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Lopadostoma fagi . a. Habit of ascostromata on bark; b. Ectostromatic discs; c. Transverse section through the ascoma; d. Longitudinal section through the stroma; e-f. Asci; g. Ascospores; h. Ascospore showing germ slit. — Scale bars: a = 3mm; b-d = 1 mm: e- h= 10 μm.
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Xylariaceous fungi are typically saprobes, but are also commonly isolated as endophytes and some species are pathogens. Two species of Lopadostoma (Xylariaceae, Xylariales) are reported for the first time from Iran. L. dryophilum was found from dead branches of Quercus sp. in East Azerbaiejan and L. fagi from dead branches of Fagus sp. in Ardabil p...
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... ITS sequences ( Fig. 1), the closest sequence to our fungus is L. dryophilum (GenBank KC774570 and KC774571; Identities = 547/550(99%), Gaps = 1/550(0%)) . This is the first report of this species from Iran. Lopadostoma fagi Jaklitsch, J. Fourn. & Voglmayr, Persoonia 32: 63. 2014. Fig. 3. Stromata densely immersed in the bark of dead branches (1.5 cm diam.), pustulate, covered by the epidermis which is not discolored, 1 – 1.5 mm diam., slightly erumpent with tiny, black, rounded or slightly elliptical ectostomatic disc, with groups of 3 – 7 perithecia. Ostioles dark, converging toward the disc; tissue between the ostioles blackish, opening separately in the disc. Perithecia dark, circinately arranged, globoid to subgloboid, monostichous, 300 – 800 μm diam., tissue surrounding perithecia yellowish brown. Asci cylindric, containing 8 uniseriate ascospores, 60 – 70 × 5 – 6 μm, with stalks up to 34 μm long. Ascospores 7– 10.5( – 11.3) × 3 –4 μm, oblong or narrowly ellipsoid, aseptate, brown to nearly black, smooth, with straight, circumferential germ slit and 2 large guttules,. Specimens examined : IRAN, ARDABIL, Khalkhal, on dead branch of Faqus sp., 5 August. 2014, M. Mehrabi, IRAN 16686F. Note: This taxon has described by Jaklitsch et al. (2014) on the basis of material from Austria. The Iranian material was consistent with L. fagi as described by Jaklitsch et al. (2014). Based on both morphology and molecular sequence data, the occurrence of L. fagi in Iran was confirmed with 100% bootstrap values (Fig. 1). Based on a megablast search of NCBI GenBank nucleotide database, the closest sequence to our fungus is L. fagi (GenBank KC774577 and KC774574; Identities = 480/483(99%), Gaps = 0/483(0%)) . This is the first report of this species from Iran. The authors wish to acknowledge Research Institute of Modern Biological Techniques (University of Zanjan) for the use of their ...
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... Members of the Xylariaceae are typically saprobes, despite some of them are endophytes and others are plant pathogens (Mehrabi and Hemmati, 2015). To date, due to the lack of studies on this genus, the ecology of Lopadostoma remains to be fully understood. ...
Esca is a disease complex belonging to the grapevine trunk diseases cluster. It comprises five syndromes, three main fungal pathogenic agents and several symptoms, both internal (i.e., affecting woody tissue) and external (e.g., affecting leaves and bunches). The etiology and epidemiology of this disease complex remain, in part, unclear. Some of the points that are still under discussion concern the sudden rise in disease incidence, the simultaneous presence of multiple wood pathogens in affected grapevines, the causal agents and the discontinuity in time of leaf symptoms manifestation. The standard approach to the study of esca has been mostly through culture-dependent studies, yet, leaving many questions unanswered. In this study, we used Illumina® next-generation amplicon sequencing to investigate the mycobiome of grapevines wood in a vineyard with history of esca. We characterized the wood mycobiome composition, investigated the spatial dynamics of the fungal communities in different areas of the stem and in canes, and assessed the putative link between mycobiome and leaf symptoms. An unprecedented diversity of fungi is presented (289 taxa), including five genera reported for the first time in association with grapevines wood (Debaryomyces, Trematosphaeria, Biatriospora, Lopadostoma, and Malassezia) and numerous hitherto unreported species. Esca-associated fungi Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Fomitiporia sp. dominate the fungal community, and numerous other fungi associated with wood syndromes are also encountered (e.g., Eutypa spp., Inonotus hispidus). The spatial analysis revealed differences in diversity, evenness and taxa abundances, the unique presence of certain fungi in specific areas of the plants, and tissue specificity. Lastly, the mycobiome composition of the woody tissue in proximity to leaves manifesting ‘tiger stripes’ symptoms of esca, as well as in leaf-symptomatic canes, was highly similar to that of plants not exhibiting any leaf symptomatology. This observation supports the current understanding that leaf symptoms are not directly linked with the fungal communities in the wood. This work builds to the understanding of the microbial ecology of the grapevines wood, offering insights and a critical view on the current knowledge of the etiology of esca.
This study aimed to assess the biodiversity of fungi colonizing the fine roots (diameter up to 2 mm) of 3-year-old silver fir saplings from areas of Międzylesie Forest District in Poland. It was hypothesized that quantitatively and qualitatively, mycorrhizal fungi would be the dominant fungi in root communities of silver fir. DNA extraction was performed using Plant Genomic DNA purification. The internal transcribed spacer1 (ITS1) rDNA region was amplified using specific primers, and the amplicons were purified and sequenced using sequencing by synthesis (SBS) Illumina technology. The obtained sequences were compared with reference sequences in the UNITE database (https://unite.ut.ee/) using the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) algorithm to facilitate species identification. A total of 307,511 OTUs was obtained from each sample. There were 246,477 OTUs (80.15%) of fungi known from cultures. The genera Tuber spp. (7.51%) and Acephala spp. (3.23%) accounted for the largest share of the fungal communities on the fine roots of fir trees. Hence our results indicate the dominance of mycorrhizal fungi in these communities and reflect the excellent quality of the saplings that were assessed. Pathogenic fungi constituted a much smaller share of the fungal communities.
The Iranian Mycological Society, has decided to compile and publish series of monographs describing the fungi of Iran associated with the voucher information along with the dimensions of species diversity. In this volume, 128 ascomycetous species are described mainly from plant materials (leaves, stems, branches,
roots, fruits, and seeds) as saprophytes or plant pathogens, and occasionally from soil. All of the fungi in this text, are described alphabetically in order of Amphisphaeriales, Botryosphaeriales, Capnodiales, Chaetothyriales, Cladosporiales, Coniochaetales, Diaporthales, Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Kirschsteiniotheliales, Magnaporthales,
Orbiliales, Patellariales, Pleosporales, Sordariales, and Xylariales. Each fungus is described with colony characteristics, microscopic features and other useful sequence data available at GenBank
