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... this article we discuss how these organizations have evaluated the increasing evidence of harmful effects of RF radiation at levels below most national guidelines and limits for RF radiation exposure. The same individuals reappear in several of these organizations' expert groups, see Table 1, and there are no representatives in these groups from the many scientists that disagree with their conclusions [24]. We discuss primarily cancer risks in Appendix B of the ICNIRP updated guidelines [48]. ...Similar publications
Dry argon (Ar) discharge and wet oxygen/argon (O2/Ar) admixture discharge for alternating current atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJs) were studied for Ar discharges with flow rates ranging from 0.2 to 4 slm and for O2/Ar discharges with different O2 ratios and flow rates ranging from 2.5 to 15 mslm. The voltage–current waveform signals of APPJ...
Citations
... SAR refers to the maximum energy limit of electromagnetic waves (watts) from mobile phone radiation absorbed by 1 kilogram of body tissue when the phone is in use. Additionally, ICNIRP recommends screen time, or the time spent staring at gadget screens, be less than 2 hours per day (Hardell et al., 2021). ...
This community service was conducted using a survey method. The survey aimed to test the understanding of high school students regarding the dangers of radiation exposure from the surrounding environment. Participants in this activity were 48 students (35 science students and 13 social science students) from a high school in Majalaya, Bandung Regency. The instrument used was a two-tier diagnostic test consisting of 4 essay questions related to physics concepts concerning radiation exposure. The analysis of the test results was divided into two parts: conception analysis and Rasch analysis. The conception analysis was done by interpreting students' answers and categorizing them into five conception categories: Full Understanding (FU), Partial Understanding (PU), Misconception (MC), Not Understanding (NU), and No Coding (NC). This categorization was presented in percentage form. The Rasch analysis was conducted based on the distribution of students' answers and item bias detection to identify the spread of students' answers to each question item and the biases present. First, the conception analysis results showed that 53% of students were included in the FU category, while only 5% were in the Not Understanding (NU) category. This indicates that students' understanding of the dangers of radiation exposure is quite good, as more than half of the participants are in the FU category. Second, the Rasch analysis results based on the distribution of students' answers showed that more students could answer basic comprehension questions compared to classification and analysis-based questions. Additionally, the Rasch analysis results based on item bias detection indicated that there was no gender or academic major bias in the four question items.
... ICNIRP is a private organization based in Germany. New members are elected by existing members and most of them have historically had both economic and/or personal ties to the telecom industry [11,12]. ICNIRP's limits are based only on heating (thermal) effects from RF radiation that appear when the RF radiation is so intense that it causes acute thermal effects within an hour. ...
... Consequently, the microwave syndrome is known to appear below the ICNIRP and FCC limits [13,31]. A majority of the countries over the world have nevertheless adopted those very high limits that are increasingly criticized for being insufficient for health protection [11][12][13]. However they are important for the telecom industry and in particular for the roll out of 5G. These limits based on thermal effects are not only promoted by the industry itself but also by the WHO since 1998. ...
The fifth generation, 5G, for wireless communication is currently deployed in Sweden since 2019/2020, as well as in many other countries. We have previously published seven case reports that include a total of 16 persons aged between 4 and 83 years that developed the microwave syndrome within short time after being exposed to 5G base stations close to their dwellings. In all cases high radiofrequency (RF) radiation from 4G/5G was measured with a broadband meter. RF radiation reached >2,500,000 to >3,180,000 μW/m ² in peak maximum value in three of the studies. In total 41 different health issues were assessed for each person graded 0 (no complaint) to 10 (worst symptoms). Most prevalent and severe were sleeping difficultly (insomnia, waking night time, early wake-up), headache, fatique, irritability, concentration problems, loss of immediate memory, emotional distress, depression tendency, anxiety/panic, dysesthesia (unusual touched based sensations), burning and lancinating skin, cardiovascular symptoms (transitory high or irregular pulse), dyspnea, and pain in muscles and joints. Balance disorder and tinnitus were less prevalent. All these symptoms are included in the microwave syndrome. In most cases the symptoms declined and disappeared within a short time period after the studied persons had moved to a place with no 5G. These case histories are classical examples of provocation studies. They reinforce the urgency to inhibit the deployment of 5G until more safety studies have been performed.
... There are several studies on the effect of microwaves on different viruses, such as H3N2 (Yang et al. 2015) and SARS-COV-2 (Wang et al. 2022;Xiao et al. 2022). Nonetheless, the exposure dose should not exceed a certain level in a public non-controlled environment because of guidelines provided by regulatory bodies such as ICNIRP (Hardell et al. 2021;Hardell 2017) and IEEE C95.1-2019 to protect humans exposed to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. ...
