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, Management practices that can Increase soil carbon (partial Ilst)
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... strategies for increasing car- bon in cultivated soils have been identi- fied (Table 1). These can be broadly clas- sified into four main approaches: (i) reduction in tillage intensity; (ii) intensifi- cation of cropping systems; (iii) adoption of yield-promoting practices, including improved nutrient amendment; and (iv) reestablishment of permanent perennial vegetation. ...
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... pasture management has the potential to increase soil carbon through improved practices such as rota- tional grazing and application of fertilizers (Nyborg et al. 1997). Other potential op- portunities for increasing SOC include ir- rigation and reseeding with improved species or varieties (Table 1). ...
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... best possible carbon-consewing practices are adopted on all nondegraded cultivated land in the United States and Canada by the year 2000. In most cases, these practices will indude reduced tillage in conjunction with improved crop rotations, fertilization techniques, and other favorable practices, as appropriate for the given soil and climate ( Table 1). b. ...
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... subjected ,to mod- erate and severe levels of wind and water erosion is 38.5 Mha in the United States ( Gomez 1995 Table 2). However, this estimate assumes that the best possibJe practices in Table 1 are adopted on all identified lands at the beginning of the two decades, an assump- tion that clearly overestimates achievable gains. The actual adoption of these prac- tices in the future is uncertain, depending on policies adopted and changing eco- nomic and political hctors. ...
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... Localized changes in land use and land cover, especially in grasslands, agriculture, and forestry activities, may lead to a decrease in the global CO2 emissions to the atmosphere (Wang et al. 2024). Deforestation and erosion contribute to the atmosphere to a loss of roughly 1.7 and 0.1 PgCyear −1 , respectively (Bruce et al. 1999). One of the key reasons for the decline in soil organic carbon (SOC) is the removal of natural vegetation for agricultural purposes ). ...
Carbon sequestration is crucial for mitigating climate change by storing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) in soil and vegetation. This approach is an underlying principle of sustainable soil management, a goal that involves maintaining and enhancing overall soil health for the purposes of agricultural productivity and acting as a storehouse for CO2. Soils are the most important land-based ecosystems that store approximately two-thirds of terrestrial soil organic carbon (SOC). The global SOC pool is estimated to be three times as large as the atmospheric carbon pool and four times larger than the biotic carbon. Implementing specific soil management practices, such as reforestation or afforestation and sustainable agricultural techniques, can increase C sequestration in the soil, leading to greater SOC levels. These farming practices not only capture carbon but also improve soil structure/fertility/water retention while increasing ecosystem resilience overall. On the other hand, human land use changes like deforestation and agricultural expansions have caused a big loss of carbon from soils. Conversion of natural vegetation into croplands is a major driver of SOC loss. However, the implementation of sustainable management and reforestation can multiply SOC to a greater extent. Practices like no-till farming, cover cropping, crop rotation, and the use of organic amendments are all a part of sustainable soil management. These practices have in common that they increase the degree of carbon sequestration by encouraging organic matter stocks to build up and, on the other side, decreasing soil disturbance. Furthermore, reforestation and afforestation activities also increase carbon sequestration in biomass and soil so that these projects have a long-term impact on climate change. There are important environmental co-benefits to carbon sequestration in addition to its mitigation potential of climate change. By reducing atmospheric CO2 levels, it mitigates ocean acidification, protecting marine ecosystems. Moreover, increased SOC benefits improve soil health, biodiversity, and agricultural performance. In conclusion, soil carbon sequestration through sustainable land management is an important and effective strategy to fight climate change and environmental degradation. By adopting effective land management practices, we can improve SOC content, boost soil health, and add to a more resilient and sustainable ecosystem.
... In contrast, afforestation of bare areas enhances soil and ecosystem protection . According to Bruce et al. (1999), deforestation and soil erosion lead to the release of approximately 1.7 and 0.1 PgCyr⁻¹ of carbon emissions into the atmosphere, respectively. However, increasing forest cover, rehabilitating degraded forests, implementing sustainable land management practices (Lal, 2001), and strengthening environmental protection measures (Wali et al., 1999;Kara et al., 2016;Babur et al., 2021a) can significantly mitigate global CO₂ emissions (Post & Kwon, 2000). ...
