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Major and trace element data of samples from basement units of the Cordillera del Viento, northwestern Neuquén province, Argentina
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The studied Carboniferous units comprise metasedimentary (Guaraco Norte Formation), pyroclastic (Arroyo del Torreón Formation), and sedimentary (Huaraco Formation) rocks that crop out in the northwestern Neuquén province, Argentina. They form part of the basement of the Neuquén Basin and are mostly coeval with the Late Paleozoic accretionary prism...
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Context 1
... major elements (e.g., Bhatia and Crook 1986) as well as trace elements such as Th, Sc, Zr, and REE (McLennan 1989;McLennan et al. 1993), preserve characteristics of the source rocks in the sedimentary record (as long as the composition of the rock is not appreciably affected by diagenesis, metamorphism or other alteration processes). Consequently, a number of chemical analyses were carried out on the Guaraco Norte and Huaraco formations to contribute to the identification of their provenance and tectonic setting (Table 1). Meth- odology is given in the ''Appendix''. ...
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... Table 1, the high LOI values represent H 2 O ? , SO 3 and CO 2 . Thermogravimetric studies of all samples allowed to identify the presence of H 2 O? included as hydration water owing to incomplete loss of water adsor- bed in both smectite and glass (in tuff), together with the actual hydroxyl water in both phases. ...
Citations
... The Domuyo volcanic complex (DVC) is a rhyolitic-dacitic dome-basaltic complex emplaced in a collapse caldera that intrudes a large anticline (Groeber, 1947;Llambías et al., 1978;Miranda et al., 2006;Folguera et al., 2007). This anticline exhumes the Permian-Triassic Choiyoi Group, which covers and intrudes a Carboniferous sedimentary succession at depth (Zöllner y Amos, 1973;Leanza et al., 2005;Llambías et al., 2007;Zappettini et al., 2012). Over this succession, deposits of Jurassic and Cenozoic ages are sparse in the region (Silva -Fragoso et al., 2021;Borghi et al., 2023). ...
... Varela et al. 2005Varela et al. , 2015Pankhurst et al. 2006;Ramos 2008;García-Sansegundo et al. 2009;Martínez et al. 2012;García et al. 2018;Serra-Varela et al. 2018Oriolo et al. 2019Oriolo et al. , 2023Renda et al. 2019;Marcos et al. 2020;Gregori et al. 2021;Rapela et al. 2021). However, the Paleozoic record north of 40°S is limited to scarce basement inliers (Cingolani et al. 2011 and references cited therein), where detailed geological, structural, petrological and geochronological studies are scarce (Franzese 1993(Franzese , 1995Zappettini et al. 2012;Giacosa et al. 2014;Urraza et al. 2015). This region is particularly relevant, not only to the disentanglement of the complex Paleozoic evolution of Patagonia, but also in comparisons with the tectonic history of regions located further north, such as the San Rafael Block and the Cordillera Frontal (e.g. ...
... In a similar way, the low-grade metavolcano-sedimentary sequences of the Cuesta de Rahue Basement Inlier are defined as the Arroyo Coloco Metamorphic Complex, which records Late Triassic metamorphism. A pre-Late Triassic depositional age is thus inferred for the protolith, which may be equivalent to the Carboniferous metavolcano-sedimentary sequences of the Andacollo Group of the Cordillera del Viento in the Northern Neuquén Precordillera (Danieli et al. 2011;Zappettini et al. 2012;Cisterna Riba 2022). Alternatively, the Arroyo Coloco Metamorphic Complex may be comparable with Permian-Triassic metavolcano-sedimentary sequences in northwestern Patagonia (García and González 2019;Restelli et al. 2022). ...
... Deposition of the volcano-sedimentary protoliths of the Arroyo Coloco Complex occurred before the Late Triassic. They may be coeval with the Carboniferous metavolcano-sedimentary sequences of the Andacollo Group (Danieli et al. 2011;Zappettini et al. 2012;Cisterna Riba 2022) or the volcano-sedimentary sequences of the Cordillera del Viento Formation, exposed to the north in the Northern Neuquén Precordillera, where Early Permian granitoids are also present (Llambías et al. 2007;Hervé et al. 2013). These sequences may thus represent the southernmost exposures of Choiyoi magmatism, ubiquitously recorded in the San Rafael Block further north (e.g. ...
