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Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) is a popular salad vegetable and consumption of lettuce has many health benefits. The objective of this study was to select lettuce varieties grown in a closed hydroponic system based on their morphological parameters, phytochemical and mineral content for mixed fresh cut salads or as whole product.
Principal component...
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Context 1
... curly variety (Vera Green Frilly) and Green Oak varie- ties (Hardy and Smile) showed higher N content in the leaves (Table 5). Mg and Ca contents were higher in Green Oak variety (Palmir) and Green Curly variety (Multigreen 3). ...
Context 2
... the other hand, Green Oak varieties, Palmir and Nasir were rich in P content. Also Green Oak variety (Palmir) and Green Curly variety (Vera Green Frilly) contained higher K content and Red Oak variety (Lunix) showed higher Zn con- tent (Table 5). Overall Green Oak lettuce, Palmir was rich in Mg, Ca, P and moderately higher in Zn and N contents Means with same letters for each parameter in a column are not significantly different at P < 0.05 by Fisher's protected least significant test. ...
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Salinity eustress is one of the pre-harvest factors that can be used to improve the phytochemical profile and the quality attributes of horticultural species, and most of the studies are carried out using NaCl. In this work, we compared the effect of three mildly saline iso-osmotic nutrient solutions (NS) differing in the cation employed (either K,...
Citations
... In addition, the increase in carotenoids is beneficial due to their antioxidant properties [39]. Thus, the direct relationship between carotenoids and vitamin C, total phenol, flavonoid, and antioxidant capacity underlines the significant contribution of these pigments to the APCI index. ...
The appropriate concentration of the nutrient solution (NS) plays an important role in the yield, antioxidant capacity, and biochemical compounds of basil microgreens in the floating system. This study examined the impact of five different concentrations of Hoagland’s NS (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, and 125%) on the antioxidant capacity, biochemical compounds, and yield of four basil cultivars and genotypes (Persian Ablagh, Violeto, Kapoor and Red Rubin) in a floating system, utilizing a split plots designs. Results revealed that the highest yield was achieved with a 50% NS concentration. The Persian Ablagh genotype, under a 125% NS concentration, exhibited the highest content of carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant potential index (APCI). The Violeto cultivar at a 100% NS concentration produced the highest amounts of vitamin C and anthocyanin. The Kapoor cultivar, when grown with a 100% NS concentration, demonstrated the greatest antioxidant capacity. The nutrient solution with 125% concentration compared to 50% concentration reduced the yield by 23.29%. Also, the performance of the Violeto cultivar increased by 36.24% compared to the red variety of Robin. According to the APCI index, the genotype of Iranian Ablaq basil increased by 152.79% in the treatment of nutrient solution with a concentration of 125% compared to 50%. In this study, yield and total chlorophyll showed a significant negative correlation. A significant positive correlation was observed between vitamin C content and flavonoids, anthocyanin, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity. Anthocyanin content exhibited a positive and significant correlation with the APCI. Based on these findings, we recommend a 50% NS concentration of Hoagland’s NS for optimal yield, a 125% NS concentration for the production of secondary metabolites with enhanced antioxidant capacity, and a 100% NS concentration as a balance between antioxidant properties and yield for basil microgreens production in a floating system.
... Like many species belonging to this family, wild rocket contains various bioactive components such as glucosinolates, phenols, and ascorbic acid, which promote human health, as they exhibit antioxidant and anticancer properties and contribute to the prevention of heart disease [2,3]. The colour is also an important parameter for successful marketing and satisfactory consumer preference, an observation that applies to all green leafy vegetables [4]. In recent years, wild rocket has shown increased interest as a consequence of the global spread of baby leaf ready-to-eat salads and the stronger aroma and flavor of the leaves, compared to Eruca sativa Mill. ...
