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Map of Nasopharynx Cancer Mortality in China, 1973-75, from Atlas of Cancer Mortality in the People's Republic of China (Published by China Map Press, 1976)
Source publication
Three data sources for the information on cancer in China are described in this paper: (i) mortality data from national retrospective surveys (1973-75 and 1990-92); (ii) mortality data obtained through special research projects (CHIS, DSP and mortality survey in 1986-89); and (iii) incidence and mortality data from cancer registries. Different comb...
Citations
... First, we obtained data of the two periods from two 448 different sources. Even though they were organized by the same department and used 449 the same data source and quality control methods [8][9] , the differences in quality of 450 health care and diagnostic techniques between the two periods may limit data 451 comparability. Second, our dataset included 782 counties, which may cannot fully 452 represent the whole population of China. ...
Background:
Geographic variability in esophageal cancer has been reported in China, but data are lacking at the local level. We aimed to investigate changes in disparities in esophageal cancer mortality among Chinese counties and whether county-level socioeconomic status was associated with this variation.
Methods:
We used data from a nationwide survey and population-based cancer registries to calculate esophageal cancer mortality rates for 782 Chinese counties for the periods of 1973-1975 and 2015-2017. We performed hotspot analysis to identify spatial clusters. We used a multivariable negative binomial regression model to estimate the associations between county-level socioeconomic factors and mortality.
Results:
From 1973-1975 to 2015-2017, the age-standardized esophageal cancer mortality rate decreased from 27 to 8 per 100,000 person-years in China. By county, 577 (74%) of 782 counties experienced decreasing mortality. Geographic disparities in mortality substantially narrowed, with the gap in mortality rates between 90th and 10th percentile counties decreasing from 55 per 100,000 person-years in 1973-1975 to 16 in 2015-2017. However, clusters of elevated rates persisted across north-central China. Rurality (adjusted mortality rate ratio [MRR] 1.15, 95% CI 1.10-1.21), per capita gross domestic product (adjusted MRR 0.95, 0.91-0.98), and percentage of people with a high school diploma (adjusted MRR 0.86, 0.84-0.87) in a county were significantly associated esophageal cancer mortality rates.
Conclusions:
China has made substantial progress in reducing esophageal cancer mortality and disparities, but the intercounty differences remain large.
Impact:
Continued efforts are needed to address the geographical and socioeconomic disparities in esophageal cancer.
... Using the data of the first national morality survey in 1973-1975, it has been showed that the mortality rates for all causes was 6.7 for the sampling sites, 6.9 for the whole population; cancer mortality rate was 83.7 per 100,000 for sampling sites and 74.6 per 100,000 for whole country (Cheng et al., 2008). Therefore, cancer mortality data from the second and the third sampling surveys were considered to closely reflect the mortality rates of the entire population (Chen et al., 2003;. Second, the geographic area covered by the sampling surveys consists essentially of easily accessible counties/cities on the eastern seaboard, the most densely populated and urbanized area of China. ...
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a disease with distinct ethnic and geographic distribution. The incidence of NPC in Chinese residing in Asia has declined over the last few decades, but NPC mortality trends in the entire Chinese population over time have not been systematically evaluated. In this study, we examined NPC mortality at the national level in China between 1973-2005. Mortality rates were derived from the databases of national retrospective surveys on cancer mortality conducted in the periods of 1973-1975, 1990-1992, and 2004-2005, respectively. NPC was classified according to the International classification of diseases. Age-adjusted mortality rates were calculated by direct standardization according to the world standard population. Trends in rates were evaluated by age, gender, geographic areas, and socioeconomic status. From 1973 to 2005, there was a general trend of decrease in NPC mortality in China, with higher rates in the south on a downward trend in the north. The age-standardized NPC mortality rates were 2.60 per 100,000 in 1973-1975, 1.94 per 100,000 in 1990-1992, and 1.30 per 100,000 in 2004-2005, respectively. The trend was similar in both men and women, in both urban and rural areas, but the declining rates in females were more remarkable than in males. The mortality rates were higher for the age groups above 50 years than those less than 50 years of age, both showing downward trend over 30-year period. In summary, the overall NPC mortality has consistently decreased in China over the past three decades, particularly in women and in old adults.
... This study provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of temporal trends in cancer mortality in China over the past two decades, emphasizing the different trends between rural and urban areas and the different stages of cancer epidemics. The dataset used in this article is based on the death reporting system operated by the Center for Health Information and Statistics (CHIS), which is a main data source considered to provide the most representative information on national mortality patterns [20]. The CHIS indeed provides a proper estimation of cancer mortality on a national scale, although problems in population estimates, validity of death certification and coding practice may in part affect the data accuracy. ...