Soils, as the most dynamic and complex components of terrestrial ecosystems, serve as crucial sinks for atmospheric carbon storage and retention. Human interventions in soil management significantly influence the amount of carbon and nitrogen stored or sequestered. This study investigated the effects of afforestation using Cedrus libani A. Rich (Lebanese cedar or Taurus cedar) at two different ages (10 and 25 years) in the Upper Mediterranean basin on soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks. The afforestation was conducted on previously bare lands for soil conservation purposes. A total of 45 soil samples were collected from topsoil (0–10 cm): 15 samples were randomly taken from two different times (2000 and 2015) afforested areas and 15 from non-afforested (control) land. Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and bulk density (BD) analyses were performed on these samples. To calculate soil organic carbon stocks in tons per hectare, bulk density (BD) was estimated using the SOC and soil mass equation. The results revealed a substantial increase in carbon and nitrogen storage in the afforested areas, depending on tree age. Specifically, organic carbon and nitrogen stocks in the topsoil of 25-year-old and 10-year-old afforestation sites were 65% and 48% higher, respectively, than in control soils. Carbon and nitrogen storage followed the trend: 25-year > 10-year > 0-control. The highest total nitrogen content (0.78%) was observed in 10-year-old cedar afforestation sites. While BD values did not differ significantly among afforested areas, the control areas showed distinct differences from the afforested sites. This study demonstrates that age-protected cedar afforestation significantly enhances carbon and nitrogen sequestration in previously bare soils, highlighting its importance for soil conservation and ecosystem sustainability.
... Land 2025, 14, 344 2 of 23 taking appropriate action to limit the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that cause global warming (i.e., climate change mitigation) is critically important [15]. Carbon sequestration and storage in biomass and soils has been widely suggested as one of the more promising strategies for climate change mitigation [15][16][17][18]. Since the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, the protection and enhancement of natural carbon sinks has been an important component of climate policy [19]. ...
Agroforestry has been widely suggested as a tool for storing carbon while also providing other ecosystem services like food and income production. A greater understanding of how carbon storage in agroforestry systems varies, and particularly how it is intertwined with the productivity of these systems, could enable farmers and policymakers to make changes that simultaneously increase carbon storage and alleviate poverty. In this study, we used allometric equations to evaluate the carbon storage in the biomass of two complex agroforestry systems in Bali, Indonesia—rustic where a native tree canopy is still present, and polyculture where all native trees have been removed, and the canopy consists only of cropping trees. We then compared these figures to that of a nearby primary forest and linked carbon storage to productivity for both agroforestry systems. We found that the primary forest (277.96 ± 149.05 Mg C ha⁻¹) stored significantly more carbon than either the rustic (144.72 ± 188.14 Mg C ha⁻¹) or polyculture (105.12 ± 48.65 Mg C ha⁻¹) agroforestry systems, which were not significantly different from each other. We found productivity and carbon storage to be significantly positively correlated with each other within the polyculture system but not within the rustic system. We also found that for the rustic system, an increase in the density of native trees is accompanied by an increase in carbon storage, but no significant change in productivity. Consequently, we conclude that within the rustic system, carbon storage can be increased or maintained at a high value by the preservation and encouragement of large native trees, and that this need not necessarily result in a decrease in productivity.
... Carbon might accumulate in the form of soil organic carbon (SOC) or soil inorganic carbon (SIC) in soil (Apesteguia et al., 2018;Beerling et al., 2018;Lal, 2007;Sanderman, 2018). Carbon sequestration as SOC, which is highly dependent on practical management (Hutchinson et al., 2007;Powlson et al., 2014;Sanderman, 2018;Wang et al., 2023) and subjected to decarbonization (Jorat et al., 2022), is usually regulated through photosynthesis and the organic matter cycle (Bruce et al., 1999;Haque et al., 2019a;Smith et al., 2008). SIC, on the other hand, is recognized as a long-term pool, and its sequestration occurs through the weathering of alkaline metals (Haque et al., 2019a). ...
Considered a well-known carbon sequestration method, terrestrial enhanced rock weathering (ERW) involves the application of crushed silicate-bearing minerals to urban and agricultural soils. Once dissolved in a soil–water system, alkaline minerals adjust the pH in a range favorable for pedogenic carbonate formation and, hence, atmospheric carbon drawdown. As a fast-weathering Ca-rich mineral, wollastonite is recognized as a primary candidate for this process. Although previous studies have demonstrated the potential of wollastonite to sequester carbon in croplands, no study has investigated the fate of wollastonite over the vertical profile of soil. Furthermore, no studies have investigated changes in the elemental composition of soils due to wollastonite amendment at the field scale. The present study presents the results of multiyear sample collection from different layers (0–15, 15–30, and 30–60 cm) of agricultural soil amended with wollastonite in Woodstock, Ontario, Canada. The impact of initial soil pH on pedogenic carbonate formation was also investigated through the inclusion of two more field trials (Thorndale and Dawn-Euphemia, Ontario). The results indicated that wollastonite addition increased the inorganic carbon pool of the soil at a rate as fast as 0.55 t CO2/(ha·month) at higher (20 t/ha) wollastonite dosages, and with efficiencies reaching up to 0.42 t CO2/t wollastonite (as CO32-). Elemental composition analyses (WDXRF) revealed increases in the Ca (0.05–0.32 %) and Mg (0.01–0.02 %) contents in the amended soils that either were inferior to the theoretical amendment change, suggesting migration of weathering products to deeper layers, or in some cases similar and thus correlating with pedogenic carbonate retention in surficial layers. The implications of composite sampling and year-over-year comparisons on the estimated uncertainty from statistical analysis (hierarchical permutation test of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test) is discussed. This study concludes that carbonate formation is not limited to surficial layers and that deeper layers also need to be taken into account when estimating carbon capture due to ERW practices.
