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Heavy metals in drinking water pose a threat to the human health. The toxic metals be added into water deliver by manufacturing and housing waste or still from acidic precipitation breaking behind soils and producing into streams, lakes, rivers and groundwater. Iron and phosphorus plays an important role in the development of ecosystems, agricultur...
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... all the dust and fine materials. The washing process was repeated until the color of wash water was transparent. In the adsorption process also check the stability of mango leaves adsorbents. The dried biosorbent material was stored in a plastic container for biosorption analysis. The fresh and spent mango leaves biosorbents is shown in the Fig. 1. The differences in morphology and textural property of fresh and spent mango leaves biosorbents are shown in the Fig. ...
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... the adsorption process also check the stability of mango leaves adsorbents. The dried biosorbent material was stored in a plastic container for biosorption analysis. The fresh and spent mango leaves biosorbents is shown in the Fig. 1. The differences in morphology and textural property of fresh and spent mango leaves biosorbents are shown in the Fig. ...
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... leaves biosorbents showed that the best performance and immediate results. The removal efficiency is directly proportional to the dosage is shown in Fig. 10. The amount of mango leaves biosorbent is a key factor as the adsorption mainly depends upon the surface area of adsorbent available for the contact of pollutant at the interface. For studying the effect of mango leaves biosorbent dosage on removal of Fe (II) represents in Table 5, the optimum biosorbent dosage is changed from 4.2 to ...
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... phosphorous ion concentration the biosorption of phosphorous ions increases due to the higher surface area which in turn raises the number of available binding sites. The amount of mango leaves biosorbent is a key factor as the adsorption mainly depends upon the surface area of adsorbent available for the contact of pollutant at the interface. In Fig. 11 the increasing mango leaves adsorbent dosage increased the percent removal of phosphorous and maximum removal was observed with the dosage of 2 g. The mango leaves biosorbent has observed complete removal efficiency for all dosages. The results are fast increases from 0 to 1 g then from 1 g the removal efficiency was 100%. It is well ...
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... studying the effect of mango leaves dosage on the phosphorous removal is shown in Fig. 12, the mango leaves biosorbent dosage was increased from 0 to 2 g. The increasing mango leaves adsorbent dosage increased the removal percentages of phosphorous and optimum phosphorous removal was observed with dosage of 1.4 g. After these experiments observed that the optimum dosage of mango leaves biosorbents for iron and phosphorous ...
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... 8 = 87% and at pH value 9 and 10 the complete removal of iron from water was achieved. The optimum pH value of water containing mango leaves biosorbent for iron removal is 9. These results indicated that the iron removal was increased up to pH = 9 then make constant. The removal percentages of iron and phosphorous with increase in pH is shown in Fig. 13 can be explained on the basis of decrease in competition between the proton and metal cations for same functional groups and by decrease in the positive surface charge, which results in a lower electrostatic repulsion between the surface and metal ions. The pH range from 4 to 6, a slight increase of metal removal is observed that might ...
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... due to the presence of higher concentration of -OH ions in the solution, which leads to compete between the phosphorous cations and protons for binding sites on the cell wall. It can be observed that the increasing pH of solution, the amount of P o ion adsorption also make constant. The optimizations of pH in water over mango leave biosorbent Fig. 13. Optimization of pH in iron and phosphorous removal from ...
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... bath. The iron removal efficiency at 15 • C is 54%, 20 • C is 67%, 25 • C is 84%, 30 • C is 97%, 35 • C is 100% and also 40 • C so that the complete removal of iron was obtained at 35 to 40 • C and further increasing the water temperature it was make constant. The optimum temperature for iron and phosphorous removal from water is shown in the Fig. 14. The increase in mango leaves biosorption of Fe(II) with temperature may be attributed the two factors. One is an increase in the number of active sites available for biosorption on the biosorbent. The other is decrease in the thickness of boundary layer surrounding the mango leaves biosorbent with temperature and positive effect on ...
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... and phosphorous removal from water. The water samples were tested for iron and phosphorous removal efficiency to find out the optimum rotation speed. In these experiments observe that at which rotation speeds the iron and phosphorous having effectively removal by the mango leaves bio-adsorbent for 2 h duration. The effect of contact time shown in Fig. 15 on the adsorption of iron over mango leaves biosorbent were studied in the time range from 120 min by fixing the other parameters such as adsorbent dosage and temperature for each experiment. The rotation speed is varying from 0 to 200 rpm. The addition optimum dosage of 4.3 g mango leaves biosorbent at 50 rpm rotation speed the 30% ...
