Table 1 - uploaded by C.P. Faizul
Content may be subject to copyright.
![Main components of Ordinary Portland Cement [3].](profile/Cp-Faizul/publication/237335773/figure/tbl1/AS:669020516777993@1536518329762/Main-components-of-Ordinary-Portland-Cement-3.png)
Source publication
![Table 1 . Main components of Ordinary Portland Cement [3].](profile/Cp-Faizul/publication/237335773/figure/tbl1/AS:669020516777993@1536518329762/Main-components-of-Ordinary-Portland-Cement-3_Q320.jpg)
The chemical and mineralogical compositions in Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) were determined and cement which is low of C 3A is more easily exposed to sulfate environment. The relation between physical strength of mortars sized 150 × 150 × 150 mm and the effects of different concentrations of sulfate solutions, SO 4 2- (1%, 3% and 5%) for 3, 14 an...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... on the oxide components, the Bogue analysis was determined. Table 1 shows the main components of Ordinary Portland Cement and the calculation of the oxides composition. The morphological studies of the mortars were conducted using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and combined with energy dispersive X-ray analyser (EDS) to observe the distribution of ions and the attack. ...
Similar publications
The suitability of replacing Portland cement by an as received dealuminated calcined kaolin waste obtained from an alum production factory through the extraction of aluminum, also by dealuminated samples treated with lime solution, is investigated. The chemical and mineralogical compositions of the samples are measured. Their pozzolanic reactivity...
Citations
... No accepted test procedure provides an estimate of the durability of concrete when subjected to chemicals. However, samples were exposed to 5% magnesium sulfate solution (MgSO 4 ) (50,000 mg/L) for 30 days at room temperature [20] and 5% sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) solution for 30 days at room temperature. In addition, control samples for each mixture were simultaneously kept at ambient condition in the laboratory for 30 days for comparison. ...
This study primary is to investigate the shear strength of self-compacting concrete (SCC) reinforced by steel-fiber (SF) and polypropylene-fiber (PPF) in different environmental conditions: the air, sulfate (MgSO4 with a concentration of 5%) and acid (H2SO4 with a concentration of 5%). The study also examines the effect of fiber volume fraction on the workability, shear strength, compressive strength, and splitting tensile strength of fiber reinforced SCC. The article aims to determine the durability effects of both fibers and their resistance to aggressive environmental conditions. The contribution of this article is an experimental investigation on the shear strength of SCC reinforced by SF as well as PPF in 3 different environmental conditions after 30 days of exposure. The study also investigated the fresh and mechanical properties of 5 different mixtures of SCC with/out 0.1% and 0.2% fibers. The study also concluded that PPF decreased the workability of SCC badly, and special care must be taken when selecting its volume fraction. Also, it was found that generally shear strength of SCC mixes enhanced with increasing SF and PPF volume fraction. Moreover, it was found that both fibers have good durability effects, and resist aggressive environmental conditions, with the best results obtained from samples containing 0.2% SF. In the air condition, while the compressive strength, shear strength and tensile strength results were 52.6MPa, 6.43MPa and 3.91MPa, in the sulfate condition those were 46.37MPa, 6.55MPa and 3.59MPa, and in the acid condition those were 34.4MPa, 5.5MPa and 3.46MPa, respectively.
... low process and associated with the cracking, spalling and softening of concrete specimens. It can be seen from Table 7 that both CC01 and C2F2B gained strength during the test duration. Further, no visible crack or spalling could be observed on the surface. It is mainly due to insufficient exposure not long enough for the formation of ettringites (Amin et. al., 2008). As the result, these white depositions are mostly gypsum. 2. It is observed that the splitting tensile strength for C2F2B concrete is nearly 10% more than the control concrete. The flexural strength of the C2F2B mix designation is slightly more than the control concrete. ...
