ethnic groups advocating for one form of restructuring of the other; while others are threatening to secede from the union. Successive governments have made efforts to pacify the different ethnic nationalities to keep fate with the Nigerian federation with little success, as the agitations for restructuring and threats to disintegrate remain all times high. Consequently, there is strong political rivalry, among the different ethnic groups, which has substantially created political instability in the nation. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to demonstrate that genuine and sincere restructuring of the Nigerian State will to a large extent dowse the threats to Nigerian federalism. The study adopted the Cooperative Federalism strand of the Modern Approach of Federalism, which is anchored on cooperation and interdependence among component units of governments, to explain the necessity for restructuring the Nigerian State. The study used mainly secondary data related to federalism, restructuring and political stability. The study revealed that there has not been a sincere effort at restructuring the Nigerian State since the collapse of the First Republic through a coup d’état, which to a large extent made the country operate as a unitary state and this has fueled ethnic rivalry as well as underdevelopment in the country. The paper concluded that for Nigerian federalism to be substantially free from stress and strains there must be a concerted effort at sincerely restructuring the polity. The study recommended among other things, that government should expedite action to restructure the Nigerian State, engage the dissatisfied and agitating groups clamouring for self-determination, grant greater autonomy to the sub-units, and allow the states to explore and exploit mineral resources in their domain for maximum productivity and development.
... By virtue of its 1999 constitution, Nigeria is a federation of thirty-six states, a Federal Capital Territory (FCT), and 774 Local Government Areas, (LGAs) (FGN, 1999). The possible reasons for the practice of federalism in Nigeria are several, and have, for instance, been presented as British imposition targeted at a post-colonial relationship, or as a preference of the British colonial administration for divide and rule, or as a separate negotiation outcome of different regions leading to an agreed solution to the problem of governance in the country at independence, or finally, as a preference for federalism over a unitary system by nationalists (Olowu, 1991;Majekodunmi, 2015;Olu-Adeyemi, 2017;Umoh & Adeyi, 2019). In addition, the practice of federalism in Nigeria today has been linked to the plurality of nations that the British colonial government amassed and had to administer under colonial rule, and for that purpose using indirect rule (Majekodunmi, 2015). ...
The study resulted from the writers' observation on raising cases of inter-ethnic crisis, insecurity, and the multiplier effects of loss incurred by residents in Nigeria. Loss of lives and properties possibly complicates an uncertainty in inter-ethnic relationships and insecurity in the country. Thus, while studies have examined the internally displaced persons (IDPs), and insecurity in the country, there is no study that has bridged the gap between the resettlement of residents on the one hand, and sustainable inter-ethnic residents' crisis management in Nigeria on the other. The study highlights the approaches of government for the resettlement of residents in residence in post-conflict situations, and identifies the reasons why the approaches of government on conflict prevention and management have failed to ensure residential rights in Nigeria. A descriptive research design was adopted, and qualitative data was sourced from secondary materials including newspaper articles, textbooks, and published and unpublished research studies. Cases of inter-ethnic clashes were purposively selected and analysed across the six geo-political zones in the country. Data were analysed using the desktop review method. The study revealed that there are no clear-cut policies for the resettlement of displaced residents thus far in Nigeria. The measures of government on conflict prevention and management remain failed either due to lack of capacity for prevention or management of attacks.
... 96 The growing demands on the Nigerian state to restructure depicts from the history of how the federal system inherited at independence had functioned, with regions given the autonomy of raising and retaining their revenues while paying taxes to the central government, developing at their paces and engaging in healthy rivalries among themselves. 97 Interestingly, some persons, especially from Northern Nigeria, have equated the calls for restructuring as calls for dismembering Nigeria. Such concern is unfounded and the notion unconstructive because Nigeria has been restructured several times, without negative consequences. ...
... Though, in the Nigerian state, the practice of federalism has continued a forbidding frightening because of the twisted nature of the federal system which has led to serious contestations among the integral populations, thus resulting in limitless fiddling and dissolution. The problem Nigeria has had to face is how to save an efficient and effective central government that would help preserve national harmony and allowing free choice for the diversities of the multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multi-lingual integral parts (Lanre, 2017). ...