New geological, structural, microstructural, and K-Ar biotite and illite geochronological data of igneous-metamorphic rocks exposed in the Cuesta de Rahue Basement Inlier are presented to reconstruct the Late Palaeozoic to Mesozoic tectonometamorphic and magmatic history of northwestern Patagonia. This block comprises a medium-grade metasedimentary sequence (Cuesta de Rahue Metamorphic Complex), Late Carboniferous granitoids and a low-grade metavolcano-sedimentary unit (Arroyo Coloco Metamorphic Complex). The Cuesta de Rahue Metamorphic Complex was deposited during the middle Palaeozoic and underwent Devonian low-pressure regional metamorphism, succeeded by the intrusion of granitoids at ca. 300 Ma. On the other hand, the Arroyo Coloco Metamorphic Complex record deformation and metamorphism at epizonal conditions (> 300 °C), constrained at ca. 232-199 Ma by K-Ar and XRD illite data. The Cuesta de Rahue Basement Inlier thus records a protracted orogenic evolution, recording Devonian metamorphism, Late Carboniferous-Permian Gondwanide tectonomagmatic processes, and Late Triassic deformation and metamorphism. Afterwards, this block was also affected by Mesozoic normal faulting and, finally, by Miocene-Pliocene Andean deformation. The latter was intimately related to reactivation of inherited basement fabrics, favouring a transpressional deformation regime.
Supplementary material: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6484467
... Thus, in the Cordillera del Viento (37 • S) (Figs. 1B and 16), Giacosa et al. (2014) described the Guaraco Norte Formation (Zappettini et al., 1987) as a metamorphized sandy-pelitic succession that reached the Late Devonian (maximum depositional age of ca. 374 Ma) according to Zappettini et al. (2012). These rocks have a very intense deformation that originated two pervasive tectonic foliations and ductile faulting and that is very similar to the Piedra Santa deformation (Fig. 14). ...
In the Cuesta del Rahue area, located in the Precordillera Neuquina (northern Argentine Patagonia), late Paleozoic turbiditic rocks with maximum depositional age of ca. 389 Ma were affected by three orogenic events. The oldest orogenic event is the Chanic orogeny (Late Devonian–early Carboniferous) that is characterized by folds with NNE vergence. This deformation is developed in low-grade to very low-grade metamorphic conditions, which allowed the development of a slaty/rough cleavage. The main Chanic structure is an asymmetric fold with a large normal limb tilted by the more recent orogenic events. The characteristics of the deformation and metamorphism allows us to assign the Cuesta del Rahue outcrop to the external hinterland of the west-vergent wedge of the Chanic orogen. Early to late Carboniferous igneous rocks intruded the Paleozoic rocks of the Cuesta del Rahue area and crosscut the Chanic structures. After the Chanic orogeny, the Gondwanan orogeny (late Carboniferous–early Permian) took place. The main structures of the Gondwanan orogen are thrust and related folds with SSW vergence that fold the large Chanic normal limb and also affect Carboniferous igneous rocks. The Gondwanan deformation was developed under non-metamorphic conditions, and Permian igneous rocks crosscut the Gondwanan structures. Mesozoic regional extension related to the beginning of the Andean cycle and the formation of the Neuquén Basin gave rise to normal faults and small-scale extensional folds. Finally, the Andean orogeny, developed during the Cenozoic in the study area, also affected the Cuesta del Rahue Paleozoic rocks, with the development of compressional structures related to the Aluminé thrust and fold belt. The main Andean structure in the study area is the NW–SE Rahue fault, which links the E–W Piedra Santa tear fault with the NNE–SSW Cantan Lil reverse fault. The Rahue fault has a SW tectonic transport direction. It uplifted the Cuesta del Rahue area and placed Paleozoic rocks on top of Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks. The Piedra Santa fault partially reactivated the Huincul right-lateral and left-lateral Chanic transverse faults that define the southern end of the doubly vergent Chanic orogen, giving rise to the current Huincul lineament.