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... The water samples containing optimum dosage of mango leaves biosorbent were kept under rotary shaker for different time periods and tested for removal efficiency to get the optimum contact time required for complete removal of iron and phosphorous from water. The optimization of contact time in iron and phosphorous removal from water is shown in Fig. 16. The iron and phosphorous ions removal was increased with an increase in the contact time before equilibrium was reached. All parameters such as dosage of mango leaves adsorbent and pH of solution were kept constant. This result is important because equilibrium time is one of the important parameters for an economical removing of iron ...
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... required for maximum uptake of phosphorous ions by biosorbent was dependent on the initial phosphorous ion concentration. The high rate agitation speeds results in the occurrence of vortex phenomenon which results in the loss of homogeneous nature of suspension. The high turbulence may also reduce the time of interaction between biosorbate and Fig. 15. Optimization of rotation speed in iron and phosphorous removal from ...
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... leaves adsorbent. Kinetics studies provide important information about the mango leaves iron biosorption process, which are necessary to depict the adsorption rate and control the residual time. To better understand the biosorption process, several mathematical models have been proposed to test kinetic data from batch adsorption experiments. In Fig. 17 shows that ascertain the best-fitting kinetic model, which can be applied into adsorption reaction model and adsorption diffusion model. magnetite and maghemite are intensively studied Fe oxides in water treatment as they possess high surface charge and redox activity characteristics, polymer-phase that includes temperature-induced ...
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... functionalized biosorbent species, such as amino, imino, imidazole, thiol and carboxylic have been produced for highly-efficient removal of phosphorous metal oxides pollutants. The biosorbents species may be transported from the bulk solution onto the sorbents through intraparticle diffusion/transport processes. The rate limited step was shown in Fig. 18 taken into consideration and intra-particle diffusion model was introduced [73,74]. The intraparticle diffusion may govern by the reaction of adsorption kinetics. The higher concentration of phosphorus was removed at a pH range of 7 to 9.5 as the application of biosorbents could be performed in a wide pH range. may be strongly adsorbed ...
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... feed stream [81,82]. The iron and phosphorous deposited on the mango leaves biosorbents surface blocks the active sites and prevents further reactions from taking place, thus "poisoning" and ultimately deactivating the mango leaves biosorbents. The deposition of poisoning on mango leaves biosorbent surfaces cause of deactivation is shown in the Fig. 19. The deactivation of mango leaves biosorbent materials can be used in developing theoretical and practical foundations for design of highperformance materials for iron and phosphorous adsorptions [83,84]. The regeneration process reduces the iron and phosphorous content with no significant change in the mango leaves biosorbent ...
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... up to three cycles (97.38%) and then started decreasing (to 82.36%) in the 4 th cycle. The regeneration is usually carrying out by using various eluting agents (acids or base) by different desorption mechanisms to release the adsorbed iron and phosphorous ions into the water. The purpose was to remove proteins from the biomass sites shown in Fig. 21 via caustic treatment which increased biosorption capacity, whereas the opposite was true in case of acidic pretreatment. The uptake of Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ ions increased with increasing contact time and decreasing metal ions concentration and equilibrium was reached in the proper contact time. The product is very important for both mango ...
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... of removal efficiency, adsorption capacity, factor optimal, equilibrium, kinetics, reusability and thermodynamics are highly dependent on the type and nature of iron and phosphorous pollutant and mango leaves plant precursor. The desorption methodology and reusability potential was also considered and key knowledge gaps elucidated. Morphological Fig. 18. The ion exchange and diffusion mechanism involved in the biosorptions processes. Fig. 19. Deposition of poisoning on the mango leaves biosorbent surfaces. changes observed in scanning electron microscopy of untreated and metal treated biomass confirmed the phenomenon of biosorption. FTIR spectroscopy of native and exhausted mango ...
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... and thermodynamics are highly dependent on the type and nature of iron and phosphorous pollutant and mango leaves plant precursor. The desorption methodology and reusability potential was also considered and key knowledge gaps elucidated. Morphological Fig. 18. The ion exchange and diffusion mechanism involved in the biosorptions processes. Fig. 19. Deposition of poisoning on the mango leaves biosorbent surfaces. changes observed in scanning electron microscopy of untreated and metal treated biomass confirmed the phenomenon of biosorption. FTIR spectroscopy of native and exhausted mango leaves biosorbent powder confirmed iron and phosphorous biomass interactions responsible for ...