Several studies have focused on the inactivation of biological microorganisms, such as viruses, using microwave exposure and have introduced some apparatuses. This paper represents a feasibility study of the inactivation of pathogens by fabricating a new, but very simple electromagnetic exposure test setup. The setup has the advantage of having uniform electric field radiation on multiple test tubes simultaneously. The test setup operates from 8 to 9 GHz. The radiation unit in the test setup consists of two circular parallel plates and can be considered a parallel-plane radial transmission line. Five equispaced holes are embedded in the setup to insert test tubes containing samples. The study also takes the distribution of the field inside the liquids of the test tubes. The results demonstrate that without inserting the test tubes, the TEM wave propagates in the radiation unit while inserting the test tubes creates a standing wave inside the test tubes. The setup can create E-field levels of more than 100 V/m from 0.5 Watts input power inside the liquid which is much better than using open-air methods.
... Recommended safety limits by various organizations[16]. Average or peak maximum values not specifiedPlaceMeasured Power Density (μW/m 2 ) 1 ICNIRP 2020 limits for >2-300 GHz (μW/m 2 ) 2 ...
... Thus, these existing guidelines do not protect wildlife from lowerlevel long-term exposures (Kostoff et al. 2020;Levitt et al. 2021a, b). Further, ICNIRP has been accused of conflicts of interest (Hardell and Carlberg 2020;Hardell et al. 2021). ...
The paper published by Nath et al. (Urban Ecosystems 25:1279–1295, 2022) analyzes the influence of different ecological factors and covariates on House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) abundance but criticizes previous research without explaining in depth the scientific reasons for it and reaches conclusions not supported by the authors’ own data nor by existing knowledge and scientific evidence. They state that studies on the impacts of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on birds outside laboratory conditions carried out in the past did not consider other ecological factors that could also influence the life history needs of the species. However, precisely the opposite is true; the studies carried out so far, taking into account most of the possible factors to consider, including urbanization, have not been able to solve the enigma of the House Sparrow decline in many of the world's cities. Thus, it is necessary to propose new possible causes not considered so far. Among the few that remain to be tested is the electromagnetic radiation hypothesis, which was proposed by two independent research teams in two different countries. This paper is a reply of the work developed by Nath et al. (Urban Ecosystems 25:1279–1295, 2022) that highlight their inconclusive results and methodological flaws due to the correlation observed between radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) and urbanization, complement their results showing negative correlations when testing House Sparrow abundance with electromagnetic radiation levels correcting for the percentage of builtup, and clarify some statements and misconceptions (importance of non-thermal effects).
... Most recently, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) published updated guidelines on RF radiation (100 kHz to 300 GHz) in terms of cancer risks in 2020 [24] and concluded that "In summary, no effects of RF EMFs on the induction or development of cancer have been substantiated". But according to the experts from the Swedish and Estonian group of Hardell et al. [25] in 2021, the ICNIRP's conclusion is incorrect and is in contradiction with the existing scientific evidence because there is an abundance of available convincing evidence of increased cancer risk and other negative health effects. ...
(1) Objective: This population-based study was performed to examine the trends of incidence and deaths due to malignant neoplasm of the brain (MNB) in association with mobile phone usage for a period of 20 years (January 2000–December 2019) in Taiwan. (2) Methods: Pearson correlation, regression analysis, and joinpoint regression analysis were used to examine the trends of incidence of MNB and deaths due to MNB in association with mobile phone usage. (3) Results: The findings indicate a trend of increase in the number of mobile phone users over the study period, accompanied by a slight rise in the incidence and death rates of MNB. The compound annual growth rates further support these observations, highlighting consistent growth in mobile phone users and a corresponding increase in MNB incidences and deaths. (4) Conclusions: The results suggest a weaker association between the growing number of mobile phone users and the rising rates of MNB, and no significant correlation was observed between MNB incidences and deaths and mobile phone usage. Ultimately, it is important to acknowledge that conclusive results cannot be drawn at this stage and further investigation is required by considering various other confounding factors and potential risks to obtain more definitive findings and a clearer picture.
... SAR is the absorbed energy that has a thermal effect on the human body in terms of tumors and cancers. In wireless medical applications [7], SAR, as an important parameter, is measured in W/Kg according to the International Commission Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guideline 1998 [11] with a maximum acceptable limit of 2.0 W/Kg for 10 g of tissue. In the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and Federal Communications Commission (FCC) [12], the maximum acceptable SAR is 1.6 W/Kg for 1 g of tissue. ...