... After the accretion of Chilenia to Gondwana, which concluded in the early Carboniferous with the formation of the Chanic Orogen, a subduction of the paleo-Pacific plate began under the new southwestern margin of Gondwana in the Cuyo Sector (located between 28 and 39 • S latitude) (Heredia et al., 2016(Heredia et al., , 2018a(Heredia et al., , 2018b. This subduction gave rise to the formation of various retrowedge sedimentary basins (Spalletti et al., 2012;Zappettini et al., 2012), which later became fore-arc and retro-arc marine basins (Hervé, 1988) and are now exposed in Argentina and Chile. During the late Carboniferous and middle Permian, the subduction generated the non-collisional Gondwanan Orogen (Heredia et al., 2016(Heredia et al., , 2018aHervé, 1988;Hervé et al., 2003;Ramos and Folguera, 2009;Rebolledo and Charrier, 1994), during which mainly retroarc foreland basins were formed (Busquets et al., 2005). ...
During the late Carboniferous–middle Permian, the basement of the Chilean Coastal Cordillera was deformed by the Gondwanan Orogeny, developed by the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate under Gondwana from the early Carboniferous. In the Maule sector (35.4°S), the following metamorphic rock units are distinguished: (i) Western Series, formed by metapelites, metabasites, metacherts, metaconglomerates, and marbles, mixed in a subduction channel, with probably ages between the Cambrian and the Carboniferous; (ii) Eastern Series, consisting of metasediments of a fore-arc basin, Carboniferous in age. In the Eastern Series two units are recognized in terms of lithology and deformation style: the Eastern Pelitic Series and the Eastern Sandy Series. Three Gondwanan deformation episodes have been distinguished, affecting both series unequaly. In the Western Series, D1 structures consist of a foliation (S1) developed under high-pressure and low-temperature conditions, while in the Eastern Series it comprises tight east-verging folds, with the associated S1 developed under low PT metamorphic conditions (greenschist facies). D2 structures are only present in the Western Series and Eastern Pelitic Series and represents the exhumation of the accretionary prism and its emplacement to the east over the fore-arc basin, with the development of east-verging recumbent folds and a thick shear-zone. Difficulties in the propagation of the deformation by the presence of the Coastal Batholith to the east led to the development of the D3 deformation event, only well developed in the Eastern Sandy Series, and represented by the Los Tablones Back-thrust and associated folds, as well as N–S open right folds formed under low PT metamorphic conditions.
... The sedimentary protolith is characterized by rhythmic alternation of sandstone and pelite layers showing current ripples (Giacosa et al. 2014). The age of the Guaracó Norte Formation is Late Devonian, considering a maximum depositional age, based on the youngest peak of 369 ± 5 Ma (younger than 374 Ma and older than 326 Ma, U-Pb SHRIMP dating of detrital zircon; Zappettini et al. 2012). ...
During the Late Cretaceous Andean orogeny, the compressive deformation associated with the shallowing of the subducting slab caused the development of the arc-related igneous rocks known as the Naunauco Belt. This study presents petrographic, mineralogical and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility data for the Varvarco Intrusives (the Varvarco Tonalite, Butalón Tonalite and Radales Aplite), which crop out in the Cordillera del Viento, Neuquén Province, Argentina. The assembly of plutons was formed by mafic magma episodic injection. Amphibole and biotite compositions suggest that the Varvarco Tonalite is related to calc-alkaline, I-type magmas, typical of subduction environments. Different geothermobarometers based on amphibole and plagioclase compositions for the Varvarco Tonalite suggest shallow emplacement conditions (∼2–3 kbar, equivalent to ∼12 km depth). Apatite fission-track analyses give exhumation ages of 67.5 ± 8 Ma for the Varvarco Tonalite and 50.3 ± 5.9 Ma for the Butalón Tonalite. A calculated continuous fast exhumation rate of at least 330 °C Ma ⁻¹ is consistent with the shallow emplacement conditions, textural data and geobarometric estimations. In agreement with the thermal profile, the magmatic system was exhumed by ∼12 km within c . 2.1 Ma implying a geothermal gradient of ∼62.5 °C km ⁻¹ . The last step of exhumation occurred between ∼65.3 and 56.9 Ma. The magmatic fabrics observed in the studied plutons reflect mostly magma chamber processes. The Varvarco Intrusives represent satellite calc-alkaline plutons of the North Patagonian Batholith which were emplaced syn- to post-tectonically with respect to a major deformation stage of the Southern Central Andes.
