Figure 3 - uploaded by David J Griggs
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis is the most comprehensive and up-to-date scientific assessment of past, present and future climate change. The report: • Analyses an enormous body of observations of all parts of the climate system. • Catalogues increasing concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. • Assesses our understanding of the p...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... of these climate forcing agents and their changes over time (see Figure 2) is required to understand past climate changes in the context of natural variations and to project what climate changes could lie ahead. Figure 3 shows current estimates of the radiative forcing due to increased concentrations of atmospheric constituents and other mechanisms. ...
Context 2
... large part of this variability is due to the effect of climate variability (e.g., El Niño events) on CO 2 uptake and release by land and oceans. Figure 3, where the uncertainties are also illustrated.) ...
Context 3
... regional patterns of the warming that occurred in the early part of the 20th century were different than those that occurred in the latter part. Figure 3 shows the regional patterns of the warming that have occurred over the full 20th century, as well as for three component time periods. periods 1901 to 1999, 1910 to 1945, 1946 to 1975 and 1976 to 1999 respectively. ...
Similar publications
Analyses of observed climate records around the world have shown a general trend over recent
decades towards increases in the frequency of warm days and nights and decreases in the frequency of cold days
and cold nights. In many regions, this has resulted in changes to the hydrological cycle. Studies have also shown
that anthropogenic climate chang...
Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis is the most comprehensive and up-to-date scientific assessment of past, present and future climate change. The report: • Analyses an enormous body of observations of all parts of the climate system. • Catalogues increasing concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. • Assesses our understanding of the p...
Citations
... Rights reserved. (Herman et al. 1997;Noguer et al. 2001). Additionally, high carbonaceous material levels were linked to elevated carbon (C) levels, which could be explained by a mix of various human-caused factors, including heavy traffic, which releases spent and partially burned car fuels, hydropower plants, residential generator sets, and tyre wear Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. ...
This study investigates the mass concentrations, morphological characteristics, elemental composition and source apportionment of PM2.5 and PM10 aerosols across different seasons collected in a mountain valley of the central Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India. The average PM10 concentration was found to be 88.74 ± 34.12 µg m⁻³, generally below the NAAQS 24-h standard, while the mean PM2.5 concentration was found to be 67.72 ± 37.00 µg m⁻³, exceeding the NAAQS standard. Elevated PM10 levels during pre-monsoon periods were linked to windblown dust from neighbouring regions and thermodynamic conditions within the planetary boundary layer, while high PM2.5 levels were attributed to temperature inversions and stable atmospheric conditions. The study identified three major particle groups—biogenic, geogenic, and anthropogenic—using SEM–EDX analysis highlighting the significant impact of both natural and anthropogenic sources. Biogenic aerosols were prevalent in the samples. Variations in the composition of the elements are noted, with C and Si being the most predominant. A strong correlation was found between carbon and oxygen (r = 0.926) using Pearson correlation matrix. NOAA HYSPLIT-4 model was used for air mass back trajectory analysis, which suggests that the receptor site station received air mass from both local sources and long-range transport.
... In simple terms, a time series refers to a sequence of variable values recorded at different points in time, such as daily temperature measurements at a weather station [11]. Time series data often exhibits long-term trends, and identifying and extracting these underlying trends can be crucial for better understanding and analysis. ...
In recent years, global weather changes have underscored the importance of wildfire detection, particularly through Uncrewed Aircraft System (UAS)-based smoke detection using Deep Learning (DL) approaches. Among these, object detection algorithms like You Only Look Once version 7 (YOLOv7) have gained significant popularity due to their efficiency in identifying objects within images. However, these algorithms face limitations when applied to video feeds, as they treat each frame as an independent image, failing to track objects across consecutive frames. To address this issue, we propose a parametric Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) trend estimation algorithm that incorporates an Auto-Regressive (AR(p)) error assumption. We demonstrate that this MCMC algorithm achieves stationarity for the AR(p) model under specific constraints. Additionally, as a parametric method, the proposed algorithm can be applied to any time-related data, enabling the detection of underlying causes of trend changes for further analysis. Finally, we show that the proposed method can “stabilize” YOLOv7 detections, serving as an additional step to enhance the original algorithm’s performance.
... It is handiest seeing that the start of the Industrial Revolution, mid ar large scale, century, that the effect of human sports has started to increase to a f continental or maybe global. Human sports, mainly the ones concerning the intake of fossil fuels for commercial or home usage, and biomass burning, produce greenhouse ntific proof gases that have an effect on the composition of the surroundings [1]. Scie shows that human sports consisting of burning fossil fuels and deforestation have side the surroundings appreciably extended the percentage of greenhouse gases within during the last a hundred and fifty years [2]. ...