Wild rocket is a leafy vegetable with economic interest as a consequence of baby leaf ready-to-eat salads. The climate crisis is expected to influence wild rocket production, but these effects could be confronted with cultivation in greenhouses and plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs). Climate responses are related to growing seasons. Our objective was to test the impact of two growing seasons, winter and summer, on the growth and physiology of wild rocket baby leaves in different controlled environment systems (greenhouse and PFAL). The growth cycle was reduced by 27% in the PFAL compared to the greenhouse during winter. Summer yield was greater in the greenhouse, but leaf number and area were greater in the PFAL. The lowest water use efficiency was recorded in the greenhouse during summer. Energy use efficiency was lower in PFAL compared to the greenhouse. Land use efficiency was not affected by the growing system, but in PFALs it is able to increase it by growing in vertical layers. Relative chlorophyll content and total soluble solids were enhanced in the greenhouse. The photosynthetic efficiency evaluation showed considerable stress in summer-grown plants in the greenhouse, as shown by PIABS and φP0. In general, the production was similar in the PFAL regardless of seasons.
... Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), a vegetable belonging to the Asteraceae family, is grown globally in various forms such as romaine, green leaf, red leaf, and oakleaf lettuce (Mampholo et al., 2016;Shi et al., 2022). Due to the high water content of about 95%, lettuce is considered a nutritious vegetable, comprising dietary fibers, vitamins A, B, C, E, and a large amount of iron (Medina-Lozano et al., 2021;Yang et al., 2022). ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Although lettuce is traditionally known to have hypnotic and sedative effects, to date, only a few studies have documented its sleep-promoting effects and elucidated the related mechanisms.
Aim of the study:
We aimed to investigate the sleep-promoting activity of Heukharang lettuce leaf extract (HLE) with increased lactucin content, known as a sleep-promoting substance in lettuce, in animal models.
Materials and methods:
To evaluate the effect of HLE on sleep behavior, analysis of electroencephalogram (EEG), gene expression of brain receptors, and activation mechanisms using antagonists were investigated in rodent models.
Results:
High-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that HLE contained lactucin (0.78 mg/g of extract) and quercetin-3-glucuronide (1.3 mg/g of extract). In the pentobarbital-induced sleep model, the group administered 150 mg/kg of HLE showed a 47.3% increase in sleep duration time as compared to the normal group (NOR). The EEG analysis showed that the HLE significantly increased non-rapid eye movement (NREM), where delta waves were improved by 59.5% when compared to the NOR, resulting in increased sleep time. In the caffeine-induced arousal model, HLE significantly decreased the awake time increased by caffeine administration (35.5%) and showed a similar level to NOR. In addition, HLE increased the gene and protein expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor type A (GABAA), GABA type B, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1A. In particular, in comparison to the NOR, the group administered 150 mg/kg HLE showed an increase in expression levels of GABAA and protein by 2.3 and 2.5 times, respectively. When the expression levels were checked using GABAA receptor antagonists, HLE showed similar levels to NOR, as the sleep duration was reduced by flumazenil (45.1%), a benzodiazepine antagonist.
Conclusions:
HLE increased NREM sleep and significantly improved sleep behavior due to its action on the GABAA receptors. The collective findings suggest that HLE can be used as a novel sleep-enhancing agent in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
... Lettuce is rich in fiber and low in calories, which is ideal for dieters. It also contains vitamin A, folate, C, K, and phenolic compounds [1]. Nutritional quality is frequently related to plant characteristics. ...
... no distinction of color parameters and lower value than the red LED. Other research reported that the chlorophyll content of various lettuce varieties is different and has no correlation to L, a, and b value [1]. Generally, this research indicated that the chlorophyll content of green lettuce microgreen was higher than red lettuce microgreen. ...
... However, there were no significant differences observed between both treatments (for the highest and lowest TPC). Total phenolic content was generally higher in red lettuce varieties compared to green red lettuce (Mampholo et al. 2016). This is also in agreement with a previous study reported by Petruccelli et al. (2015), in which the total phenolic content was higher in fruits grown in substrate amended with straw biochar and olive residues biochar. ...
... The intake of anthocyanin rich vegetables has shown many health benefits, such as visual improvement, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-mutagenic, especially due to the strong antioxidant property (Mampholo et al. 2016). There, in this study, the radical scavenging activities and reducing power of the red lettuce leaf extracts were also evaluated to determine the effects of the different treatments on the plants' antioxidant properties. ...
