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![Lower iron mold and cores [16].](profile/Philip-Babalola/publication/312919952/figure/fig4/AS:454746713661443@1485431473614/Lower-iron-mold-and-cores-16.png)
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![Figure 1. Manufacturing procedure for the A356/SiC foam composite [9].](profile/Philip-Babalola/publication/312919952/figure/fig1/AS:454746713661440@1485431473530/Manufacturing-procedure-for-the-A356-SiC-foam-composite-9_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 2. Schematic CAD diagram of the vacuum infiltration apparatus [9].](profile/Philip-Babalola/publication/312919952/figure/fig2/AS:454746713661441@1485431473551/Schematic-CAD-diagram-of-the-vacuum-infiltration-apparatus-9_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 4. Lower iron mold and cores [16].](profile/Philip-Babalola/publication/312919952/figure/fig4/AS:454746713661443@1485431473614/Lower-iron-mold-and-cores-16_Q320.jpg)
Aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) are a range of advanced engineering materials that can be used for a wide range of applications within the aerospace, automotive, biotechnology, electronic and sporting goods industries. AMCs consist of a non-metallic reinforcement (SiC, B 4 C, Si 3 N 4 , AlN, TiC, TiB 2, TiO 2) incorporated into Aluminium matrix...
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The reaction kinetics for TiC particles in molten Al was studied by image analysis in Al-10wt.%TiC composite samples heat-treated between 675 to 900°C. The semi-parabolic behavior of the reaction profiles and an activation energy of 64 kJ/mol suggests that the reaction is controlled by nucleation at the interface. The rate of the reaction increased...
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... In recent times, significant research and development is geared towards wrought aluminum alloys by using scrap aluminum recycling technology and equipment [4][5][6]. Meanwhile, the use of scrap aluminum alloy wheels as a matrix material for the fabrication of aluminum metal matrix composite has also gained significant research interest [7][8][9][10][11]. Secondary or recycled aluminum metal matrix composite has emerged as the material of choice for application in thermal management, aerospace, recreational, and infrastructure industries [12]. ...
This study used aluminum scraps to produce a secondary aluminum metal matrix for heat storage analyses. Silica and kaolin reinforced aluminum metal matrix composites were successfully produced via stir casting. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed for phase and microstructure characterization. XRD revealed alumina (corundum), aluminum and kyanite phases while SEM indicated pores in the composites. Density, average specific heat (from 30 to 200°C), thermal conductivity, and hardness tests were carried out. Total heat energy stored per kg, from 30 to 200°C, was obtained. The inclusion of 7.5 and 15 wt% kaolin increased the specific heat of the matrix from 474.3 to 564.57 J·kg⁻¹·°C⁻¹ and 474.3 to 679.03 J·kg⁻¹·°C⁻¹, respectively. Likewise, adding 7.5 and 15 wt% silica sand increased the thermal conductivity of the matrix from 154.99 to 175.62 W·m⁻¹·°C⁻¹ and 154.99 W·m⁻¹·°C⁻¹ to 181.38 W·m⁻¹·°C⁻¹, respectively. The addition of 7.5 wt% silica sand and 7.5 and 15 wt% kaolin increased the hardness value of the matrix from 72.11 to 73.11 HB, 72.11 to 81.38 HB, and 72.11 to 82 HB, respectively. Hardness of the composites reinforced with kaolin is higher than that of the composites reinforced with silica sand. This is attributed to the higher molecular weight of kaolin. Significant increase in specific heat and thermal conductivity was achieved.
... In this way, lowstrength, lightweight engineering materials such as aluminum are converted to relatively high-strength materials suitable for use in fabrication of engine parts and others in the automobile. Common reinforcement materials include silicon carbide (SiC), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), etc. [8][9][10]. ...
... There are a number of methods used for the fabrication of AMMCs [8]. However, the stir casting process is frequently used because it promotes the casting of uniformly reinforced metal composites as stirring transfers particles into the liquid metal and maintains the particles in a state of suspension [33]. ...
... For the analysis, we assume PKS particles, unashed and uncarbonized. Unashed and uncarbonized PKS particles have been used directly to reinforce AMMCs successfully by Edoziuno et al. [61], Ibhadode and Ebhojiaye [8]. ...