... The ability damaging consequences of air pollution released within an aircraft's landing and takeoff cycle (LTO) and airport-related sources of emissions can make contributions to the degradation of air quality in their close by communities. The table (1). indicates the representative health effects of a few emissions released from aircrafts. ...
This paper is an try and have a look at the quantity of plane emissions due to the combustion of jet fuel for the duration of the touchdown and takeoff (LTO) operations at Aden International Airport (AIA) in 2018. All statistics changed into taken from the airport's statistic data. The have a look at centered on the subsequent emitted plane gases: (CO2,CH4, N2O, CO, NMVOCs and SO2). It was found that there were 3,148 LTO activities in the course of 2018 which resulted in an approximate amount of 4,747,940 kg CO2, 346.68 kg CH4, 166.2 kg N2O, 23482 kg CO, 3186.9 kg NMVOCs and 1495 kg SO2. Boeing 737, Airbus 310 and CRJ700 were found to be the most polluting aircraft, while other aircraft were less polluting. Furthermore, despite the fact that there was very little aircraft traffic in Aden International Airport compared with either Sana'a or any of the remaining airports who had always been a major aviation hub, however, it is possible to use these results as a useful scientific base for the assessment of aircraft emissions locally, regionally or internationally. Finally, a number of recommendations have been presented by the study aimed at enhancing and developing the environment in the vicinity of the airport.
... To understand such warming due to increased aerosols, we have further examined the direct aerosol radiative flux using MERRA2 data as shown in Fig. 9. Direct radiative forcing refers to the change in net radiative flux which is calculated as the difference between the shortwave and longwave radiation at the top of the atmosphere. The change in the net radiative flux at the top of the atmosphere is caused by changes in the aerosols and greenhouse gas concentrations known to potentially alter the global temperatures (Houghton et al., 2001). Fig. 9a-c shows the day-to-day variation of the direct aerosol radiative flux at the top of the atmosphere, at the surface, and within the atmosphere, respectively over the NW region during the extreme heat event on 27 May − 11 June 2019. ...
... In recent years, wildfires have become a severe threat to the environment due to rising temperatures, causing damage to life, property, infrastructure, and natural resources. Recent projection of climate change suggests an increase in air temperature by 2-6 °C coupled with a 10-30% decrease in summer precipitation, causing drought conditions that are directly related to the rising in wildfires (Houghton et al. 2001;Flannigan and Wotton 2001). Wildfires are not solely driven by climate; studies from around the world confirm that both modern and past human activities, such as land clearing, agricultural practices, and other anthropogenic activities, as well as population growth, have historically played and continue to play significant roles in shaping wildfire regimes globally (Archibald et al. 2012;Andela et al. 2017;Rahman et al. 2021;Rasul et al. 2021;Spate et al. 2022;Verma et al. 2023). ...
This study investigates the relationship among the wildfires, climate, and humans and their combined impact on the Dongyuan Lake in southern Taiwan using a sediment core that covered the last 1850 cal years BP. Charcoal accumulation rate (CHAR) peaks, low total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), TOC/TN ratios, and carbon isotopic composition (δ ¹³ C org ), combined with low sedimentation rate (SR) and silt dominance suggested a loss of organic carbon, no or low runoff and soil instability due to wildfires during 1850–1700, 1600–1450, and 1350–1100 cal years BP. This led to silt dominance, further indicating drier climatic conditions. Two intermittent wet phases during 1700–1600 and 1450–1350 cal years BP, indicated by high TOC, TN, TOC/TN ratios, and δ ¹³ C org , suggested peatland formation. After 1100 cal years BP, increased runoff, and organic matter accumulation indicated peatification, suggesting wetter conditions characterized by higher TOC, TN, TOC/TN ratios, δ ¹³ C org , and SR. Wetter periods continued, but the appearance of diatoms indicated shallow water levels during 750–500 cal years BP and from 350 cal years BP to the present. CHAR peaks suggest wildfire activity, and combined with archaeological evidence, this implies human-induced burning during these periods. The variation in pH and nutrient dynamics (indicated by PCA analysis of diatoms) were closely linked to wildfire intensity and frequency. Infrequent wildfires (750–500 cal years BP) caused lake acidification, while frequent fires (350 cal years BP to present) raised pH. In the past 150 years, human activities, mainly deforestation and acid rain, have contributed to lake acidification.