About one-fifth of coal ash produced by the thermal power plants are the bottom ash, and the rest is fly ash. During the past few decades, studies are made to use either of them as the partial replacement of sand in concrete manufacturing. The present study examines the behaviour of concrete manufactured by the complete replacement of natural sand with an optimum mixture of these ashes. The effect of fly ash and bottom ash mixture is ascertained through workability, strength tests, and resistance to acid attacks. It is observed that the mixture containing 50% fly ash and 50% bottom ash mix as fine aggregate has nearly the same compressive strength, 10% more split tensile strength, and higher flexural strength than the control concrete, yet, has 12.15% less density than the control concrete. The water absorption value and volume of pore space was found to be more for concrete containing the fly ash and bottom ash mixture. However, such concrete performed better in resisting sulphuric acid and sulphate attacks. All these conclusions suggested that the mixture containing 50% fly ash and 50% bottom ash may be used as a suitable replacement for natural sand in concrete in moderate environments.
... In terms of the durability of mortar and cement, Türker et al. (1997) conducted experiments with sulphate solutions at 0.6%, 4% and 16%, and they found that high sulphate concentrations damaged mortar in different stages. In addition, Amin et al. (2008) reported that the strength loss of mortar increases when the concentrations of sulphate solutions increase from 1% to 5%. The same conclusions were also found in the studies of Umoh and Olusola (2012), Yang et al. (2012) and Amin et al. (2008). ...
... In addition, Amin et al. (2008) reported that the strength loss of mortar increases when the concentrations of sulphate solutions increase from 1% to 5%. The same conclusions were also found in the studies of Umoh and Olusola (2012), Yang et al. (2012) and Amin et al. (2008). ...
Soil-cement column is a geotechnical solution used for ground improvement in coastal areas. However, after long periods of exposure, the strength of these columns may decrease to below their designed safe bearing capacity, ultimately resulting in failure. In this paper, the effects of high sulphate concentrations (100%, 200%, 500% and 1000% that of seawater) on the durability of soil-cement samples were examined. In addition, the simple simulation model was applied to predict the deterioration depth and long-term strength of the soil-cement columns. The results show that the deterioration is more pronounced and occurs deeper in the presence of high sulphate concentrations. For instance, the strength of a 0.5 m diameter column exposed to 200% seawater will fall below the minimum design strength after 75 years. For higher sulphate environments (5 to 10 times that of normal seawater) the same column would never reach the minimum design strength requirement. Consequently, this has significant implications on soil-cement column when used to stabilise soils in high sulphate environments.
... External sulfate attack on concrete has long been studied (Neville 1981;Marchand et al. 2003). Despite the existence of a rich body of literature about external attack spanning more than 60 years (Sherwood 1962(Sherwood , 1993Al-Amoudi et al. 1992;Al-Dulaijan et al. 2003;Lambe et al. 1960;Rollings et al. 1999), ambiguities remain and this type of research continues (Allahvedi and Hashemi 2015;Li et al. 2015;Amin et al. 2008;Saleh 2017). The relatively unpredictable performance of sulfate attack and its associated effects, as it relates to parameters such as pH, moisture availability, temperature, sulfate level, and the mineralogy of the clay (Rollings et al. 1999;Prasad et al. 2006), has prevented firm conclusions from being drawn, even in recent investigations (Li et al. 2015;Rollings and Rollings 2003). ...
... The relatively unpredictable performance of sulfate attack and its associated effects, as it relates to parameters such as pH, moisture availability, temperature, sulfate level, and the mineralogy of the clay (Rollings et al. 1999;Prasad et al. 2006), has prevented firm conclusions from being drawn, even in recent investigations (Li et al. 2015;Rollings and Rollings 2003). Table 1 summarizes laboratory research carried out on concrete and soil cement specimens exposed to sulfate attack (Allahvedi and Hashemi 2015;Sherwood 1962Sherwood , 1993Rezaeimalek et al. 2017;Al-Dulaijan et al. 2003;Wang 2002;Lambe et al. 1960;Li et al. 2015;Amin et al. 2008;Saleh 2017;Wang et al. 2003;Al-Zahrani 2003). Due to the multitude of soil improvement projects using the soil cement method in coastal industrial areas containing saturated loose sulfate sand, this research has focused on sulfate sand. ...