Lightweighting of automobiles of which the IC engine is a part has become very important due to stringent emission regulations being imposed on vehicle manufacturers, and the need to have more fuel-efficient vehicles. The use of light weight materials such as aluminum metal matrix composites (AMMCs) made up of aluminum alloy and nonmetal reinforcements such as alumina and silicon carbide is one strategy used for lightweighting. Recently, there has been active research in the use of biodegradable green materials such as agricultural wastes as reinforcements for AMMCs. In this chapter, work done on the use of biodegradable green materials as reinforcements for AMMCs is reviewed. The potential for their use as engine parts materials is analyzed. The results show that they have the potential to provide significant weight and cost savings when used as engine parts materials.
... Lightweight, high corrosion resistance, high fire hazard control [41] In the last decade, many researchers have worked on MMCs, especially AMCs. Authors who have worked on a review of AMCs include [9,[42][43][44]. However, no review has reported the current advancement in AMCs development since 2020, notwithstanding much improvement recorded in this all-important composite. ...
Research shows that monolithic Al alloy has very attractive properties required in the production of aerospace, automotive, electrical and electronic, sports and recreational components/equipment. However, its low strength and low wear resistance have challenged its applications in some other critical industrial utilities. Nonetheless, the invention of metal composites has removed such barriers. The addition of one or more reinforcements to Al has helped in the creation of aluminium matrix composites (AMCs), which has not only increased the global utilization of Al alloy, but has been a major source of global revenue and job. This review was, therefore, aimed at studying recent works on AMCs with the aim of ascertaining the recent innovations in the development of advanced Al composites, which can replace steel components in most industrial applications at a cheaper rate. It was observed from the study that AMCs can be developed via solid and liquid fabrication techniques. Powder metallurgy was reported as the most effective method of producing hybrid Al nanocomposites, with spark plasma sintering as the best technique. In the liquid process, stir casting was reported as the most cost effective, but was challenged by agglomeration. It was recommended that agglomeration be ameliorated by cryogenic ball milling and an in situ fabrication technique. It was also recommended that more cost effective agro-waste nanoparticles should be developed to replace more costly conventional reinforcements. In summary, it was recommended that more research on the exploration of Al alloy at a cheaper rate should be carried out.
... Few studies are yet available on the Co-Aluminides treatment. The synthesis methods were reported by other research works as: stir and pressure casting [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13], arc melting under Ar [11][12][13], powder metallurgy [29,30,31,32] and mechanical alloying [3]. ...
... Few studies are yet available on the Co-Aluminides treatment. The synthesis methods were reported by other research works as: stir and pressure casting [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13], arc melting under Ar [11][12][13], powder metallurgy [29,30,31,32] and mechanical alloying [3]. ...
In the current study, aluminum matrix composites made of Al-Al9Co2-Al13Co4 are developed using powder metallurgy with a flow of N2 at a temperature of 600 °C. In this study, the impacts of process variables such cobalt concentration (0.5, 1, 3, and 5 %at.) and sintering time (4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 h) on hardness were examined. X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to evaluate the crystalline phase and microstructure of the composites made using the powder metallurgy process. A micro Vickers hardness tester was used to test the mechanical properties. During heat treatment, mixed products Al13Co4 and Al9Co2 were generated in the aluminium matrix through reactive diffusion in solid state. The results show, on the one hand, that the obtained alloys have microhardness values that are significantly higher than those of pure aluminum (49 ± 4 HV). In contrast, the microhardness of alloys based on the compositions ‘Al-0.5%Co’ and ‘Al-1%Co’ increases with the sintering time and achieves a maximum value of 153.89 ± 4.85 HV and 141.49 ± 7.81 HV, respectively, at a sintering time of 72 h. Nevertheless, the microhardness decreases with longer sintering times of 72 h for the higher compositions that were studied ‘Al-3%Co’ et ‘Al-5%Co’. After 48 h of sintering, the microhardness of the ‘Al-3%Co’ alloy falls from 131.88 ± 2.50 HV to 102.67 ± 4.33 HV. For the alloy ‘Al-5%Co’, it decreases from 93.87 ± 2.50 HV to 64.65 ± 2.50 HV after 24 h of sintering. This decrease in hardness is explained by the generation of a large amount of pores during the sintering of the alloys with large compositions.