... A positive trend in tropical cyclone intensity in a warmer climate is well pronounced, along with the poleward migration of tropical cyclone tracks in global basins Knutson et al. 2010;Walsh et al. 2019;Kossin et al. 2014;2020). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) expects a 5-10% increase in peak wind intensities of tropical cyclones in the 21st century (Houghton 2001). Statistical models Villarini et al. 2013) correlate the increase in intensity and frequency with the rise in sea surface temperature (SST) in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. ...
Climatologically, the Bohai Sea, a semi-enclosed sea in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, has contributed minimally to typhoon hazards due to its low sea surface temperatures, high sea level pressure, weak vorticity, and landlocked basin. However, with rising sea surface temperatures and the poleward migration of typhoons in the northwest Pacific, a northward shift in typhoon intensity is evident from the increased frequency and energy of typhoons in the Bohai Sea. This study examines the typhoon climatology and triggering factors in the Bohai Sea from 1980 to 2020 and compared them with other Pacific basins. The analysis reveals the key factors including the strengthening of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation, rising sea surface temperatures, and weakening vertical wind shear during typhoon season potentially favoring the typhoon frequency and power in this basin. A paradigm shifts in the maximum potential intensity, with a 20–30% increase over the past four decades, suggests that the Bohai Sea is becoming more conducive to typhoon activity. Additionally, a 26% relative increase in typhoon size aligns with the increased latent and sensible heat fluxes in this basin. corelate the intensification and expansion of typhoons. Mathematical models of typhoon wind parametric field reveal that typhoons in the Bohai Sea are becoming more compact in the core and wider in the periphery, attributed to increasing central pressure drops and rising sensible heat fluxes.
... The problems related to fossil fuels extend beyond depletion. The combustion of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide, contributing significantly to global warming (UNEP, 2020) that leads to climate change (Keeling et al., 1995;Houghton, 1997;Houghton et al., 2001;Walther et al., 2002;Mann and Jones, 2003;Karl and Trenberth, 2003;Rogelj et al., 2018;Le Quéré et al., 2020). This is now considered the primary threat to the future of humanity by the leading scientists (Masson et al., 2021;IPCC, 2018;Ripple et al., 2017Ripple et al., , 2021. ...
The increasing challenges of global warming, fossil fuel depletion and rising petroleum prices underscore the urgent need for renewable, eco-friendly, and sustainable biofuels. Fossil fuels, which currently meet over 80-85% of global energy demands, are rapidly depleting, with Pakistan heavily dependent on them for nearly 88% of its energy needs. This study aimed to evaluate the bioenergy potential of Spirogyra microalgae for biodiesel production, offering a sustainable solution to fossil fuel dependence and environmental degradation. Lipids from microalgae Spirogyra were extracted using n-Hexane as a solvent by both the hot plate magnetic stirrer method and simple solvent extraction method. The effects of habitat nature, n-Hexane to algal biomass ratio, algal biomass particle size, and contact time on the percentage yield of extracted lipids were studied and analyzed. The study showed that algae from agricultural runoff had the highest lipid extraction efficiency at 3.9%, while industrial effluent samples had the lowest at 3.56%. The hot plate magnetic stirrer method achieved 1.38% efficiency. An algae to n-Hexane ratio of 1:3 and smaller particle sizes yielded higher lipid extractions. The findings suggest that the Hot Plate Magnetic Stirrer method is more effective in lipid extraction from Spirogyra microalgae for biodiesel production. This underscores the importance of optimizing extraction methods for maximum lipid yield, contributing to the advancement of sustainable energy production. This study highlights the importance of nature-inspired solutions in addressing the complex challenges of energy security and environmental degradation. By harnessing the potential of Spirogyra microalgae for biodiesel production, it offers a pathway towards sustainable energy production and environmental conservation.
... Due to substantial transformations with the rapid growth of the social economy and marine hazards, wetlands have experienced significant changes in their area, distribution, biodiversity, ecological services, and human activity [1][2][3][4]. Wetlands also play an important role in global carbon and methane cycles, and thus strongly feedback to climate change [5]. However, coastal wetlands around the world are declining dramatically due to intensified human activities and global climate change [6], with serious ecological consequences including flooding and drought biodiversity loss [7,8]. ...