... Mitigation is the ability to respond to risks such as CO2 leakage or any damage in the unlikely event that a leak should occur [16]. [3,4] In addition to the U.S. Department of Energy's Regional Partnerships, there are several existing international carbon capture and storage programs. Some of the largest sequestration projects are located in Europe, such as in Norway, Germany, and the Netherlands. ...
Most of the energy that is used to meet human needs is directly or indirectly derived from the burning of fossil fuels (natural gas, oil, and coal), which releases carbon to the atmosphere, primarily as carbon dioxide (CO2) Greenhouse gases including this CO2 are increasing in the atmosphere. This is a major cause of climate change. Studies predict that increases in atmospheric CO2 will adversely affect life on Earth by trapping solar heat and causing average surficial temperature of the Earth to rise in response. International concern about potential global climate change has initiated discussions about limiting the amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gases released to the atmosphere. Scientists and policy makers are trying to determine how to decrease and possibly reverse the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon sequestration, a process where CO2 is taken from the atmosphere and stored for an indefinitely, may be one way to slow or reverse the accumulation of CO2 in the earth's atmosphere. It involves accumulating CO2 into long-lived global pools within the forest, oceanic, biomass and geological strata to reduce the net rate of increase in atmospheric CO2. These techniques have potential to mitigate the climate change risks however, there is a need to analyse the costs associated and the benefit delivered by each of the proposed solutions for carbon sequestration.
... Existem diversas fontes de emissão deste gás, entre elas o solo que pode contribuir de forma significativa com o total de CO 2 livre na atmosfera. Segundo Bruce et al. (1999) o solo é considerado o principal reservatório temporário de carbono no ecossistema por apresentar, m média, 4,5 vezes mais carbono do que a biota e 3,3 vezes mais do que a atmosfera. ...
A mudança no uso da terra tem sido um dos principais vilões para o aumento de Gases de Efeito Estufa (GEE’s). Portanto a busca por sistema de produção mais sustentáveis e menos poluentes tem sido cada vez mais frequente no setor agropecuário. Diante disto, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar o estoque de carbono (Est.C) e a relação C/N do solo, comparando Plantio Convencional de Soja (SPC), Plantio Direto de Soja/Milho (SMPD) e Vegetação Nativa (VN), em condições de Cerrado, em profundidades de 0-10 cm e 10-20 cm,em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdividas. Como resultados foi observado que o Est.C teve diferença significativa em reação a área, destacando-se o SMPD (75,71 Mg.ha-1), em relação as demais áreas, no entanto não houve diferença significativa quanto a profundidade, sendo apresentado 73,88 Mg.ha-1 (0-10 cm) e 68,77 Mg.ha-1 (10-20 cm). Na relação C/N, também, houve diferença significativa na interação tendo, para 0-10 cm e 10-20 cm, respectivamente, os seguintes dados para SMPD (82,88 e 55,43 Mg.ha-1), SPC (37,91 e 57,68 Mg.ha-1) e VN (46,07 e 43,46 Mg.ha-1). Verificou-se que o sistema SMPD, foi o que apresentou melhores características quanto maior permanência de carbono no solo.Palavras-chave: plantio direto, plantio convencional, vegetação nativa
... Additionally, draining and cultivating organic soils lead to reduced soil C stocks. These findings are supported by studies such as (Bruce et al., 1999;Ogle et al., 2005;Paustian et al., 1997), and further discussed by (Armentano and Menges, 1986). The total change in soil C stocks for Cropland is estimated using Eq. ...
The potential of Indian agriculture in atmospheric CO2 capture and its role in enabling farmers to monetize C credits is critical to climate change mitigation strategies. This potential is especially significant given the vast and diverse agricultural landscapes across India, which inherently possess the capacity for considerable C sequestration. The realization of this potential hinges on the establishment of a comprehensive policy framework. Essential components of this framework include methodologies for accurate measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) of C sequestration. To fully harness the potential of Indian agriculture in atmospheric CO 2 capture and C credit monetization, future endeavors should focus on developing integrated technological solutions, and collaborative efforts are the cornerstone for accurate C measurement and verification, alongside formulating inclusive policies.