... An obvious advantage with using composites is attributed to their low weight, high strength and stiffness. Typically, a composite is composed of two parts; the first being a stiff, strong reinforcement that contributes strength and rigidity, and is distributed evenly in a second material, referred to as the matrix, which binds and protects the reinforcements [6]. Material scientists and engineers are working hard to investigate materials that are suitable for producing composites with expected mechanical properties. ...
... Because they are biodegradable, renewable, recyclable, and may be found in a wide variety of natural and cultivated forms, natural fibres are superior than synthetic ones. While artificial fibres (like silicon carbide and carbon) are manufactured in advanced developed countries, natural fibres of plant and animal origin are commonly grown in underdeveloped countries as agricultural waste or waste products, [5][6][7][8]. A large source of income for the local economies in these underdeveloped countries will be generated by this project. ...
AA 8079 with variable percentages of peanut shell ash (PSA) was created by stir casting (2.5 percent, 5 percent, 7.5 percent, 10 percent, 12.5 percent, and 15 percent). Compared some of the physical and mechanical properties of the composite material were to the alloy matrix alloy (density; porosity percentage; hardness; wear index; tensile strength; and impact strength). Peanut shell ash reinforcements were found to be distributed uniformly throughout the Aluminum Matrix, with pockets of agglomerated reinforcement particles. The hardness, wear index, and density of the composite were enhanced by adding PSA particles. Compared to the matrix alloy without reinforcement, the composites had lower tensile and impact strengths. Mixture design with Design-Expert (Stat EASY) software package indicated the appropriate matrix and reinforcing combination proportions and how they influenced composites’ studied properties. Composites’ physical and mechanical properties were predicted and optimized using regression models created and the ideal mixture of matrix and reinforcement wt. According to optimization findings, the components for optimal composite characteristics’ responses are 93.48 and 6.52 percent of matrix and reinforcement wt% particles. They can utilize PSA-reinforced AA8079 core materials to make automotive components that need lighter, stackable, and wear-resistant.
... The use of metallic reinforcement in AMCs has been opined to have the capacity to address the potential limitations noted in ceramic reinforced AMCs. Several studies have advanced the scientific thoughts serving as the basis for its consideration [8,9]. Fundamentally, there is inherent good ductility and toughness in metals when compared to ceramics, better wettability between metals than metal-ceramics, and close thermal properties compared to metal-ceramic system, are some of the factors which have favoured metallic reinforced AMCs over ceramic reinforced AMCs [10,11,12]. ...
Investigation on the hot deformability and workability of stir cast 6 wt.% steel particles reinforced aluminium 6063 matrix composites was undertaken in this study. Flow stress – strain curves generated from hot compression tests performed at strain rates of 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 s−1, and temperatures between 200–400°C, were used to study the flow behavior of the composite, while processing map developed from analyses of the deformation data, was used to establish the deformation mechanisms and processing safe zones for effective workability. Flow stress oscillations were observed to be prevalent at lower deformation temperatures and strain rates; largely due to the settling of reinforcement particles at grain boundary vicinities, rather than a homogeneous distribution. Also, the flow behaviour was largely strain rate insensitive. The dominant flow mechanism based on the flow stress patterns, processing map and microstructural validation was established to be dynamic recovery. Safe regions for processing based on Murty's and Gegel's criteria established the safe processing zones to be ~270–400°C at 0.01–1.0 s−1 and 380–400°C at 10 s−1. Deformation processing was unsafe at 200–260°C at 0.01–1.0 s−1 and between 200–380°C at 1.0–10 s−1.
... High strength ceramic materials embedded with an Aluminium matrix results in high strength, low density, high thermal conductivity, better tribological and corrosive properties [8]. SiC, Si 3 N 4 , ZrO 2 and Al 2 O 3 are the most widely used ceramics reinforcements with the aluminium matrix [9][10][11]. Much research work has been done on the connecting rods developed by different materials and optimizing the results for material, cost and weight. ...