Citations
... 3balso shows the emergence of new characteristic peaks, such as magnesium phosphate [Mg₃(PO₄)₂], iron phosphate (FePO₄), and calcium phosphate [Ca₃(PO₄)₂], which likely result from the decomposition of compounds present on the surface or within the pores of SW-ceramsite in an aqueous solution. For example, dolomite decomposes into CaO and MgO, and anorthite decomposes into CaO and Al 2 O 3 , both of which provide additional adsorption sites for interaction with PO4 3− ions or HPO 4 2− ions or H 2 PO₄ions in liquid phase35,36 , leading to the formation of phosphate precipitation compounds. ...
To address environmental challenges such as eutrophication caused by excessive phosphorus discharge and low resource utilization of solid waste, this study investigates the factors influencing the physical properties of ceramsite from solid waste (SW-ceramsite) through sintering method, and its adsorption performance. The results shown that under the optimal conditions of additive dosage 9 g/100 g mixture, sintering temperature 1100 °C, heating rate 10 °C/min, and holding time 5 min, the values of breaking and wear rates and void fraction were 0.35% and 69.6%, respectively. Grey relation analysis indicated that the additive dosage was the most influential factor, followed by sintering temperature and heating rate, with holding time being the least impact. The equilibrium adsorption capacity (qe) of SW-ceramsite for phosphorus was 1.85 mg/g. The adsorption process was better described by the Freundlich adsorption isotherm, as well as by the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, and was characterized as non-spontaneous and exothermic. After nine regeneration cycles, The qe of SW-ceramsite decreased by only 0.185 mg/g, with a regeneration loss rate was just 4.988%, suggesting good reusability. The findings suggest that the SW-ceramsite holds promise for treatment of phosphorus-containing wastewater.
... Iron is a heavy metal naturally found in the earth's crust. The presence of iron in water, typically in the soluble ferric or insoluble ferrous forms, can result from the dissolution of rocks and minerals, as well as from acid mine drainage or industrial waste [2,3]. However, an excess of iron content in drinking water may cause a problem owing to harmful effects on human health (e. g., diabetes, hemochromatosis, stomach problems, and nausea) [4]. ...
Paper introduces an efficient technique for removing excess Fe(II) ions from water using modified polyvinylidene fluoride membranes. Capability for Fe(II) removal was investigated for three types of PVDF membranes (pristine PVDF, PVDF/Fe3O4 blend, and PVDF/Fe3O4 blend membrane with additional immobilization of Fe3O4 nanoparticles using polymer spacer. Structures and morphologies of membranes were analyzed through various techniques (IR, SEM, AFM, water contact angle, zeta potential), revealing that Fe3O4 nanoparticles were successfully incorporated into the membrane matrix and/or the membrane surface. The surface modification resulted in increased hydrophilicity of the membrane surface, as indicated by a decrease of WCA from 106.1◦±3◦ to 74.8◦±2◦. The isoelectric point changed from 3.5 ±0.2 to 7.9 ±0.2 after the attachment of polyethyleneimine (PEI) owing to the cationic nature of the polymer linker. Membranes were tested in an ultrafiltration process using polyacrylic acid (PAA) as an agent for the binding of Fe(II) into the coordination complex. The modified membranes demonstrated a hydrodynamic permeability coefficient of 17.1 LMH⋅bar-1, which is approximately 2.5 times higher than the pristine PVDF membrane. The surface-modified PVDF membranes maintained a high rejection of Fe(II)-PAA coordination complex (97.1 and 99.4 %, respectively) at a pH of 8, leading to the decrease of concentration of Fe(II) in permeate from 20 ppm to 0.08 ppm and 0.11 ppm, meeting the standards set by the World Health Organization (0.3 ppm) and European Union Regulation (0.2 ppm). Modified PVDF/Fe3O4 membranes show potential applications in water purification from heavy metals owing to many advantages, including higher flux rates and rejection ability.
... It is determined that acid treatment results in a decrease in the weight percentage of all elements, but sodium hydroxide treatment alone causes an increase in the quantity of carbon. Lesser oxygen present on adsorbents can result in a high active sites number, aiding in the adsorptive uptake of MB dye more effectively [35]. The EDX of methylene blue dye adsorbed SR-NaOH and SR-HCl indicated that when dye is adsorbed in HCl-treated SR, the carbon (43.8 weight %) was increased, while oxygen (27.31 weight %) was reduced. ...
