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MSCs act as immunomodulators, influencing the behavior of other immune cells to create a more balanced immune response. This property makes them a potential treatment for a wide range of diseases characterized by an imbalanced immune response, such as autoimmune disorders, graft-versus-host disease, and inflammatory conditions. Reproduced with permission from Huang et al 2022. 12 MSC, mesenchymal stem cell.
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Citations
... MSCs, a promising cell therapy strategy in tissue repair and regenerative medicine, exert their therapeutic effects, including immune regulation, antifibrosis effects and the promotion of tissue regeneration via direct differentiation and paracrine functions [21][22][23]. Recent studies have indicated that the therapeutic potential of MSCs relies mainly on EVs secreted by MSCs [24,25]. ...
Background
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) globally, presenting a significant therapeutic challenge. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as promising therapeutic agents. This study explored the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of EVs derived from human placental mesenchymal stem cells (hP-MSCs) on DKD.
Methods
EVs were isolated from cultured hP-MSCs and administered to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice and high glucose–treated glomerular mesangial cells. The therapeutic impact of EVs was assessed through histological analysis and biochemical assays. miR-99b-5p expression in EVs and its role in modulating the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)/autophagy pathway were examined via western blotting and RT‒qPCR.
Results
Treatment with hP-MSC-derived EVs significantly alleviated renal fibrosis and improved renal function in DKD models. These EVs were enriched with miR-99b-5p, which targeted and inhibited mTOR signaling, thereby increasing autophagic activity and reducing cellular proliferation and extracellular matrix accumulation in renal tissues.
Conclusions
hP-MSC-derived EVs can mitigate renal injury in DKD by modulating the miR-99b-5p/mTOR/autophagy pathway. These findings suggest a potential cell-free therapeutic strategy for managing DKD.
... MSCs possess immunosuppressive properties that enable them to modulate immune responses. 22 They can inhibit the proliferation of T cells 23,24 and the activation of natural killer (NK) cells, making them attractive candidates for applications in treating autoimmune diseases and enhancing graft survival in transplantation settings. ...
... MSCs not only possess self-renewal ability and multidirectional differentiation potential, but also play important roles in biological processes such as immune regulation and tissue repair. 22,25,26 In clinical applications, MSCs have been explored for the treatment of various diseases, such as acute and chronic inflammation, 27 autoimmune diseases, 28,29 bone and soft tissue injuries, 30,31 due to their low immunogenicity and good safety. In addition, with the rapid development of regenerative medicine, MSCs have a broader application prospect in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes, and nervous system diseases. ...
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as a stem cell type with multiple differentiation potentials and immune regulatory abilities, have shown broad prospects in the treatment of ischemic stroke in recent years. The main characteristics of MSCs include their self-renewal ability, differentiation potential for different types of cells, and the ability to secrete various bioactive factors such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, which play a key role in tissue repair and regeneration. In the treatment of ischemic stroke, MSCs exert therapeutic effects through various mechanisms, including promoting vascular regeneration of damaged brain tissue, reducing inflammatory responses, and protecting neurons from damage caused by apoptosis. Research have shown that MSCs can promote the repair of ischemic areas by releasing neurotrophic factors and angiogenic factors, while inhibiting immune responses triggered by ischemia, thereby improving neurological function. With the in-depth study of its biological mechanism, MSCs have gradually shown good safety and effectiveness in clinical applications. Therefore, fully exploring and utilizing the potential of MSCs in the treatment of ischemic stroke may provide new ideas and solutions for future neural repair and regenerative medicine.
Interleukin-4 (IL-4), which is traditionally associated with inflammation, has emerged as a key player in tissue regeneration. Produced primarily by T-helper 2 (Th2) and other immune cells, IL-4 activates endogenous lymphocytes and promotes M2 macrophage polarization, both of which are crucial for tissue repair. Moreover, IL-4 stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of various cell types, contributing to efficient tissue regeneration, and shows promise for promoting tissue regeneration after injury. This review explores the multifaceted roles of IL-4 in tissue repair, summarizing its mechanisms and potential for clinical application. This review delves into the multifaceted functions of IL-4, including its immunomodulatory effects, its involvement in tissue regeneration, and its potential therapeutic applications. We discuss the mechanisms underlying IL-4-induced M2 macrophage polarization, a crucial process for tissue repair. Additionally, we explore innovative strategies for delivering IL-4, including gene therapy, protein-based therapies, and cell-based therapies. By leveraging the regenerative properties of IL-4, we can potentially develop novel therapies for various diseases, including chronic inflammatory disorders, autoimmune diseases, and organ injuries. While early research has shown promise for the application of IL-4 in regenerative medicine, further studies are needed to fully elucidate its therapeutic potential and optimize its use.