... Table 5 shows the IC 50 values for DPPH assay and ABTS assay, as well as FRAP values of the methanolic extract of red lettuce leaves. Three different antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP) were carried out to determine the antioxidant activity of the red lettuce leaves planted with different hydroponic substrates due to the complexity of the phytochemicals (Mampholo et al., 2016). ...
Hydroponic is a technique of growing plants in a soilless medium by using a sponge, rock wool, hydroton, coconut coir, and perlite as an alternative for crop production systems. Recently, biochar has been reported to be a potential substrate for hydroponic cultivation techniques due to its physicochemical properties which can help increase vegetable production. A greenhouse study was conducted to investigate the effect of biochar as hydroponic substrate on the growth, colour and nutritional content of red lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). This study utilized the nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic system and was conducted using a randomized complete block design with five treatments, including T1 (hydroton only), T2 (perlite only), T3 (palm kernel biochar), T4 (palm kernel biochar + hydroton), and T5 (palm kernel biochar + perlite). Data analysis revealed the treatment, which consists of both palm kernel biochar and hydroton (T4) resulted in a significant increase in plant growth and yielded the highest plant height (19.86 cm), leaf width (14.16 cm), plant fresh weight (68.19 g), and dry weight (8.29 g). The leaves nutrient content (N, P, K, Mg, Ca) of red lettuce grown in palm kernel biochar and hydroton (T4) substrates suggested the presence of optimal growth conditions for ensuring optimum yield with high quality. The application of palm kernel biochar and hydroton (T4) as substrate also showed a higher lightness value (L* = 66.67). Besides, the methanolic leaf extracts from the red lettuce grown in palm kernel biochar and hydroton (T4) showed the highest bioactive metabolite content. In addition, the application of palm kernel biochar (T3) as a hydroponic substrate decreased the algal density in the nutrient solution. In conclusion, the combination of palm kernel biochar and hydroton as a substrate was observed to be the best in enhancing the growth performance, colour, and nutritional content of red lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), and it is therefore recommended to be used as the growth substrate in the NFT system.
Key words
bioactive metabolites; biochar; growth; hydroponic; nutrient content; substrate
... Generally, except for manganese, the contents of the other micronutrients were within the ranges reported in the literature (Kleiber et al., 2015;Mampholo et al., 2016;Sahin et al., 2017;Ylivainio et al., 2004). ...
Plant cultivation is a key aspect of future long-distance space missions, and the creation of an efficient food system will not be possible without it. The production of fertilizer in space is based on the recovery of water and nutrients from wastewater, such as urine and grey water. In this study, the fertilizer production process was conducted in an aerobic, activated sludge reactor, where nitrification and the process of carbon removal take place. Treated streams have three potential factors that could affect the plants growth in a hydroponic system (anionic surfactants, nutrients deficiencies, high salinity). The effect of these factors was examined for two hydroponic configurations. Their influence on lettuce yield, quality parameters and stress response were investigated and compared to the control cultivation. The results showed that the main cause of a decrease (up to 24%) in the yield productivity of plants grown on nitrified urine and grey water is oxidative stress originated from a deficiency of elements, not from used anionic surfactant. Enrichment with nutrients resulted in the restoration of proper protein synthesis and an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which was positively reflected in the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the enriched cultivation (fresh leaves mass equal to 103% of the control). Results also show that Sodium Methyl Cocoyl Taurate (SMCT) surfactant itself after biological treatment used in plant cultivation has no negative effects reflected in lettuce yield or quality.
... Second, we found aglycone flavonoids in the lettuce. Literature reported that flavonoids in lettuce are isohamnetin, quercetin, kaempferol, epicatechin, mycertin, and anthocyanin (Mampholo et al. 2016). Next, Tri-4hydroxyphenylaceticacid-glucoside is the only tannin reported in the publication (Viacava et al. (Mulabagal et al. 2010). ...