In this work, Symplocos racemosa (Lodh) biowaste (SR) was chemically fabricated to make it a sustainable material for detoxifying cationic pollutants from waste-water by green technology using methylene blue (MB) dye as a test case. Morphological changes that occurred in SR were observed by SEM, EDX, XRD, and FTIR methods. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to optimize tailored adsorptive detoxification of the MB dye. The equilibrium data of experiments was found to be in best fit with Langmuir isotherm, showing that the maximum dye removal capacity of SR (qmax) was 10 mg/g for MB. Kinetic modeling of equilibrium data followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, indicating enhanced porosity after chemical processing of SR. The results confirmed the prospective application of Symplocos racemosa lignocellulosic waste as a natural, cheap, and sustainable product that can be used for adsorptive removal of cationic pollutants.
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... For the treatment of contaminated water, bioremediation has been used using plants, microorganisms, and biomaterials (Carreño-Sayago, 2015;Paredes & Ñique, 2016). In particular, to remove iron, biosorption has been used (Dey, Sreenivasulu et al., 2022). ...
Heavy metals are of great environmental and sanitary importance due to the toxicity they generate; therefore, a wide variety of methods for elimination in water has been studied. One of the approaches employed is bioremediation, which involves the use of biomass (microorganisms or plants), living plants (phytoremediation), or biomaterials to eliminate these elements. In this study, we investigated the technical feasibility of using the Trichonephila clavipes spider web as a biomaterial for iron removal from water by bioremediation. A bibliometric analysis was carried out, where the process variables and experimental design were defined using the Response Surface Methodology, and the iron concentrations were measured before and after the experiment using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy by dispersive energy. The model predicted an iron removal of 91.82% using 28.09 hr, 81.42 ppm of iron, and 0.062 g of spider web, with a relative error of 0.043 of the true value. This work is novel and presents a new methodology for the bioremediation of water contaminated with iron using spider webs. The results indicate a high efficiency in the removal of iron, which could have important implications in solving environmental and health problems associated with the presence of heavy metals in water.
... The biosorption equilibrium was thus considered fast, being attained within only 180 min. The same equilibrium time was achieved by Rai et al. (2023) when studying chromium uptake on pomegranate peels biosorbent, while Dey et al. (2022) obtained an equilibrium time of 90 min for removal of iron and phosophorous on mango leaves. The fast kinetic may also be due to suitable intermediate porous structure that facilitates the transport of Ni(II) species into the adequate sites as well as to the implicated metal concentration. ...
This research aimed to contribute to the pollution remediation by investing an agricultural food residue developed from Algerian melon (Cucumis melo) fruit peels into novel efficient low-cost biosorbent (AML). Ni(II) metal was selected for the batch biosorption by the AML solid, from aqua system. The impact of different parameters was performed including shaking time, biomass dosage, pH, temperature, and Ni(II) concentration. Interestingly, the biosorption process achieved equilibrium within only 180 min. The kinetic obeyed the pseudo-second order model with high correlation coefficient (0.999). The intraparticle diffusion approach gave R² equals to 0.829 and 0.75. The Ni(II) uptake was strongly dependent on the dosage increment, attaining 88.8% at 2.5 g L⁻¹, and on pH ranged from 2 to 7. The Langmuir model provided the best fit to the isotherm experimental data with a maximum biosorption capacity achieving 11.11 mgg⁻¹ at 30°C. The biosorption level was reduced to 4.85 mgg⁻¹ at 50°C. The negative values of ΔG (-8.25, -12.64, and -14.40 kJmol⁻¹, at 303, 318, and 323 K respectively) proved the feasibility and spontaneity of the Ni(II) biosorption. The positive values of ΔH and ΔS (85.32 kJmol⁻¹ and 0.31 kJmol⁻¹K⁻¹, respectively) confirmed the endothermic nature of the biosorption process and the randomness increase at the biomass-liquid interface. The AML biosorbent characterization (FTIR, SEM-EDX, CHN(S), TGA-DTG, LTNA, and XPS) confirmed the presence and role of several oxygen-containing groups and mesopores, as well as the ion exchange mechanism supposed mainly occurring between light metals of the AML biomass and the target ions. The current findings highlighted the melon biomass as interesting alternative for the removal of hazardous pollutants.
Graphical Abstract
... In various rivers across Indonesia, risk assessments have revealed the presence of heavy metal contamination in both water and sediment. Notably, Fe has exhibited significantly elevated and a higher pollution index compared to other heavy metals [5,6]. ...