The paper examined Nigerian federalism problems in prospects. Nigerian as a nation was amalgamated in 1914. The unification of the two protectorates under one canopy has created a problem in power-sharing and resources allocation among the diverse ethnic groups. Certainly, the federal system operating in the Nigerian context has created a lot of problems and prospects because of the heterogeneity nature of the country that unites diverse people under one umbrella. This study is qualitative research, data were obtained through books, journals, newspapers, magazines, reports. These data were thoroughly reviewed to explain the topic under examination. To support this paper the researcher adopted Pluralism theory. This theory by tradition explains the complication and heterogeneity nature of the country. This is because of the diverse ethnic groups and ethnoreligious differences that were united under one federating units. The study found that federalism was born to unite people of different religion, ethnicity, culture, and traditions so as to enhance the national inity as well as the economy. But the major problem of Nigerian federalism is power sharing and resources allocation across the regions and states. It is found that under the federal system there are serious problems of majority domination over the minority. These have led to ethno-religious conflicts in the nation because of unequal access to national resources and power sharing among the citizens. To overcome these problems the study recommended that: Aall the citizens of the confederating units should be treated equally in term of power and resources allocations. To maintain equality and justice among the citizens. The government should adhere to the principles of federal character commission. To minimize the problems of federalism Nigeria should ensure equality and justice in power and resources allocation among its citizen in the federating units.
Nigeria’s healthcare system faces significant challenges in financing and quality, impacting the delivery of services to its growing population. This study investigates healthcare workers’ perceptions of these challenges and their implications for healthcare policy and practice. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 600 healthcare professionals from eight states across Nigeria, representing a variety of healthcare occupations. Participants completed a questionnaire that assessed their perceptions of healthcare financing, quality of care, job satisfaction, and motivation using a 5-point Likert scale, closed- and open-ended questions. Descriptive statistics, Chi-squared test, and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that healthcare workers were generally not satisfied with the current state of healthcare financing and system quality in Nigeria. Poor funding, inadequate infrastructure, insufficient staffing, and limited access to essential resources were identified as major challenges. These challenges contributed to low job satisfaction, demotivation, and a desire to leave the profession. Socioeconomic factors, location State of practice, professional designation (clinical vs nonclinical), clinical designation (profession), and employment type (full-time vs part-time) were found to influence healthcare workers’ perceptions (p < 0.05). The findings indicated a need to improve healthcare workers’ satisfaction and retention, and quality of care in Nigeria, by increasing healthcare funding, transparent fund management protocols, investing in infrastructure and human resource development, and addressing regional healthcare disparities. By implementing these reforms, Nigeria can enhance the quality and accessibility of healthcare services and improve the health and well-being of its citizens.
This paper explores the gaps in Nigerian Constitutions and adherence with constitutionalism as contained in the various Constitutions, with special emphasis on the 1999 Constitution. The paper also explores other factors responsible for failure of constitutions and in achieving constitutionalism in Nigeria. The study uses qualitative method to collect data from primary and secondary sources-Nigerian Constitutions, and other sources, including journals, historical materials, books, public and other relevant documents. Rationalist Choice Theory is used in developing the theoretical framework for the study. It also uses qualitative method to analyse the data collected. The study found that no constitution is perfect, and several gaps and issues apart from those of Nigerian politicians and factor, elites and judicial officers, to be responsible for the severally identified constitutional gaps which hinder constitutionalism in Nigeria. Corruption and other self-interests result in orchestration and widening of such gaps in order to achieve personal interests. The study is unique in uncovering issues in both schemed and erroneous gaps in the Nigerian constitutions. It expands the body literature on the Nigerian constitution and constitutionalism, which Nigeria lacks, especially at this critical time of searching for a viable Constitution visa -vis manipulations of the Constitution by various interests in Nigeria, and highlights the imperfections of the Nigerian Constitutions. The paper recommends extensive citizenship education and socialization, strict enforcement of constitutional laws, and constitutional provisions should be made clear and devoid of ambiguities.