... Last, the finding of coumarins, both volatile and non-volatile, in these three lettuce cultivars is supported by other studies that also identified coumarins in lettuce (Viacava et al. 2018). These compounds are well known for their antioxidant activities and contribute to the radical scavenging capabilities of lettuce (Kim et al. 2016;Mughrbi et al. 2020;Mampholo et al. 2016;Materska et al. 2019). (Ri et al. 2019). ...
... Moreover, EtOAc extracts from three lettuce had the lowest TFC content. Previous research also identified TFC in red coral lettuce ( 21. 96 mg QE/ 100 g fresh weight), butterhead lettuce (3.00 mg QE/100 g fresh weight) [16], and red oak lettuce (2.67 mg QE/100 g fresh weight (Mampholo et al. 2016). In contrast to our findings, red lettuce had greater TFC than green lettuce. ...
Lactuca sativa L. is an economically important vegetable that contains numerous phytochemicals. This study aimed to determine the phytochemicals in three lettuce cultivars (red oak, red coral, and butterhead) and assess their total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activities. The dried leaves of each lettuce cultivar were macerated with hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and 95% ethanol (EtOH). Total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activities from the three solvent extracts were measured. The phytochemical screening showed that the leaves from the three lettuce cultivars contained flavonoids, hydrolyzable tannins, coumarins, steroids, and phenolic compounds. While the EtOAc fraction of the red coral lettuce showed the highest total phenolic content (9.747 ± 0.021 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) and the hexane fraction of the butterhead lettuce contained the highest flavonoids (7.065 ± 0.005 mg quercetin equivalent/g). In the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) assay, the EtOAc fraction of the red coral lettuce had the highest antioxidant capacity with an IC50 of 0.277 ± 0.006 mg/mL, whereas, in the ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) assay, the 95% EtOH of the red coral lettuce had the highest antioxidant capacity with an IC50 of 0.300 ± 0.002 mg/mL. All three lettuce cultivars contained high levels of phenolic content and flavonoids, which are the source of antioxidant activities. These lettuce cultivars, especially the red coral lettuce, are a potential source of natural antioxidants. Further research on the application of natural antioxidants is required to investigate the therapeutic or the neutraceutical implication of the lettuce cultivars.
... Market pricing and consumer choice for lettuce are determined by internal attributes such as functional nutritional value and texture, as well as external qualities like color and size (Mampholo et al., 2016). In this study aquaponics grown lettuce scored higher in terms of sensory properties than those grown in soil. ...
We determined the number of coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, yeast, and molds that may occur in the system, and the quality of lettuce grown in aquaponics for consumers from sensory, colour, and texture points of view. The amount of yeast and mold in the plant growing medium (hydroton) and water was 4.67 log CFU/cm 2 and 2.25 log CFU/mL at the end of the six-week experiment, respectively. The number of coliform bacteria and E. coli in the growing medium and in the system water was found to be 2.57 log CFU/cm 2 and 3.46 log CFU/mL for coliform, 0.75 log CFU/cm 2 0.31 log CFU/mL for E. coli, respectively. Organisms that pose a risk to food safety, accumulate in the culture media. After the harvest, lettuce cultured in the aquaponic system (AP) was compared with the lettuce cultured in soil (SC). According to the results, AP lettuce was found to have darker colors (Lightness: 56.4 AP, 49.09 SC, p<0.05), harder (Hardness: 209.3 AP, 153.7 SC, p<0.05), and slightly appetizing (Sensory analysis overall liking: 8.4 AP, 7.7 SC) than SC. In conclution, aquaponic systems are much more preferable in terms of sensory quality and consumer preferences than soil-based production systems.
... Lopez et al. (2014) found a significantly higher carotenoid content in mini romaine than in other romaines, which disagrees with the results found in this study. A close correlation between chlorophyll content in lettuce leaves and carotenoid concentration was also found earlier by Turkmen et al. (2006) and Mampholo et al. (2016). These authors even suggested that chlorophyll measurement should be considered an indirect measurement of carotenoids in lettuce leaves for breeding programs. ...