In coastal industrial zones with saturated loose soil, sulfate attack is an additional problem. The problem becomes more acute when using soil cement, because an undesirable sulfate content can enter the body of the element with the material used to create it. This research includes two parts. In the first part, the effects of internal and external sulfate attack are compared in simulation of four groups of elements: control, prefabricated, cast-in-place and soil–cement. In the second part, the effects of the sulfate-resistant cement content (100–400 kg/m3) and sulfate concentration (0–5%) on behavior of cement-stabilized sand specimens were examined. In both parts, the unconfined compressive strength of the cylindrical specimens was measured over the course of 362 days. The results of part one showed that internal attack had a significant effect on decreasing the strength of the soil–cement specimens (up to 70%) compared to prefabricated (about 40%) and cast-in-place (about 20%) specimens. The results of the second part showed a logarithmic trend in the variation of strength versus the cement factor and sulfate concentration over time.
... On the other hand, WLI was found to have a higher sulphate concentration than SW. Mortar prisms subjected to it were expected to suffer more from sulphate attack [36][37][38]; this was observed in this study. ...
... e displaced calcium precipitates as gypsum. OPC with low C 3 A content is more easily attacked by sulphates [36]. In this study, cement C had the lowest C 3 A content and was therefore more attacked. ...
Cement structures are major capital investments globally. However, exposure of cement-based materials to aggressive media such as chloride-and sulphate-laden environments such as coastal areas affects their performance. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is the main cement used in buildings and civil structures such as dams and bridges. .is paper reports the findings of an experimental investigation on the effect of ingress of Cl − and SO 4 2− on compressive strength development and the ions' diffusivity in selected OPC brands in Kenya. .e aggressive media used included seawater (SW) and wastewater from leather industry (WLI). ree brands of commonly used cements of OPC in Kenya were used. Mortar prisms were prepared from each brand of cement at different water-to-cement ratios (w/c) of 0.5, 0.6, 0.65, and 0.7 and allowed to cure for 28 days in a highly humid environment. .e aggressive ions' ingress in the mortar prisms was accelerated using a potential difference of 12 V ± 0.1 V. Analysis of diffusivity and diffusion coefficient of Cl − and SO 4 2− was finally done. Compressive strength analysis was done before (at the 2 nd , 7 th , 14 th , and 28 th day) and after exposure to the aggressive ions. .e results showed that the diffusivity of chlorides was more pronounced than that of sulphates. Diffusivity was observed to be higher at higher w/c ratios for all cement categories. It was observed that compressive strength increased with curing age, with the highest observed at 28 days. Cement A was generally found to have the highest compressive strength for all w/c ratios. .e compressive strength was observed to increase after the mortar prisms were exposed to SW as opposed to the ones exposed to WLI. Generally, it was also observed that the strength gain increased with increase in w/c. .e loss in strength was also observed to increase with increase in w/c.
... Other known effects are characterised expansion, cracking, and sprawling of the concrete mass, among other effects [15]. In Mg attack, conversion of the cementitious products to a mushy noncementitious material has been observed [16]. is has been observed, for example, where the magnesium sulphate is converted to magnesium hydroxide (MH) upon reaction with calcium hydroxide. ...
is paper reports study findings on the diffusivity of chloride ions in potential blended cement. e cement, abbreviated as PCDC, was made from blending ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with dried calcium carbide residue and an incinerated mix of rice husks, spent bleaching earth, and broken bricks. e aim of the study was to investigate the ability of PCDC to withstand aggressive chloride environment. 10 cm × 10 cm mortar cubes were prepared using PCDC and cured for 28 days in saturated calcium hydroxide solution. e cured mortar cubes were subjected to aggressive chloride media in a laboratory set up. e test cement was subjected to chloride profile analysis with depth of cover as a function of w/c ratio and curing period in alternate dry and wet environments of 3.5 percent sodium chloride solution. e experiments were carried alongside neat OPC and OPC + 25% pulverised fuel ash (OPC + 25% PFA). Results showed that PCDC exhibited lower chloride ingress as the depth of cover increased. In conclusion, the study showed that PCDC was a potential cementitious material with high ability to withstand aggressive environment of chlorides.
