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Least developed countries (LDCs) are home to over a billion people throughout Africa, Asia-Pacific, and the Caribbean. The people who live in LDCs represent just 13% of the global population but 40% of its growth rate. Characterised by low incomes and low education levels, high proportions of the population practising subsistence living, inadequate...
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... points to reverse negative reinforcing loops are water and sanitation interventions combined with education, both general and specific. Figure 4 shows loop R9 (dark red joining red), a reinforcing loop linking the use of biomass fuel and respiratory disease, responsible for 14.7% of childhood mortality and 6.7% of morbidity in LDCs It illustrates how poverty reduces a household's ability to acquire clean fuel and equipment with which to use it [7], forcing households to create internal air pollution through the use of biomass fuel, which is often available with no financial outlay to rural families (although it depletes natural resources, which in itself has consequences for the health of the environment and for the ability of the environment to provide for children's nutrition). The respiratory disease burden of both mortality and morbidity with its roots in childhood is possibly one of the most difficult to address; long lead times mean that policymakers do not necessarily relate adult health consequences to lung damage sustained in childhood. ...
Citations
... Urbanization and deforestation can create new breeding sites for vectors and bring humans closer to these vectors, thereby increasing the risk of disease transmission 9,10 . Furthermore, socio-economic factors such as poverty and lack of access to healthcare can exacerbate the vulnerability of populations to vector-borne diseases 11,12 . ...
Climate change is increasingly recognized as a significant driver of
ecological and public health changes, particularly concerning vector-borne diseases. This scoping review aims to systematically map the
current research on the impact of climate change on vector ecology and
the subsequent effects on disease transmission dynamics. We conducted
a comprehensive literature review across multiple databases to identify
critical vectors, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. We examined how
climate variables like temperature, precipitation, and humidity affect
their populations, behaviors, and life cycles. Additionally, we explored
the shifting geographic distributions of these vectors, investigating how
climate change influences their spread and the emergence of diseases
such as malaria, dengue, and Lyme disease in new regions.
The review highlights the complex and multifaceted interactions
between climate change and vector-borne diseases, emphasizing the
necessity of understanding these relationships to inform effective public
health strategies. Our findings indicate considerable variability in the
impacts of climate change across different regions and vector species,
underscoring the need for localized studies and tailored interventions.
Moreover, significant research gaps were identified, particularly in
predictive modeling, long-term surveillance, and the socio-economic
impacts of vector-borne diseases exacerbated by climate change. We
suggest directions for future research, including the development of
integrated climate health models and enhanced disease surveillance
systems to better anticipate and mitigate the effects of climate change
on vector-borne disease transmission. This review underscores the
urgency of addressing climate change as a critical component of global
health initiatives and the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in
tackling this complex issue
... Urbanization and deforestation can create new breeding sites for vectors and bring humans closer to these vectors, thereby increasing the risk of disease transmission 9,10 . Furthermore, socio-economic factors such as poverty and lack of access to healthcare can exacerbate the vulnerability of populations to vector-borne diseases 11,12 . ...
... Urbanization and deforestation can create new breeding sites for vectors and bring humans closer to these vectors, thereby increasing the risk of disease transmission 9,10 . Furthermore, socio-economic factors such as poverty and lack of access to healthcare can exacerbate the vulnerability of populations to vector-borne diseases 11,12 . ...
Climate change is increasingly recognized as a significant driver of
ecological and public health changes, particularly concerning vectorborne diseases. This scoping review aims to systematically map the
current research on the impact of climate change on vector ecology and
the subsequent effects on disease transmission dynamics. We conducted
a comprehensive literature review across multiple databases to identify
critical vectors, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. We examined how
climate variables like temperature, precipitation, and humidity affect
their populations, behaviors, and life cycles. Additionally, we explored
the shifting geographic distributions of these vectors, investigating how
climate change influences their spread and the emergence of diseases
such as malaria, dengue, and Lyme disease in new regions.
The review highlights the complex and multifaceted interactions
between climate change and vector-borne diseases, emphasizing the
necessity of understanding these relationships to inform effective public
health strategies. Our findings indicate considerable variability in the
impacts of climate change across different regions and vector species,
underscoring the need for localized studies and tailored interventions.
Moreover, significant research gaps were identified, particularly in
predictive modeling, long-term surveillance, and the socio-economic
impacts of vector-borne diseases exacerbated by climate change. We
suggest directions for future research, including the development of
integrated climate-health models and enhanced disease surveillance
systems, to better anticipate and mitigate the effects of climate change
on vector-borne disease transmission. This review underscores the
urgency of addressing climate change as a critical component of global
health initiatives and the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in
tackling this complex issue.
... It is clear from the proposed model's weekly periodicity that this feature greatly enhances the predictability of the deep learning network's air quality prediction capabilities. Systems science was utilized by Brereton and Jagals [103] to examine and control a variety of factors on children's environmental health in underdeveloped nations. They employed the causal loop diagram method. ...
Air pollution in the environment is growing daily as a result of urbanization and population growth, which causes numerous health issues. Information about air quality and environmental health risks provided by air pollutant data is crucial for environmental management. The use of artificial neural network (ANN) approaches for predicting air pollutants is reviewed in this research. These methods are based on several forecast intervals, including hourly, daily, and monthly ones. This study shows that ANN techniques forecast air contaminants more precisely than traditional methods. It has been discovered that the input parameters and architecture-type algorithms used affect the accuracy of air pollutant prediction models. ANN is therefore more accurate and reliable than other empirical models because they can handle a wide range of input meteorological parameters. Finally, the research gap of neural networks for air pollutant prediction is identified. The review may inspire researchers and to a certain extent promote the development of artificial intelligence in air pollutant prediction.