... Similar to Mampholo et al. (2016), there was also a trend indicating a certain correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll content with color values L*, C*, and H o . In the current study, no correlation was found between iron content and chlorophyll levels in lettuce leaves, which is in contrast to Jacobson and Oertli (1956), as cited in Mou and Ryder (2004). ...
... This lighter color of mini lettuce could be the effect of a lower chlorophyll content in the leaves. In trials with 16 different lettuce cultivars, Mampholo et al. (2016) did not observe a correlation between chlorophyll content and color value. ...
Romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. longifolia) was cultivated in a hydroponic system, in the free-standing
container equipped with two-shelf racks. The luminous intensity of the upper shelves was 200 μmol m 2 s 1,
and that of the bottom was 160 μmol m 2 s 1. The plants were exposed to light for 16 h each day. Seven cultivars
from two groups were cultivated in this study. There were four cultivars from the midi subtype (‘Casual,’
‘Pivotal,’ ‘Delcaso,’ and ‘Airton’) and three from the mini subtype (‘Xiomara,’ ‘Coventry,’ and ‘Elizium’). The
growth period of lettuce in the hydroponic chamber was 30 days. Immediately after harvest, lettuce was evaluated
for plant morphological parameters and for the content of macro- and microelements and metabolites with
health-promoting properties. Additionally, sensory evaluation was performed and leaf color parameters were
measured.
The genotype of romaine lettuce had a major impact on its extrinsic and intrinsic properties. The mini cultivars
produced lower fresh mass but contained higher amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, copper, and boron
than varieties from the midi group. The contents of bioactive compounds were higher for midi romaine lettuce
than for the mini type. In terms of nitrate, there were significant differences, and lower nitrate levels occurred in
the mini group, except in ‘Coventry.’ The results obtained in this study did not allow us to single out any cultivar
from the midi group as the best or the worst in terms of chemical composition. Among the mini cultivars,
‘Elizium’ shown the tendency to accumulate a relatively small amount of nitrate and a relatively large amount of
chlorophyll, carotenoid, polyphenol and flavonoid. ‘Coventry’ with the lowest chlorophyll, carotenoid, and
flavonoid contents was found to be the poorest in bioactive compounds. The sensory evaluation indicated the
good quality of all mini and two midi cultivars, while ‘Delcaso’ (midi cultivar) received the worst marks, because
of poor smell and crispness and a bitter aftertaste. The higher light intensity (200 μmol m 2 s 1) used for plant
illumination did not unequivocally increase the content of health-promoting components or improve other
characteristics of romaine lettuce compared to the light 160 μmol m 2 s 1.
... Furthermore, the leaves contain sugar, protein, and minerals, such as Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Zn, and Mn as well as antioxidants, including carotenoids, flavonoids, -carotene, chlorophylls, phenolics, anthocyanins, and ascorbic acid. These compounds help to improve the nutritional intake in the diet [2,3]. Lettuce leaves also contain nutrients that are low in calories, and this is very beneficial to health because it reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and colon cancer [4]. ...
Lettuce cultivated by millennial farmers using a hydroponic system in urban areas. Seaweed extracts and cow urine contain nutrients and plant growth regulators. This study aims to determine the effect of a formulation containing inorganic nutrient solution, seaweed liquid extract, and mixed cow urine on lettuce growth, as well as the volume of commercial nutrient mixture that can be substituted by these additives in a hydroponic system. The treatment used contains a combination of inorganic fertilizer solution (CF), seaweed liquid extract (SLE), and cow urine (CU). Every repeated three times in a randomized block design. Results, the nutrient mixture had a significant effect on the height, leaves number as well as wet and dry weight of the plants. Lettuce planted on 50% CF+ 25% SLE+ 25% CU was the tallest when observed on days 7, 14, and 42 after planting. The highest fresh and dry weight was also obtained from this nutrient formulation. On day 35, the highest leaves number was recorded from plants on the 100% CF+ 0% SLE+0% CU medium. Concluded, a mixture of seaweed liquid extract and cow urine has the potential to reduce the inorganic fertilizers use as a nutrient solution in a hydroponic system.