... Increased concentrations of sulphate ions in magnesium sulphate solution result in the enhancement of expansion. It is noteworthy to say that long-term exposure to sulphate solutions of relatively low concentrations is more effective on concrete degradation than short-term exposure to sulphate solutions of relatively high concentrations (21). Physical conditions of exposure to sulphate solutions such as temperature, wet/dry cycles, and partial or full immersion are also effective on the rate of concrete degradation. ...
his study investigates the magnesium sulphate resistance of chemically activated phosphorus slag-based composite cement (CAPSCC). Enough mortar specimens were prepared from phosphorus slag (80 wt.%), type II Portland cement (14 wt.%), and compound chemical activator (6 wt.%) and were exposed to 5% magnesium sulphate solution after being cured. Mortar specimens of both type II and V Portland cements (PC2 and PC5) were also prepared and used for comparison purpose. According to the test results, after 12 months of exposure, PC2, PC5 and CAPSCC exhibited 43.5, 35.2 and 25.2% reduction in compressive strength, 0.136, 0.110, and 0.026% expansion in length, and 0.91, 2.2, and 1.78% change in weight, respectively. Complementary studies by X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy revealed that CAPSCC has a very low potential for the formation of sulphate attack products, especially ettringite. The results confirm a high magnesium sulphate resistance for CAPSCC compared to PC2 and PC5.
... It can be observed that the compressive strength decreases for all mortars immersed in sulfate solutions, particularly, for MSDA4 in which the strength show a reduction from 30 MPa to 14.5 MPa after 45 days immersion in magnesium sulfate with a reduction rate more greater than 50%. This result is in good accordance with that obtained by Amin et al. (2008) [5], which is due to the substitution of Ca 2+ existing in C-S-H by Mg 2+ ions of MgSO 4 . For MSDA4P mortar, the effect of the additive seems to reduce the damage of attack effects with reduction rate of compressive strength to 30%, this value is more moderate than the MSDA4 one. ...
... It can be observed that the compressive strength decreases for all mortars immersed in sulfate solutions, particularly, for MSDA4 in which the strength show a reduction from 30 MPa to 14.5 MPa after 45 days immersion in magnesium sulfate with a reduction rate more greater than 50%. This result is in good accordance with that obtained by Amin et al. (2008) [5], which is due to the substitution of Ca 2+ existing in C-S-H by Mg 2+ ions of MgSO 4 . For MSDA4P mortar, the effect of the additive seems to reduce the damage of attack effects with reduction rate of compressive strength to 30%, this value is more moderate than the MSDA4 one. ...
The objective of this experimental research is to study the combined effect of temperature and sulfate attack effect on the durability of dune–alluvial sand mortar. 4x4x16 cm specimens of this mortar were exposed to sulfate solutions MgSo4 and solutions NaSo4 then exposed to 50 °C temperature in oven for three months and were tested. Results showed that the mechanical strengths of the dune–alluvial sand mortars, either in compression or in tensile, decrease with time. Dune alluvial sand mortar with super-plasticizer exhibits the best behavior under sulfate attack.
... It can be observed that the compressive strength decreases for all mortars immersed in sulfate solutions, particularly, for MSDA4 in which the strength show a reduction from 30 MPa to 14.5 MPa after 45 days immersion in magnesium sulfate with a reduction rate more greater than 50%. This result is in good accordance with that obtained by Amin et al. (2008) [5], which is due to the substitution of Ca 2+ existing in C-S-H by Mg 2+ ions of MgSO 4 . For MSDA4P mortar, the effect of the additive seems to reduce the damage of attack effects with reduction rate of compressive strength to 30%, this value is more moderate than the MSDA4 one. ...
... It can be observed that the compressive strength decreases for all mortars immersed in sulfate solutions, particularly, for MSDA4 in which the strength show a reduction from 30 MPa to 14.5 MPa after 45 days immersion in magnesium sulfate with a reduction rate more greater than 50%. This result is in good accordance with that obtained by Amin et al. (2008) [5], which is due to the substitution of Ca 2+ existing in C-S-H by Mg 2+ ions of MgSO 4 . For MSDA4P mortar, the effect of the additive seems to reduce the damage of attack effects with reduction rate of compressive strength to 30%, this value is more moderate than the MSDA4 one. ...
The objective of this experimental research is to study the combined effect of temperature and sulfate attack effect on the durability of dune –alluvial sand mortar. 4x4x16 cm Specimens of this mortar were exposed to sulfate solutions MgSo4 and solutions NaSo4 then exposed to 50 °C temperature in oven for three months and were tested. Results showed that the mechanical strengths of the dune –alluvial sand mortars, either in compression or in tensile, decrease with time. Dune alluvial sand mortar with Superplasticizer exhibits the best behavior under sulfate attack.
