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Green spaces are playing an essential role for ecological balance and for human health in the city as well.They play a fundamental role in providing opportunities for relaxation and enjoying the beauty of naturefor the urban population. Therefore, it is important to produce detailed vegetation maps to assist plannersin designing strategies for the...
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... study area, Erbil is the capital city of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) located in northern Iraq (Fig. 1.). It lies between longitudes 43° 51' 20", 44° 12' 28" and latitudes 36° 05' 58", 36° 15' 54". Swift and extensive economic and political development over the last two decades have triggered vast and rapid urban expansion on the fertile agricultural lands around the city, which is now one of the most populated cities in this region. ...
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... study area, Erbil is the capital city of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) located in northern Iraq (Fig. 1.). It lies between longitudes 43° 51' 20", 44° 12' 28" and latitudes 36° 05' 58", 36° 15' 54". Swift and extensive economic and political development over the last two decades have triggered vast and rapid urban expansion on the fertile agricultural lands around the city, which is now one of the most populated cities in this region. ...
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... There has been studies published using The studies published using Pléiades data deal with a variety of problems, like agriculture (Alganci et al., 2018;Ganeva et al. 2024), forestry (Kalbi et al., 2018;Piermattei et al., 2019;Guo et al. 2023), oceanography (Finenko et al., 2019Sukhonos et al. 2024), mangrove and other tree species mapping (Wang & Xie, 2018;Pu & Landry, 2020), urban flood mapping (Huber et al., 2013), urban planning and growth (Steinnocher et al., 2019) etc. Studies that have assessed land use with Pléiades data have used pixel-based classification (Fundisi & Musakwa, 2017;Dupuy et al., 2020;James et al., 2020) or supervised classification (Hussein et al., 2018;Stéphane et al., 2020) based on ground truth. A few studies have been found that deal with object-based image analysis (Arini et al., 2020;Cagliero et al., 2021), and only a handful of them used feature or texture into consideration (Feng et al., 2017;Zaabar et al., 2022). ...
This study explores the efficacy of Pléiades data for distinguishing different morphological classes using the feature extraction method. Recent advances in remote sensing have made it possible to use extracted features coupled with Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Deep Learning (DL) to achieve better accuracy. This paper deals with feature extraction by Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) and four classification techniques, namely Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and Classification and Regression Tree (CART). The highest classification accuracy for a scene of Pléiades data at Sai Yok national park, Thailand, was obtained for SVM, followed by CNN and RF. In contrast, the lowest accuracy was observed for the CART algorithm. Our results suggest that feature extraction has drastically improved accuracy for all four classification techniques, and the improvement is substantial (for SVM, 74.34–91.8%; for RF, 70.13–90.23%; for CNN, 61.45–89.45%; for CART, 54.02–84.62%). However, the classification algorithms performed differently in separating closely aligned classes, like cropland and forest, or road and built-up areas. The proximity of the two separate groups of features in the feature space image further proves the complexity of the problem. The separate distribution of the pixels in the feature space suggests the efficiency of feature extraction. Additionally, because of the high accuracy levels (> 89% overall accuracy for SVM, RF, and CNN), this research suggests using Pléiades data for land use analysis in the future.
... Lineaments are indicators of deeper earth structures (fractures, faults, joints, fractures, etc.) with obvious displacements and ruptures with no fractured displacements that are not visible to the naked eye (Hussein et al. 2018). Lineament density has a direct impact. ...
This article aims to produce a groundwater potential zone (GWPZ) map of the Nyong basin using an integrated analytical hierarchy process driven in a geographic information system (GIS) environment. For this, seven parameters (rainfall, geology, slopes, drainage density, land use and land cover, lineament density, and soil) known to influence the availability of groundwater were considered. The results obtained show that the Eastern part of the basin holds the largest quantities of groundwater. The produced map shows that this region includes high and very high GWPZs (yield > 6 l/s). It is essentially characterized by abundant rainfall (on average 135–136 and 131–134 mm), low slopes, significant drainage and lineament densities, and significant forest cover. On the other hand, the opposite region (west), which includes the low and very low GWPZs, is characterized by less abundant precipitation (on average 121–125 and 125–128 mm), significant slopes, lower drainage and lineament densities, and greater impervious areas. With a success rate of 80%, confidence deserves to be placed in the GWPZs map produced. It can be considered in water supply projects in this basin. Such work has never been done in this basin before.
