Figure - available from: Frontiers in Genetics
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Main barriers and usefulness of genetic assessments for conservation managers in Latin America. (A) Main limitations of conservation managers that have not used genetics. Categories listed in the x-axis show whether respondents had or did not have a particular condition or situation, and whether that did or did not influence their decision to perform/use genetic assessments. We show the categories with the highest proportions for the “did NOT have/DID influence” situation. (B) Usefulness of genetic results for conservation managers. Categories listed in the x-axis correspond to respondent responses in a Likert scale from 1 (completely disagree) to 5 (completely agree).
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Introduction: Integrating genetic data into conservation management decisions is a challenging task that requires strong partnerships between researchers and managers. Conservation in Latin America is of crucial relevance worldwide given the high biodiversity levels and the presence of hotspots in this region.
Methods: We conducted a survey across...
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... It combines scientific and traditional knowledge. The incorporation of farmers' knowledge in participatory plant breeding is seen by several scholars as a precondition to ensuring that innovations, such as improved seeds, meet farmers' needs [78][79][80][81][82]. Farmers' active participation in breeding research guarantees higher adoption rates of improved seeds [81,82]. ...
... According to [82], farmers and scientists are able to share decision-making roles and be aware of each other's ideas, hypotheses, and priorities. According to [64,76,78], farmers' traditional knowledge is valuable and necessary when coping with risk and uncertainty. However, one should be cautious against the belief that traditional knowledge is a panacea for all local agricultural problems. ...
... Inequality and fragmented attention to intergenerational issues are limitations for a just transition in family farming in the Brunca region of Costa Rica. According to [78,79,92] and [30], addressing the root causes of injustice in food systems requires plant breeders from public institutions to use their influence to promote equality both during the process and as a goal for plant-breeding outcomes. Unequal approaches normalize unequal power relations, and higher attention to immediate incomes has often led to preserving social inequalities [67,[81][82][83][84]. Individuals, including youth, may have limited opportunities to exercise agency as food consumers, farmers, or workers in food systems due to the limited opportunities given by the power structures of contemporary food systems [91,93,94]. ...
This study explores how an inclusive governance of “niche” innovations with family farmers enables or limits the realization of just transitions in family farming at different scales, from the local to the national levels. The research focuses on a case study in the Brunca region of Costa Rica, which has pioneered innovations for bean research with family farmers. The primary source of information for the study was in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders. Secondary information comes from a desk review of the relevant policies and strategic documents from the relevant authorities. Lastly, a semi-scoping review was conducted to explore gender and intergenerational gaps in plant breeding, as well as potential conflicts between plant breeding and on-farm agro-diversity. The inclusive governance of bean research contributes to the realization of just-transition dimensions of justice, such as recognitional, procedural, and distributional justice, as a result of farmers’ engagement in participatory plant-breeding processes, and due to the coordination between different institutions at the local and national levels. Progress has been made in terms of the recognition and participation of farmers in research and in decision-making locally. The findings show interactions between the local and national scales, in terms of the commercialization of farmers’ seeds. However, the Costa Rican program for bean research struggles to engage family farmers in national decision-making processes and falls short of addressing equality and intergenerational issues. It also faces challenges in reaching a balance between short-term income generation and long-term conservation of agro-biodiversity on the farm. Fostering just transitions in family farming would require a greater inclusion of women and youth by the Costa Rican bean system. This implies allocating resources to increase their capacities and participation in bean research, as well as in decision-making at all levels. This is imperative and could be achieved if the government and relevant stakeholders align their strategic objectives and priorities to shorten gender and intergenerational gaps within the bean production system.