Background:
Cancer deaths of China with the world population nearly a quarter will have a severe impact on global cancer trend and burden. The study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of long-term trends in cancer mortality in China.
Materials and methods:
We used joinpoint analysis to detect changes in trends and generalized additive models to study birth cohort effect of risk factors between 1987 and 2009.
Results:
Mortality of all cancers declined steadily in urban areas, but not in rural areas. Decreasing mortality from cancers of the stomach, esophagus, nasopharynx, and cervix uteri was observed, while lung and female breast cancer mortality increased. Mortality from leukemia remained relatively stable, and cancer of liver, colorectal, and bladder had different trends between the rural and urban areas. Generational risks peaked in the cohorts born around 1925-1930 and tended to decline in successive cohorts for most cancers except for leukemia, whose relative risks were rising in the very recent cohorts.
Conclusion:
The observed trends primarily reflect dramatic changes in socioeconomic development and lifestyle in China over the past two decades, and mortality from cancers of lung and female breast still represents a major public health priority for the government.
... 7 In addition to the cancer registries included in IARC's CIV series, there are a larger number of cancer registry sites (more than 30) reporting into the Chinese National Center for Cancer Registries (NCCR) system, and some data from this larger group of registries has been reported. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] We extracted and summarized the information on cervical cancer incidence and mortality from these registries. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] We also estimated a feasible range for the number of current and future cervical cancer cases in China, applying United Nations (UN) population projections (from 2008) 28 and using appropriate information sources to inform a feasible range of age-specific cervical cancer incidence rates. ...
... [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] We extracted and summarized the information on cervical cancer incidence and mortality from these registries. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] We also estimated a feasible range for the number of current and future cervical cancer cases in China, applying United Nations (UN) population projections (from 2008) 28 and using appropriate information sources to inform a feasible range of age-specific cervical cancer incidence rates. 18 To calculate a lower bound for the feasible range, we applied the average agespecific rates across the five China registry sites in IARC's CIV-IX (the overall age-standardized rate across these five sites was 3.2 per 100,000 women, standardized to the world standard population (ASRW, according to Segi)). ...
... Information was obtained from various sources within the health system and by conducting interviews with family members and community leaders. 19 Malignant tumors were classified in one of 20 tumor categories, which included cancer of the cervix uteri but did not include specific categories for any other gynecological cancer (although a general category for ''other malignant tumor'' was available). 19 The level of misclassification of cervical cancer as cause of death in the survey is unknown; but the mortality rate from cervical cancer 3 The ASRs of the third survey were adjusted to the 1982 Chinese standard population and standardized rates according to other populations could not be calculated. ...
The burden of cervical cancer in China has not been characterized in detail. We reviewed cervical cancer data from national mortality surveys and registries, and conducted a meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of high-grade lesions (HSIL) and high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infections in rural Shanxi Province. We found that a national survey in the 1970s estimated age-standardized cervical cancer mortality rates as ~15 and ~83/100,000 women nationally and in Xiangyuan, Shanxi; but the latest survey (2004-2005) found much lower rates of ~3 and ~7/100,000, respectively. IARC registries record age-standardized cervical cancer incidence in China as <5/100,000 (1998-2002); but the five registry sites cover <2% of the population, and the gross domestic product per capita at each of the registry sites is higher than China's average (by a factor ranging from 1.3 to 3.9). The pooled estimate of the prevalence of HSIL and HR-HPV in women aged 30-54 years in Shanxi was 3.7%(95%CI:2.7-4.8%) and 17.2%(95%CI:13.1-21.3%), respectively. Based on a feasible range informed by the incidence data for China and other unscreened populations, the predicted indicative annual number of new cervical cancer cases nationally, in the absence of any intervention, ranges from ~27,000 to 130,000 (2010) to 42,000 to 187,000 (2050). In conclusion, recent data suggest comparatively low rates of cervical cancer incidence in China, which may be partly explained by the location of registry sites in higher socioeconomic status areas. However, the evidence is consistent with considerable heterogeneity within China, with a higher disease burden in some rural areas such as Shanxi. Therefore, the lower reported rates of cervical cancer in China should be interpreted cautiously.
... [6][7][8][9] Population-based cancer registries have provided cancer statistics in specific areas of China for many years. 10 Using the national cancer registration database, we present a longitudinal analysis of lung cancer incidence from 1998 to 2007. We used Bayesian APC methods to assess the relative contributions of age, period and cohort effects on lung cancer incidence. ...
Background: Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in China. Estimation of future cancer trends is important for cancer control planning. The aim of this study was to examine the trend of lung cancer incidence from 1998 to 2007 and predict the lung cancer burden up to 2020 in China.