... Notably, researchers such as (Kannojia et al., 2019;Mondal, 2021) have emphasized the influence of climate change on soil fertility, structure (Bronick & Lal, 2005;Young et al., 1998), and microbial diversity (Kardol et al., 2011) and emphasized the importance of adaptive management strategies. Furthermore, publications by (Blanco-Canqui & Lal, 2004;Bruce et al., 1999;Chapman et al., 2010;Lal, 2004b;Marland et al., 2004;Nair et al., 2015;Schlesinger, 1999Schlesinger, , 2000 demonstrate novel approaches for carbon sequestration in soils, addressing the critical need to mitigate climate change through sustainable land use practices. As we face the difficulties of a rapidly changing climate, understanding the complex interplay between soil management and environmental resilience is critical. ...
The growing rate of climate change poses significant challenges to the health and functionality of soil, a crucial component of Earth’s ecosystems. As global temperatures rise and weather patterns grow more unpredictable, the effects on soil fertility, structure, and microbial diversity become more obvious. This research looks at the complex interaction between sustainable soil management methods and the dynamic difficulties offered by a changing climate. Drawing on multidisciplinary agronomy, soil science, ecology, and climatology research, we investigate novel ways to improve soil health, increase carbon sequestration, and mitigate climate-induced stresses. This study seeks to provide a complete overview of sustainable soil management options that combine agricultural production and environmental sustainability by reviewing current scientific knowledge and recent breakthroughs. This research is an invaluable resource for scientists, policymakers, and practitioners, providing a comprehensive knowledge of the complexity of soil management in light of climate change. Finally, the findings given herein aim to lead efforts toward guaranteeing soil long-term resilience and promoting sustainable land use practices for the sake of our world.
... The amount of soil carbon sequestered is proportionally correlated to the amount of incoming C from plant matter, and habitats exhibiting high plant density generate more significant amounts of litter. The amount of oxygen present, soil physical conditions, location of humic substance and the degree of physical association of soil aggregates all influence SOM decomposition (Bruce et al., 1999). In the present study, the mean SOC stock of DDF was found to be 138.17 ...
Spatial distribution and edaphic influences on soil organic carbon (SOC) are key determinants of carbon sequestration potential, and analysis of aggregate-protected SOC gives an in-depth understanding of the stability of carbon stored in soils. The present study evaluated the edaphic effects on the SOC in four different forest types—tropical evergreen forest, tropical moist deciduous forest, tropical dry deciduous forest and shola forest—in the southern high hills agro-ecological zone of Western Ghats, India. SOC stocks at depths of up to 1 m varied significantly across forest types, with the highest levels observed in the shola forest type (441.08 Mg C/ha) and the lowest in the dry deciduous forest (138.17 Mg C/ha). Around 70% of SOC was found in upper layers (0–30 cm) in all the studied forest types. Evaluation by a fixed-effect model showed that forest type, soil depth and aggregate size significantly affected SOC storage in these systems. An assessment of the relative importance and effect of 14 edaphic factors on SOC content in different forest types using the random forest model showed that the algorithm could explain 93.68%, 41.72%, 45.53% and 75.2% variability of SOC concentration across shola, dry deciduous, moist deciduous and evergreen systems, respectively. Across all forest types, except for dry deciduous forests, soil texture was found to be the primary factor influencing SOC, surpassing all other edaphic parameters. Ionic interactions by way of metal oxides like Ca²⁺, Al³⁺, Fe³⁺, Mg and H⁺ influenced the SOC in tropical forest systems. The insights into SOC dynamics and the edaphic factors regulating them offer valuable guidance for forest management in tropical regions, particularly regarding climate change mitigation.
... While the employment of plasticizers and cross-linking agents such as sorbitol and glycerol improves flexibility and durability of the biofilms [62] they can also contribute to an adverse effect on microbial communities and plant life by releasing or not fully reacting during degradation which can be hazardous to the environment. Risks associated with these chemical treatments include soil contamination which can alters soil chemistry and biology lowering agricultural production and biodiversity and water pollution where untreated effluents can alter the pH and conductivity of the water damaging the aquatic life and entering the human food chain [66]. Furthermore, some of these procedures generate volatile organic compounds which raises the greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to air pollution [67]. ...
Plastic pollution is a critical environmental issue leading to extensive ecological damage and posing health risks due to the persistence of petrochemical-derived plastics. Biodegradable films particularly those derived from renewable resources like corn waste offer a promising solution to this issue. Corn waste including husks, stalks and cobs are rich in cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin making it suitable for biodegradable film production. Various methods such as chemical treatments, enzymatic hydrolysis and mechanical processes are used to extract useful components from corn waste followed by film formation techniques like casting and extrusion. Corn waste films exhibit mechanical and barrier properties comparable to conventional plastics with the added benefit of faster biodegradability. These films have potential applications in packaging and agriculture reducing plastic waste and supporting sustainable practices.