A compact microstrip patch antenna (MPA) with a T shape monopole technique is designed, simulated, and measured. By using fire retardant material (FR-4) as a substrate with a low profile, the proposed antenna is designed and simulated to be used for on-body biomedical applications. A center frequency of 5.78 is achieved with a gain of 11.78 dB and a matching impedance of-47.47 dB. A 1.48 W/Kg (10 gm) as a specific absorption rate (SAR) is achieved and 29.69 dB front to back ratio with a bandwidth of 3.376 GHz. The antenna was examined in free space as well as on-body using CST-MW software. The proposed antenna is fabricated and examined. Finally, a comparison is done among simulated results, measured results, and the dual-band dual-mode antenna. The proposed antenna overcomes the latter work in terms of small size, high matching impedance, high front to back ratio, and operating bandwidth. Keywords: Compact F/B ratio Low profile On-body SAR This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
... In 2011, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe made a recommendation that member states should strive to keep Volume 10 Issue 13 -2023 Commentary radiation levels in society as low as possible, and to reduce the permissible radiation limit to 100 μW/ m² from the current extremely high guidelines from ICNIRP 2020. The ICNIRP allows exposure to be as high as 10 000 000 μW/m2 whole body exposure averaged over 30 minutes and 40 000 000 μW/m 2 local exposure averaged over 6 minutes [14,15]. Children and other vulnerable people should be given special protection. ...
... In support of their position, the authorities rely on a rather limited group of experts that are not representative of the scientific community at large. The majority of them have conflicts of interests in terms of ties to the telecom companies or membership of the ICNIRP that recommended the inadequate guidelines [14,17]. ...
... There is now clear evidence that the ICNIRP guidelines [13,14] are not adequate scientific basis for the protection of health and the environment for exposure to RF radiation. Not only heating (thermal) but also non-thermal effects need to be taken into account in risk evaluation. ...
1. Abstract In recent years, people's exposure to pulsed radiofrequency (RF) or microwave radiation from wireless technologies has exploded, mainly due to the roll-out of 5G. In addition to more base stations , millions of so-called smart water and electricity meters are being installed. This technology is forced upon people near or in their own homes, despite a complete lack of research showing that 5G and wireless water and electricity meters are not harmful to human health. At the same time, the first two studies to date on the effects of 5G have shown that 5G base stations cause adverse health effects in humans and that radiation similar to 5G damages neurons in the brain in animal experiments. The brain damage observed could eventually lead to Alzheimer's and other neurologi-cal diseases. In parallel with this explosion in radiation exposure, guidelines for permissible radiation are still being applied based on a seriously outdated approach. These guidelines only protect humans from harmful effects resulting from extreme intensive exposure that causes acute warming of the body. This means that people are completely unprotected from a range of harmful effects, such as cancer, DNA damage, oxidative stress and neurological effects that the science has repeatedly shown occur at levels well below these guidelines. They offer no protection whatsoever against harmful effects on biodiversity. Given what is known today about the risks of this technology, it must be considered a violation of human rights to impose this harmful radiation on people in their own homes without their informed consent. More stringent regulatory framework on microwave radiation from wireless technologies is urgently needed. In the meantime, further rollout of 5G must be stopped. 2. Introduction The authors represent organizations that have performed own investigations on RF radiation or follow the research in this field. We are constantly receiving new testimonies from people who have suffered from ill health after 5G base stations have been installed in their vicinity or after wireless water and electricity meters have been installed in their homes. We are concerned about serious con
... Previous measurements showed that deployment of 5G base station in addition to 3G and 4G increased microwaves/RFR peak exposure from 9,000 to 2,500,000 μW/m 2 [7]. Nevertheless, the guidelines for exposure to microwaves applied in most countries today are based only on thermal (heating) effects [1] that allow exposure to be as high as 10,000,000 μW/m 2 averaged over 30 min and 40,000,000 μW/m 2 local exposure averaged over 6 min [16]. The limits allow exposure to short peak exposure to be yet much higher, or 1000 × 10,000,000 μW/m 2 . ...
... This case study clearly demonstrates typical microwave syndrome symptoms that occurred rapidly at maximum levels well below the ICNIRP limits that allow whole body exposure to be as high as 10 000 000 µW/ m 2 averaged over 6 minutes following ICNIRP 1998 [15] and averaged over 30 minutes as recommended by ICNIRP 2020 [16]. This even allows for short time pulses or maximum values to be much higher than the average value over 6 or 30 minutes, up to 1000 times higher [47]. ...
... This case history underscores the necessity to reduce human and environmental RF radiation exposure based on unbiased risk evaluation by scientists with no conflicts of interest in terms of ties to the telecom industry. ICNIRP and the WHO project that collaborates and recommends the ICNIRP limits have been shown to have such ties to the industry [47]. ...