... Valcarce et al., 2006). This structure exposes a Permian-Triassic volcanic succession up to 1,300 meters thick overlying a Paleozoic meta-sedimentary succession with a maximum age of deposition of 374 Ma (Zappettini et al., 2012). The Permian-Triassic volcanic rocks and the Paleozoic metasedimentary rocks have been grouped in the Choiyoi Group (Groeber, 1947;Zöllner y Amos, 1973;Digregorio, 1972;Rovere et al., 2004;Leanza et al., 2005;Llambías et al., 2007, Rovere, 2008Zappettini et al., 2012;Sagripanti, 2014Sagripanti, , 2015. ...
... This structure exposes a Permian-Triassic volcanic succession up to 1,300 meters thick overlying a Paleozoic meta-sedimentary succession with a maximum age of deposition of 374 Ma (Zappettini et al., 2012). The Permian-Triassic volcanic rocks and the Paleozoic metasedimentary rocks have been grouped in the Choiyoi Group (Groeber, 1947;Zöllner y Amos, 1973;Digregorio, 1972;Rovere et al., 2004;Leanza et al., 2005;Llambías et al., 2007, Rovere, 2008Zappettini et al., 2012;Sagripanti, 2014Sagripanti, , 2015. Several dioritic-granodioritic bodies intrude the Choiyoi Group in the Domuyo area. ...
The western slope of Cerro Domuyo in northern Patagonia is characterized by thermal springs with boiling waters, Quaternary silicic domes, and pyroclastic deposits that suggest the existence of a geothermal reservoir. According to geochemical studies, the reservoir may have a temperature of 220 °C and one of the largest advective heat fluxes reported for a continental volcanic center. In this paper, we propose a more refined conceptual model for the Domuyo geothermal area, based on a geological survey supported by UPb, UTh, and ArAr geochronology and by magnetotelluric and gravity surveys. Our study indicates that the Domuyo Volcanic Complex (DVC) is a Middle Pleistocene dome complex overlying middle Miocene to Pliocene volcanic sequences, which in turn cover: 1) the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Neuquén marine sedimentary succession, 2) silicic ignimbrites dated at ~186.7 Ma, and 3) the Paleozoic metamorphic basement intruded by ~288 Ma granite bodies. The volcanic cycle in the DVC is distinctly bimodal, characterized by the emplacement of massive silicic domes and less voluminous olivine basalts on its southern slope. A major collapse of the central dome at ~600 ka produced a voluminous (19.4 km³ and 133 km²) block-and-ash flow, and associated pyroclastic flows, that filled a valley to the southwest at distances up to ~30 km from Cerro Domuyo summit. This was followed by a period of intense effusive activity that formed the Cerro Guitarra, Cerro Las Pampas, Cerro Domo, and Cerro Covunco silicic domes. The last two domes are the youngest and largest edifices, dated at 0.50 Ma (ArAr age) and 0.25 Ma (UTh age). Pre-Cenozoic successions were affected by N-S reverse and thrust faults that were later displaced by an ENE-WSW-trending transtensional belt. The basement rocks at the northern termination of the Cordillera del Viento anticlinorium were also displaced towards the east-northeast by this belt, which is observed NNW of Cerro Domuyo. The DVC was emplaced within this zone of crustal weakness. The integration of geologic observations with magnetotelluric and gravity data, allowed us to develop an updated conceptual model of the geothermal system. The geothermal reservoir is inferred at a depth of less than 2 km within pre-Pliocene fractured rocks, bounded by ~WSW-ENE trending faults and sealed by the pyroclastic deposits and rhyolitic lavas of the DVC. The location of most thermal springs is not directly controlled by faults. Instead, flows emerge at the contact between the fractured and faulted basement and the caprock.
... The oldest rocks in the Domuyo area are represented by Upper Devonian meta-greywackes affected by contractional deformation to form tight subvertical to vertical folds, with a slight W-WSW vergence, related to the final stages of the Famatinian orogeny (Giacosa et al., 2014;Zappettini et al., 1987Zappettini et al., , 2012. Late Paleozoic mountain building processes (San Rafael orogeny) led to the formation of a continental-scale NW-SE trending mountain belt (Gondwanides). ...