Materials and methods: Lung cancer incidence data were retrieved from the national cancer registration database from 1998 to 2007. Annual population projection for the same period was obtained from the National Statistics Bureau. The Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort Modeling and Prediction package (Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College, London, UK) was used to describe the trend of lung cancer incidence and to predict the incidence rate and number of cases until the year 2020.
Results: The crude incidence rates of lung cancer increased from 43.39 per 100 000 in 1998 to 51.25 per 100 000 in 2007. After age standardization, the incidence rates remained stable over the 10-year period. The trends were mainly caused by aging, no obvious period effects and cohort effects were observed. Our projection showed that the age-standardized lung cancer incidence rate would remain steady until 2020. The estimated number of new incident cases was predicted to increase to 693 727 in 2020.
Conclusion: The burden of lung cancer incidence is likely to continue increasing. Effective policies such as smoking cessation and environmental protection are imperative for lung cancer control and prevention.
... Lung cancer, including small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), is the leading cause of cancer deaths for both men and women worldwide, particularly in China [1],[2],[3],[4] . Lung adenocarcinoma is the predominant histological subtype of NSCLC and accounts for about 20,30% of primary lung cancer cases for people under the age of 45 regardless of smoking history [5]. ...
Lung adenocarcinom (AC) is the most common form of lung cancer. Currently, the number of medical options to deal with lung cancer is very limited. In this study, we aimed to investigate potential therapeutic compounds for lung adenocarcinoma based on integrative analysis.
The candidate therapeutic compounds were identified in a two-step process. First, a meta-analysis of two published microarray data was conducted to obtain a list of 343 differentially expressed genes specific to lung AC. In the next step, expression profiles of these genes were used to query the Connectivity-Map (C-MAP) database to identify a list of compounds whose treatment reverse expression direction in various cancer cells. Several compounds in the categories of HSP90 inhibitor, HDAC inhibitor, PPAR agonist, PI3K inhibitor, passed our screening to be the leading candidates. On top of the list, three HSP90 inhibitors, i.e. 17-AAG (also known as tanespimycin), monorden, and alvespimycin, showed significant negative enrichment scores. Cytotoxicity as well as effects on cell cycle regulation and apoptosis were evaluated experimentally in lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549 or GLC-82) with or without treatment with 17-AAG. In vitro study demonstrated that 17-AAG alone or in combination with cisplatin (DDP) can significantly inhibit lung adenocarcinoma cell growth by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
We have used an in silico screening to identify compounds for treating lung cancer. One such compound 17-AAG demonstrated its anti-lung AC activity by inhibiting cell growth and promoting apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.
... But the success rate of surgical removal is very low and the prognosis after operation is unsatisfactory [5][6][7][8] . For example, the number of cases of primary hepatic carcinoma in China was around 384 119 in 2005 [9][10][11][12] and the number of deaths was 357 624 [13][14][15] , only 10%-30% are related to surgical removal, and 25% of them survived over 5 years [16] . The number of cases of pancreatic cancer in America was around 42 470 and the number of death was around 35 240 in 2009 [17] . ...
AIM: To explore the distribution and metabolism of 131I-gelatin microspheres (131I-GMSs) in rabbits after direct injection into rabbits’ livers.
METHODS: Twenty-eight healthy New Zealand rabbits were divided into seven groups, with four rabbits per group. Each rabbit’s hepatic lobes were directly injected with 41.336 ± 5.106 MBq 131I-GMSs. Each day after 131I-GMSs administration, 4 rabbits were randomly selected, and 250 μL of serum was collected for γ count. Hepatic and thyroid functions were tested on days 1, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, 48 and 64 after 131I-GMSs administration. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was taken for each group on days 0, 1, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, 48, 64 after 131I-GMSs administration. A group of rabbits were sacrificed respectively on days 1, 4, 16, 24, 32, 48, 64 after 131I-GMSs administration. Their livers were taken out for histological examination.
RESULTS: After 131I-GMSs administration, the nuclide was collected in the hepatic area with microspheres. The radiation could be detected on day 48 after 131I-GMSs administration, and radiography could be seen in thyroid areas in SPECT on days 4, 8, 16 and 24. One day after 131I-GMSs administration, the liver function was damaged but recovered 4 d later. Eight days after 131I-GMSs administration, the levels of free triiodothyronine and free thyroxin were reduced, which restored to normal levels on day 16. Histological examination showed that the microspheres were degraded to different degrees at 24, 32 and 48 d after 131I-GMSs administration. The surrounding parts of injection points were in fibrous sheathing. No microspheres were detected in histological examination on day 64 after 131I-GMSs administration.