In this study, the powder metallurgy process is applied for the development of composite material Al/ 3 wt% Si3N4/4.5 wt% ZrO2 and a 3D model of the connecting rod, as per the engine specifications of TVS Apache 150 motor, is designed using Solidworks software. The model is then imported into ANSYS Workbench for the finite element method to analyse the von-mises stress, elastic strain and deformation on the connecting rod for the particular loading conditions. Moreover, a comparative study is done between the developed connecting rod and the existing Al7068/5 wt% Si3N4 composite results taken from the literature. From the results, it is revealed that the maximum von-mises stress for Al/3 wt% Si3N4/ 4.5 wt% ZrO2 composite reduced by 53.54% for big end loading conditions and 71.24% for small end loading conditions. The weight of the connecting rod was found to be 0.2412 kg.
... AMMCs offer high strength to weight ratio, improved thermal conductivity, abrasion/wear resistance, creep resistance, dimensional stability and exceptionally good stiffnessto-weight ratio. They also have better high temperature performance [5][6][7][8][9]. In composite, the good properties of the metal such as lightweight, high ductility, electrical and thermal conductivities are combined with the properties of the reinforcement such as low coefficient of thermal expansion, high stiffness, and strength with abrasion resistance to produce material with a combination of desired physico-mechanical properties. ...
... The reinforcement could be in the form of continuous and discontinuous fibres, whiskers or particulate [9][10][11]. Particle-reinforced AMMCs (PAMMCs) are less expensive compared to continuous fibre reinforced AMMCs (CFAMMCs) and are usually produced by either the solid state (powder metallurgy processing route) or liquid state (stir casting, infiltration and in-situ) processes [5][6][7]10,[12][13][14][15]. The overall cost of AA6063 and the products can be reduced by blending the alloy matrix with low cost and renewable particulate material fillers like coconut shell, periwinkle shell, palm kernel shell, charcoal, and corncob, etc. in both the processed and the unprocessed states. ...
The superior physical and mechanical properties of metals matrix composites in comparison to the matrix metals over a wide range of operating conditions makes them an attractive option in replacing metals for various engineering applications. In the present investigation, Aluminium alloy 6063 was reinforced with varying weight percentage of 212 mm palm kernel shell (PKS) particles (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5% and 15%). The composite was prepared in a mild steel permanent mould, using stir-casting technique. Some chemical, physical and microstructural properties (XRF, XRD, density, % porosity and SEM-EDX) of the composites produced were characterized, evaluated and compared with that of the matrix alloy. The structural assessment evaluation of the reinforcement revealed the presence of elements and oxides that could improve the structure, physical and the mechanical properties of the composites. The morphological investigation showed that the secondary phase of PKS reinforcements were dispersed homogeneously in the Aluminium Matrix primary phase. The reinforcement of PKS particles improved the density of the produced composite over that of the base alloy, while the percentage porosity of the composites increased with increase in palm kernel shell content but lies within the maximum permissible limit for cast aluminium metal matrix composites. Formation of intermetallic compounds was evident in the composites developed.
... It is the demand from the applications that the composites employed should have better tribological behaviour and offers more strength than the conventional alloys and composites in normal and higher temperature [4]. These properties will ease MMCs manufacturing difficulties and make them usable in various contemporary industrial and engineering endeavours [5,6]. MMCs consists of metal or alloys as matrix material and polymer, glass or ceramic as reinforcement elements in varying size, shape and orientation [7]. ...
In this work, efforts were poured to examine the effect of SiC addition on the mechanical and microstructure of aluminium-Si (2 wt%) metal matrix composite (MMC). Further, the corrosion behaviour of the MMC also studied. AlSi was reinforced with varying content of SiC from zero to twenty percentage was manufactured using the stir casting method. It is confirmed from scanning electron microscopy that the SiC was uniformly distributed in the aluminium matrix. The hardness was maximum for 15% SiC content MMC. The twenty percentage SiC reinforced MMC expressed the minimum icorr compared to other variants, attributing to better resistance to corrosion. The corrosion and tribological characteristics were found to the highly dependent on the content of SiC. However, no dependency between corrosion and tribological behaviour was found. The outcome of the present study will be useful in manufacturing lighter weight MMC for shipping and aviation industries.