The integration of inverse thermal history modeling of new geochronological data with structural analyses from the western flank of the Domuyo volcano (∼36°30′S) allows us to propose a detailed cooling history of a key region in the Southern Andes. The Domuyo area is located in the northwestern part of the Chos Malal fold‐and‐thrust belt in the back‐arc of the Southern Andes. Despite extensive geological investigations in this region, details about the early stages of Andean deformation remain poorly understood. The present study focuses on the interpretation and integration of new U‐Pb, fission track, and (U‐Th‐Sm)/He data constraining the Cretaceous to Paleogene exhumation history of the Southern Andes at these latitudes. The results indicate two main episodes of rapid cooling during Albian‐Campanian and Eocene times that can be related to exhumation driven by two main contractional pulses. The first event promoted basement cooling/exhumation associated with the uplift and erosion of a broad N‐S striking antiform; whereas the Eocene episode triggered the inversion of the preexisting N‐S striking Manchana Covunco normal fault and the deformation of the Mesozoic sedimentary cover. The two orogenic phases are separated by a potential period of orogenic quiescence during the Paleocene. These new insights highlight the importance of the initial compressional stages of mountain building in the Southern Andes at these latitudes.
... La segunda está constituida por una intercalación de lutitas negras verdosas y areniscas con restos fósiles de braquiópodos y plantas. Zappettini et al. (2012) reconocieron evidencias de metamorfismo de bajo grado en afloramientos de la Formación Arroyo del Torreón sobre el arroyo Chacai, al norte del distrito. Ambas unidades fueron intruidas por cuerpos subvolcánicos porfíricos riolíticos denominados Dacita Sofía ( Fig. 1) (Rovere et al., 2004). ...
THE TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE SAN PEDRO Ag-Au VEIN SYSTEM, ANDACOLLO DISTRICT, NEUQUEN: NEW INSIGHTS. The Andacollo district is the most important metalliferous mining district of the Neuquén province, hosting more than 56 veins with precious and base metal mineralization. The present work is focused on the structural geology of the San Pedro vein system and its host rocks. Two fold sets were identified and related to reverse faults and thrusts. One set consist in tight and isoclinal folds, while the other is represented by opened folds. The veins as well as their respective host rocks are folded with the aforementioned styles. The first fold set might be related to the San Rafael orogenic phase and the second one to the Andean orogenic cycle. The structural data supports that the development of the San Pedro vein system took place synchronously with the structures related to the San Rafael orogenic deformational phase.
... 389-413 Ma) arc magmatism developed between the 35° and 34°S, and allows to extend the presence of a Devonian continental magmatic arc from ~ 40º to 34ºS (Figure 8). Three Devonian-Carboniferous sedimentary Formations (from oldest to youngest: Guarasco Norte, Arroyo de Torreón, and Huarasco) in the Cordillera del Viento to the south of the studied region (between 36° 53ʹ and 36° 48'S) were studied by Zappettini et al. (2012). The Guarasco Norte Formation (Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous) has conspicuous Devonian detrital zircon ages of magmatic origin, and points to an exposed source that was prone to erosion during the Carboniferous (Zappettini et al. 2012). ...
... Three Devonian-Carboniferous sedimentary Formations (from oldest to youngest: Guarasco Norte, Arroyo de Torreón, and Huarasco) in the Cordillera del Viento to the south of the studied region (between 36° 53ʹ and 36° 48'S) were studied by Zappettini et al. (2012). The Guarasco Norte Formation (Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous) has conspicuous Devonian detrital zircon ages of magmatic origin, and points to an exposed source that was prone to erosion during the Carboniferous (Zappettini et al. 2012). Based on preliminary dating of the Pampa de los Avestruces pluton reported by Tickyj et al. (2009a), Zappettini et al. (2012) indicate that this pluton may represent a probable source of the magmatic Devonian detrital zircons. ...
... The Guarasco Norte Formation (Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous) has conspicuous Devonian detrital zircon ages of magmatic origin, and points to an exposed source that was prone to erosion during the Carboniferous (Zappettini et al. 2012). Based on preliminary dating of the Pampa de los Avestruces pluton reported by Tickyj et al. (2009a), Zappettini et al. (2012) indicate that this pluton may represent a probable source of the magmatic Devonian detrital zircons. The geochemical and geochronological data reported here are strongly consistent with this interpretation, where the Pampa de los Avestruces and Carrizalito plutons can be consider the most probable source of the Devonian magmatic detrital zircons in the Guarasco Norte Formation. ...