... Selective adsorption and phosphate removal from the aqueous medium, even with the presence of interfering anionic species, successfully demonstrated the graphene-lanthanum oxide composite's high sorption capacity and efficiency (Chen et al. 2016). Also, the synthesis and characterization of mango leaves as adsorbent efficiently removed iron and phosphorous from contaminated water, highlighting its potential as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution for water treatment (Dey et al. 2022a). Furthermore, other research works utilized different adsorbents, including rice husks, banana peels, sugarcane bagasse, coconut coir, and even solid waste, demonstrating good adsorption capacity in removing contaminants from wastewater (Dey et al. 2021(Dey et al. , 2022b. ...
Endocrine disruptor (ED) present in wastewater poses severe environmental hazards by interfering with aquatic organisms’ endocrine systems, adversely affecting reproduction, development, and overall ecosystem health. Cephalexin (CEX) is one of the most frequently prescribed ED antibiotics due to its broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and excellent water solubility. This study removed CEX from wastewater using activated carbon from cornstalks (ACCS), an agri-byproduct abundantly found in many farmlands. The uniqueness of this research lies in its investigation of the potential of ACCS as a sustainable and effective solution for treating water contaminated with CEX. It distinctively focuses on using a readily available and renewable agri-biomass source, cornstalks, to produce activated carbon, which could offer an eco-friendly and economically viable method for water purification. The cornstalks were modified using H3PO4 at 1 mol/L concentration and carbonized at 600 °C in a muffle furnace to obtain ACCS. The ACCS was employed to eliminate CEX from water, and its effectiveness was evaluated. Based on the results, the optimum conditions to remove CEX using ACCS were an initial concentration of 600 ppm, an adsorbent dose of 1.08 g, and a contact period of 46 min, leading to an optimal CEX removal efficiency of 92.7 ± 0.32% and an adsorption capacity of 19.31 mg/g. The Freundlich isotherm model showed a strong correlation (R² of 0.9893), which explained that adsorption happens in multiple layers and is not uniform. Strong chemical bonds between the CEX and the ACCS surface during chemisorption impact the adsorption process, according to the pseudo-second-order model, which had a high goodness-of-fit (R² of 0.9515). It turned out to be a practical choice for antibiotic treatment because of its high removal efficiency and was a cost-effective way to remove CEX from polluted water, which had significant effects on raising water quality standards.
... Over time, these binding sites can become saturated as the biosorbent accumulates pollutants, decreasing its capacity to sorb additional contaminants. For example, as shown in the work on the removal of iron and phosphorus from a model solution by mango leaf biosorbents [92], the deactivation of biosorbents is attributed to the reversible or irreversible chemisorption of iron and phosphorous molecules to active sites. This reduces the number of sites available for the adsorption reaction. ...
This article explores recent advancements and innovative strategies in biosorption technology, with a particular focus on the removal of heavy metals, such as Cu(II), Pb(II), Cr(III), Cr(VI), Zn(II), and Ni(II), and a metalloid, As(V), from various sources. Detailed information on biosorbents, including their composition, structure, and performance metrics in heavy metal sorption, is presented. Specific attention is given to the numerical values of the adsorption capacities for each metal, showcasing the efficacy of biosorbents in removing Cu (up to 96.4%), Pb (up to 95%), Cr (up to 99.9%), Zn (up to 99%), Ni (up to 93.8%), and As (up to 92.9%) from wastewater and industrial effluents. In addition, the issue of biosorbent deactivation and failure over time is highlighted as it is crucial for the successful implementation of adsorption in practical applications. Such phenomena as blockage by other cations or chemical decomposition are reported, and chemical, thermal, and microwave treatments are indicated as effective regeneration techniques. Ongoing research should focus on the development of more resilient biosorbent materials, optimizing regeneration techniques, and exploring innovative approaches to improve the long-term performance and sustainability of biosorption technologies. The analysis showed that biosorption emerges as a promising strategy for alleviating pollutants in wastewater and industrial effluents, offering a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to addressing water pollution challenges.
... Phosphorus is used in detergents, toothpastes, fireworks, and in the heads of matches. 1 Phosphorus (P) together with nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) are biolimiting nutrients for plants, being included as chemical constituents of fertilizers. 2 Phosphate is necessary for plant growth. ...
Securing the enduring sustainability of global phosphorus (P) utilization has become a key societal priority. The application of green chemistry and green engineering presents an opportunity to mitigate these challenges...
... The plant leaves biosorbents broadly used for iron and phosphorous removal were reviewed, mainly focusing on their cellular structure, biosorption performance, their pre-treatment, modification, regeneration/reuse, modelling of biosorption (isotherm and kinetic models), the development of novel biosorbents, their evaluation, potential application and future (Subhashish et al., 2022 andGupta et al., 2015). The mango leaves are full of vitamins, enzymes, antioxidants and various other minerals. ...