... Erbil is geographically positioned between the coordinates of 36° 080 N-36° 140 N latitude and 43° 570 E-44° 030 E longitude, as illustrated in Figure 1. This region experiences two distinct climatic conditions: a dry and hot climate prevails from April to the end of September, while the period from October to March is characterized by a wet and cold climate (Hussein et al., 2018). The topography of the area is relatively flat, with the (Abdullah, 2012). ...
Land surface temperature (LST) is crucial in understanding urban environments, climate dynamics, hydrology, ecology, and agriculture. While daytime thermal infrared (TIR) data from satellites have been extensively used to analyze LST and the urban heat island effect in arid regions, exploration of nighttime LST data over semi-arid urban areas using high-resolution TIR data is lacking. This study aims to investigate spatial and temporal Land Surface Temperature (LST) variations in Erbil City, located in the Northern part of Iraq, utilizing high-resolution Landsat-8 data for daytime analysis and ECOSTRESS data for nighttime evaluation. The research reveals distinct daytime Urban Cooling Intensity (UCI) and significant nighttime Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects, with UCI primarily driven by early morning Landsat imagery. Notably, a prominent UHI effect occurs at night, particularly in May and June. Daytime LST values show no significant differences among land cover categories, while nighttime LST decreases in areas with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) > 0.5. The study emphasizes the importance of high-resolution nighttime TIR data in investigating UHI in arid and semi-arid regions, addressing a gap in prior research that overlooked this aspect. The prevailing hot and arid climate weakens vegetation's thermal buffering capacity during warmer months, resulting in the absence of distinct temperature variations in the study area.
... The expansion of built-up areas has a significant impact on the climate and natural resources, as urban sprawl transforms natural land cover into man-made land cover to meet human needs. This results in the establishment of an unacceptable climate in terms of air quality and the depletion of natural resources [122]. Investigating the spatial and temporal forms of urban development has become one of the critical challenges in monitoring and analyzing present and future directions of urban growth issues [123]. ...
This dissertation aims to investigate the factors behind flash flooding in Erbil's central district, located in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and develop a methodology for assessing flood hazards in the city, despite limited data accessibility. In this thesis, each factor was investigated, including analyzing extreme precipitation events in the last two decades, including their spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall, intensity, and exceedance probability, and examines the impact of changes in Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) on the hydrological response of the Erbil basin. The hydrodynamic model's input data were generated using GIS-based modeling interface. HEC-RAS 2-D software package's suitability was ensured by evaluating two building representation techniques and two mathematical models (Diffusion-Wave Equations (DWE) and Shallow-Water Equations (SWE)) using the Toce River urban flood experimental model. The study utilized a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model (HEC-RAS 2-D) to assess the susceptibility, vulnerability, and socioeconomic impact of flooding in the study area. Using the model, flood hazard maps were created to show the extent of potential flooding in the study area during various rainfall events and return periods. Ultimately, the study concludes that without essential engineering measures, there is an increased probability of flooding in the center of Erbil.
... The geological lineament was found to range from 0.157 to 0.785 km/km 2 (Fig. 6). Geological lineaments are indicators of deeper earth structures (fractures, faults, joints, fractures with obvious displacements, ruptures with no fractured displacements that are not visible to the naked eye (Hussein et al., 2018) and the weight of 23.97% was assigned. The link between groundwater availability and lineament density cannot be undermined since these features determine the amount of groundwater within an area (David Ndegwa Kuria, 2012). ...
Study region: Sawla-Tuna-Kalba (4226 km2).
Study focus: This study employed QGIS to assess the groundwater potential in the Sawla-Tuna-Kalba district of Ghana with some selected surficial factors while estimating the groundwater recharge from 1981 to 2021.