Whereas north of 33°S Devonian calcalkaline magmatism is notably absent, a Devonian arc is well developed to the south of 33°S. The Carrizalito, Pampa de los Avestruces, and Papagayos plutons are located in the Frontal Cordillera between 34° and 35°S. U-Pb zircon SHRIMP and LA-MC-ICP-MS data from the plutons yield Early Devonian ages of 389 ± 3 and 409 ± 3 for Carrizalito, 413 ± 2 Ma for Pampa de los Avestruces, and 346 ± 3, 393 ± 5 and 412 ± 3 Ma for Papagayos. The younger zircon age from the Papagayos pluton suggests that the Devonian magmatism continued during the Early Carboniferous. Carrizalito and Pampa de los Avestruces plutons display metaluminous to slightly peraluminous granodiorite composition, with SiO2 ranging from 65.1 to 67.8 wt.% and from 67.9 to 69.7 wt.%, respectively, and define a magnesian calc-alkalic trend. The Papagayos pluton is metaluminous to slightly peraluminous and slightly more evolved in composition (felsic granodiorite to monzogranite), with a SiO2 content that varies between 68.4 to 70.5 wt.%, defining a magnesian with ferroan enrichment and calc-alkalic to alkali-calcic trend. These geochemical characteristics are similar to those reported for the Carboniferous arc granitoids in the Frontal Cordillera and Western Sierras Pampeanas at 28°–30°S and the archetypical calc-alkaline granitoids of the Peruvian Coastal batholith, indicating an Early Devonian magmatic arc. Rare earth element patterns ([La/Yb]N = 10–20) with mostly slight to moderate negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.62–0.80) and geochemical 'spider-diagrams' are similar to arc granitoids. Combined whole-rock Nd and Sr isotope data from the largest Carrizalito and Pampa de los Avestruces plutons (εNdt = -4.3 and -4.6; 87Sr/86Srt = 0.70704 and 0.70762; TDM = ca. 1.5 Ga) together with in situ U–Pb and Hf isotope data from magmatic zircon (εHft ranging from -16.5 to -5.4; TDM = ca. 1.7 Ga), suggest a common older continental lithosphere source. The presented data indicate tectonic segmentation in the pre-Andean margin controlling the presence or absence of Devonian subduction-related magmatism. This segmentation is best explained by changes in the tectonic plate configuration occurred in a long-lived convergent margin.
... Comparable NW-SE to NNW-SSE striking fabrics were also reported for medium-grade basement rocks of the western North Patagonian Massif, where foliated late Carboniferous intrusions occur as well (Cerredo & López de Luchi, 1998;García-Sansegundo et al., 2009;Pankhurst et al., 2006;Renda et al., 2017;von Gosen, 2009). Furthermore, metasedimentary rocks recording Upper Devonian-Carboniferous low-grade metamorphism of the Northern and Southern Neuquén Precordillera (Figure 1) also exhibit NW-SE to NNW-SSE striking foliations (Franzese, 1993(Franzese, , 1995Zappettini et al., 2012). ...
Combined field structural analysis with in situ electron probe microanalysis Th‐U‐Pb monazite dating, petrologic, and microstructural data provides a reconstruction of the pressure‐temperature‐deformation‐time (P‐T‐D‐t) path of the Gondwanide basement of the North Patagonian Cordillera. For samples from the Challhuaco hill, the timing of development of the metamorphic S2 foliation and associated L2 lineation and tight to isoclinal F2 folds is constrained by monazite ages of 299 ± 8 and 302 ± 16 Ma during peak metamorphic conditions of ~ 650 °C and 11 kbar, achieved during prograde metamorphism and progressive deformation. Metamorphism and deformation of metamorphic complexes of the North Patagonian Andes seem to record Late Paleozoic crustal thickening and are coeval with metamorphism of accretionary complexes exposed further west in Chile, suggesting a coupled Late Devonian‐Carboniferous evolution. Instead of the result of continental collision, the Gondwanide orogeny might thus be essentially linked to transpression due to advancing subduction along the proto‐Pacific margin of Gondwana. On the other hand, second generation of monazite ages of 171 ± 9 and 170 ± 7 Ma constrains the timing of low‐grade metamorphism related to kink band and F3 open fold development during Jurassic transtension and emplacement of granitoids. Finally, a Cretaceous overprint, likely resulting from hydrothermal processes, is recorded by monazite ages of 110 ± 10 and 80 ± 20 Ma, which might be coeval with deformation along low‐grade shear zones during the onset of Andean transpression.