CONCLUSION: Direct in vivo injection of 131I-GMSs is safe in rabbits. It may be a promising method for treatment of malignant tumors.
... od I (which uses M:I ratios as a proxy for case fatality) may be a more valid estimation procedure than that of method II (which inherently assumes that the cancer registries are representative of the actual cancer pattern within each province). Cancer incidence and mortality in China has been projected for 2005 previously (Yang et al., 2004a; 2005 ). Yang et al (2003 obtained cancer mortality rates from the Second National Death Survey in 1990-1992, and for each year (199119921993199419951996199719981999) from the population covered by the cancer reporting system developed by the Center for Health Information and Statistics (CHIS). Incidence rates were obtained by multiplying the mortality rates by ...
... Besides the availability of national death surveys and cancer registries, the data from special research projects have been used for the estimation of cancer incidence and mortality rates. One project, the National Mortality Statistics system, managed by CHIS, Ministry of Health (Yang et al., 2003), covered about 10% of the population but the sample sites were not representative of the national population as a whole. The data were available for the years 1987-2000 via the WHO Mortality Database (WHO Statistical Information System, 2010). ...
... The data were available for the years 1987-2000 via the WHO Mortality Database (WHO Statistical Information System, 2010). The representativeness of the data from the Disease Surveillance Points system (DSP) (Yang et al., 2003) was considered questionable for sex and region (urban/ rural), based on age-standardized mortality rates, with a rather higher male: female ratio in the older age groups and an underestimation of mortality rates in rural areas (Yang et al., 2004b). The methods realized in the estimation of cancer incidence and mortality are dependant on the availability of cancer information. ...
Introduction Knowledge of the cancer profile is an important step in planning rational cancer control programs and the evaluation of their impact. Due to rapid changes in cancer incidence over in China, national surveys may be insufficiently timely to provide adequate descriptions of the national burden.
Methods To evaluate the utility of cancer registries in describing the national cancer profile, this study compared two methods of estimating national cancer-specific incidence and mortality in China 2005, with estimates based on the Third National Death Survey (method I) compared with those based on registry material (method II).
Results A total of 2.6 million cancer cases and 1.8 million cancer deaths were estimated by method I, as compared to 2.8 million cancer cases and 1.9 million cancer deaths using method II.
Conclusion The higher level of burden using the latter method in part may be due to a sizable differential in the magnitude of incidence rates across registries for certain cancer sites. Most cancer registries were located in relatively more developed urban areas, or rural areas associated with higher risk for certain cancers. There are substantial differences in the cancer profile between urban and rural communities in China, and there may be concerns regarding the national representativeness of the data aggregated from this set of cancer registries. Timely and reliable estimation of cancer can only be realised if accurate information is available from cancer registries comprising representative samples of the country.
... Research has also been conducted on sources of information (Yang et al 2003), trend in cancer mortality overall (Cui et al., 2007) and in the stomach (Wang et al., 2007), and incidence of oesophagus and/or stomach He et al., 2005;2006;Su et al., 2007;Sun et al., 2007;Tse et al., 2007;Yee et al., 2007), colorectal (Ji et al., 1998) , cervical (Chen et al., 2004), liver (Hao et al., 2003), breast in Shanghai (Jin et al., 1993) and Hong Kong (Leung et al., 2003) and nasopharyngeal (Hsu et al., 2006;Jia et al., 2006;Luo et al., 2007) cancers. ...
Cancer registration is the base for our understanding of the burden of neoplastic disease in our populations at the local, regional and national levels. Comparability of data is essential for interpretation and this in turn depends on standardization of methodology and the diagnostic and other criteria applied. If this is to be achieved across Asia, some form of international organization is clearly necessary. The question therefore should be whether the existing arrangement is adequate, and if this is not the case how a network in Asia might be established with due consideration of aims and attainable objectives. The present commentary focuses on the contributions made by the International Association of Cancer Registries (IACR) and individual country-based or region-based associations already active in Asia. Building on an analysis of the present status in Asia, as well as experience of the European Network of Cancer Registries (ENCR) and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR), potential problems and possible solutions are here reviewed, with coverage of both organizational and financial constraints. An argument is presented here that there is a rationale for some form of an Asian Network of Cancer Registries, supported by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the UICC-Asian Regional Office, working alongside the IACR and existing national organizations and research institutes.
... Cancer was the leading cause of death during 2002 in China (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2003). Cancer has become a major health problem both in Hong Kong and on the Mainland (Hong Kong Cancer Registry, 2000;Yang, Parkin, Li, & Chen, 2003). ...