New hydrological insights: Among the classification algorithms tested, Random Forest (RF) yielded the highest overall accuracy with 93.63% while Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) had 90.22% and 84.73% respectively. From the AHP model, geology had the highest weight of 0.279. It was found that low potential regions comprise 229.53 km2, moderate zones comprise 1700.62 km2, high potential zones comprise 2135.04 km2, and excellent potential areas were found to be 152.14 km2 . The groundwater recharge due to rainfall computed from the Chaturvedi formula indicates that an average of 2.85% of the total annual rainfall goes to groundwater recharge with a variation of ± 0.35 mm. The total recharge for 2021 was found to be 30.18 ± 0.35 mm but between 1981 and 2021 the total recharge was 1191.18 ± 0.35 mm. Also, from the soil analysis, it was found that 56.21% of the study area would allow infiltration. In conclusion, it was observed that the groundwater potential in the study area was high and can be attributed to the recharge and present surficial conditions.
... The Pleiades deliver high spatial resolution 0.5 m panchromatic and 2 m multispectral bands (blue, green, red, and infrared (430-550 nm), (490-610 nm), (600-720 nm), (750-950 nm) respectively. The satellite images used to produce detailed vegetation maps at a section of Erbil City(Hussein et al., 2019). The year is the same as the last image ofMODIS and Landsat (2015). ...
... The Pleiades deliver high spatial resolution 0.5 m panchromatic and 2 m multispectral bands (blue, green, red, and infrared (430-550 nm), (490-610 nm), (600-720 nm), (750-950 nm) respectively. The satellite images used to produce detailed vegetation maps at a section of Erbil City(Hussein et al., 2019). The year is the same as the last image ofMODIS and Landsat (2015). ...
... The expansion of built-up areas is widely known as a means of establishing an unacceptable climate in terms of air quality and controlling natural resources. This is because urban sprawl is turning the natural land cover into man-made land cover to meet human needs [20]. Investigating spatial and temporal forms of urban development has become one of the most critical challenges in monitoring and analyzing present and future directions of urban growth issues [21]. ...
Nowadays, geospatial techniques are a popular approach for estimating urban flash floods by considering spatiotemporal changes in urban development. In this study, we investigated the impact of Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) changes on the hydrological response of the Erbil basin in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). In the studied area, the LULC changes were calculated for 1984, 1994, 2004, 2014 and 2019 using the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and satellite images. The analysis of LULC changes showed that the change between 1984 and 2004 was slower than that between 2004 and 2019. The LULC analysis revealed a 444.4% growth in built-up areas, with a 60.4% decrease in agricultural land between 1984 and 2019. The influence of LULC on urban floods caused by different urbanization scenarios was ascertained using the HEC-GeoHMS and HEC-HMS models. Over 35 years, there was a 15% increase in the peak discharge of outflow, from 392.2 m 3 /s in 1984 to 450 m 3 /s in 2014, as well as the runoff volume for a precipitation probability distribution of 10%, which increased from 27.4 mm in 1984 to 30.9 mm in 2014. Overall, the probability of flash floods increased in the center of the city due to the large expansion of built-up areas.
يهدف البحث إلى تحديد مستويات مخاطر الانهيار الأرضي في المنطقة الجبلية من محافظة أربيل وتقييم مواقع المراكز الحضرية فيها استناداً إلى تلك المستويات. ويفترض بأن مناطق واسعة منها تتعرض لهذه المخاطر ولاتكون المراكز الحضرية أو الأغلبية منها بعيدة عن هذه المخاطر. وانتهج البحث المنهج الاستقرائي باستخدام أسلوب التحليل العلمي. وتم تقسيم البحث إلى مجموعة محاور وهي التعريف بمنطقة الدراسة، طرق البحث، النتائج والمناقشة، وانتهى بالاستنتاجات والمقترحات. وتوصل البحث إلى مجموعة من الاستنتاجات أهمها أن منطقة الدراسة تتعرض لمخاطر الانهيار الأرضي بمستويات مختلفة، إذ تحتل المناطق ذات الفئة المرتفعة جداً 15.9% من مساحة منطقة الدراسة. ويقع 3.8 كم2 من إجمالی مساحة المراكز الحضرية في منطقة الدراسة ضمن دائرة الخطر من الفئة (مرتفع جداً)، تأتي في مقدمتها مدينتا جومان وبيران. فيما كانت مدن بيرمام وسكتان وباليسان وباسرمة بعيدة تماماً عن هذه المخاطر.