Mudflat wetland, one of the 27 surface elements identified by the International Geographic Data Committee, has undergone substantial transformations with the rapid growth of the social economy and marine hazards, resulting in significant changes in its area and distribution. Quick identification of mudflat wetland evolution is vital to improve the mudflat ecological service value. We employed object-oriented and decision tree classification methods to map the mudflat wetland in the Yellow Sea using the Landsat time series from 1983 to 2020. The Improved Spectral Water Index (IWI) was established by combining the characteristics of many ratio indices and using ratio operation and quadratic power operation. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the IWI was calculated, and the range of the intertidal zone in 1983, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 was obtained by using a threshold method. The results indicate that the mudflat wetland area decreased continuously from 1983 to 2020, with a reduction of 337.38 km²/10a. Among the total area, the natural wetland experienced a decline of 446.9 km²/10a, with the most drastic changes occurring between 2000 and 2010. In contrast, the area of the human-made wetland increased by 109.56 km²/10a. Over the 38 years, the tidal flat has undergone the most drastic reduction, with an average of 157.45 km²/10a. From 1983 to 2020, the intertidal zone area decreased, with a reduction of 429.02 km²/10a. Human activities were the key factors causing mudflat wetland loss. Based on these findings, we propose several policy suggestions. This study provides a scientific basis for understanding the synergetic evolution mechanism of coastal resources utilization and mudflat wetland protection under global change.
... Furthermore, N 2 O contributes to ozone layer depletion [1,[4][5][6][7][8][9]. Over recent decades, the atmospheric concentration of N 2 O has significantly increased compared to pre-industrial levels [1,10]. The process of catalytic ammonia oxidation in nitric acid production generates N 2 O as a byproduct, with typical concentrations in the off-gasses ranging from 1000 to 2000 ppmv, before the high-temperature N 2 O decomposition [11][12][13]. ...
The production of nitric acid represents the primary source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. During pilot-scale studies of N2O reduction on a low-temperature catalyst on nitric acid plants, it was observed that increasing the concentration of NH3 resulted in a decrease in the degree of N2O decomposition. This suggested that N2O was formed by the oxidation of NH3. Measurements at different temperatures, conducted after the N2O reduction trials, resulted in the N2O concentration at the inlet equal to the concentration at the outlet, indicating catalyst deactivation. To identify the causes of deactivation, the physicochemical properties of the catalyst were investigated. XRF analysis revealed the presence of sulfur. The results suggest the necessity of removing sulfur from the raw gas before the reduction of N2O on the low-temperature catalyst in practical applications.
... At the start of the experiment in 2003, a 0.1-m layer of washed sand was placed at the bottom of each mesocosm with a 0.1-m layer of nutrient-rich sediment from a nearby freshwater pond (Liboriussen et al. 2005). The mesocosms are exposed to three warming treatments: unheated (Amb), heated treatment A2 (A2) according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)-predicted temperature increase (Houghton et al. 2001), and heated treatment A2 + 50% (A2+). The heated mesocosms are warmed up using heating elements placed about 10 cm above the sediment. ...
... The water temperature in the unheated mesocosms fluctuates with the air temperature, while the water temperature in the two heated treatments is continuously adjusted to be 2.5-4 C (A2) and 3.75-6 C (A2+) warmer than the unheated mesocosms depending on the season (Liboriussen et al. 2011). The seasonal differences between the temperature treatments are based on future climatic projections for Denmark downscaled to monthly resolution using 1961-1990 as reference period (Houghton et al. 2001). The three warming treatments are crossed with two nutrient treatments (low and high), yielding six treatments with four replicates. ...
Shallow lakes and ponds play a crucial role in the processing of carbon and other nutrients. However, many lakes and ponds worldwide are affected by climate change and nutrient pollution. How these pressures affect the emission of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) is unclear. Warming and eutrophication are expected to increase the production and emission of N2O in lakes and ponds, but changes in ecological structure and function may complicate these seemingly straightforward relationships. In this study, we used the world's longest running, mesocosm‐based, freshwater climate change experiment to disentangle the effect of nutrient enrichment and warming on N2O emissions. We gathered a large dataset on N2O concentrations and ancillary variables, comprising three sampling campaigns between 2011 and 2020 and a total of 687 individual mesocosm measurements. Our results demonstrated that nutrient enrichment increased N2O emissions, while warming (+2.5–4.0°C and +3.75–6.0°C) had no discernable effect. Our study indicates that curtailing nitrogen influxes into lakes and ponds is the most effective strategy to minimize N2O emissions, and while warming may influence N2O emissions, it does not appear to be a direct driver. These findings underscore the importance of prioritizing nitrogen mitigation efforts to curb N2O emissions from shallow lakes and ponds.