... However, most studies only mentioned LPs as an aspirational next step to examine. Only three studies provided a more thorough description of LPs (concerning children's environmental health [9], the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic [10] and policies addressing obesity [11]). None of the studies specified how LPs informed action programme development. ...
... Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 3 9 Amsterdam Healthy Weight Approach, Public Health Service (GGD), City of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 100, 1018WT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 10 Department of Sociology, University of Amsterdam, 1018WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ...
System dynamics approaches are increasingly addressing the complexity of public health problems such as childhood overweight and obesity. These approaches often use system mapping methods, such as the construction of causal loop diagrams, to gain an understanding of the system of interest. However, there is limited practical guidance on how such a system understanding can inform the development of an action programme that can facilitate systems changes. The Lifestyle Innovations Based on Youth Knowledge and Experience (LIKE) programme combines system dynamics and participatory action research to improve obesity-related behaviours, including diet, physical activity, sleep and sedentary behaviour, in 10–14-year-old adolescents in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. This paper illustrates how we used a previously obtained understanding of the system of obesity-related behaviours in adolescents to develop an action programme to facilitate systems changes. A team of evaluation researchers guided interdisciplinary action-groups throughout the process of identifying mechanisms, applying the Intervention Level Framework to identify leverage points and arriving at action ideas with aligning theories of change. The LIKE action programme consisted of 8 mechanisms, 9 leverage points and 14 action ideas which targeted the system’s structure and function within multiple subsystems. This illustrates the feasibility of developing actions targeting higher system levels within the confines of a research project timeframe when sufficient and dedicated effort in this process is invested. Furthermore, the system dynamics action programme presented in this study contributes towards the development and implementation of public health programmes that aim to facilitate systems changes in practice.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12961-024-01116-8.
... El reto actual para la práctica de Bobath es conceptualizar el modelo que sustenta este sistema terapéutico. 8 La investigación bibliográfica condujo a la ciencia de sistemas [14][15][16] (también denominada teoría de sistemas), que en los últimos ...
Resumen
La actual práctica de desarrollo Bobath recomendada dentro del Marco de Razonamiento Clínico Bobath (BCRF) puede conceptualizarse utilizando la visión de la ciencia de los sistemas. Proporciona, así, una perspectiva holística de la interrelación e interconexión de las variables asociadas con la discapacidad aparecida durante la infancia. El BCRF se define como un marco exhaustivo de razonamiento clínico que puede aplicarse para ayudar a comprender las relaciones entre los dominios de la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento, de la Discapacidad y de la Salud, cómo se puede influir en esos dominios y cómo influyen entre sí. El BCRF es un sistema de observación transdisciplinario y de razonamiento práctico que da lugar a un plan de intervención. Esto proporciona una comprensión holística de la complexidad de las situaciones asociadas a trastornos como la parálisis cerebral (PC) y la base para la gestión y habilitación a lo largo de la vida de personas que viven con trastornos neurológicos. El razonamiento clínico utilizado por el BCRF se basa en los importantes factores contextuales del individuo y su entorno social, principalmente la unidad familiar. Se basa en la comprensión de las interrelaciones entre el desarrollo típico y atípico, la fisiopatología (sensoriomotora, cognitiva, conductual) y la neurociencia, así como el impacto de funciones y estructuras corporales sobre la actividad y la participación. El modelo de ciencia de sistemas del BCRF es una forma útil de comprender y responder a la complejidad de la parálisis cerebral, con el objetivo global de optimizar la experiencia vivida de todo individuo en cualquier contexto.
... By determining the loops are reinforcing or balancing, one could quickly draw conclusion the behavior of the system over time, such as how different variables are interrelated in a dynamic system. Some work [2,3] utilize causal loop strong capability to capture the relationships within a system's structure to decompose and simplify complex problems. Directed acyclic graphs is complement part to causal loop diagrams, which lacks the cycle in the system. ...
This study examined the causal effect of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 19981999 (ECLS-K) program on students academic achievements in math. Moreover, factors heavily impacting students fifth grade math score are also explored. The result indicates that the ECLSK program has insignificant negative impact on students math score. Kindergarten math score, fine motor skill and gender are top three positive factors and childs age at k entry, ECLS training program, attended head start are top three negative factors. These results provide a framework for educators to help children improve their math score.
... The current challenge for Bobath practice is to conceptualize the framework that supports this system of therapy. 8 A literature search led to systems science [14][15][16] (also referred to as systems theory), which in recent years has been applied to health care. It has been successfully used to understand the complexity of the pathophysiology of concussion in ...
The current recommended developmental Bobath practice within the Bobath Clinical Reasoning Framework (BCRF) can be conceptualized using the lens of systems science, thereby providing a holistic perspective on the interrelatedness and interconnectedness of the variables associated with childhood‐onset disability. The BCRF is defined as an in‐depth clinical reasoning framework that can be applied to help understand the relationships between the domains of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, how those domains can be influenced, and how they impact each other. The BCRF is a transdisciplinary observational system and practical reasoning approach that results in an intervention plan. This provides a holistic understanding of the complexity of situations associated with disorders such as cerebral palsy (CP) and the basis for the lifelong management and habilitation of people living with neurological disorders. The clinical reasoning used by the BCRF draws on the important contextual factors of the individual and their social environment, primarily the family unit. It is rooted in an understanding of the interrelationships between typical and atypical development, pathophysiology (sensorimotor, cognitive, behavioural), and neuroscience, and the impact of these body structure and function constructs on activity and participation. The systems science model integral to the BCRF is a useful way forward in understanding and responding to the complexity of CP, the overarching goal being to optimize the lived experience of any individual in any context.
... Following the methods of leverage analysis as outlined in Murphy and Jones' (2020) research, we report on both weighted and unweighted centrality metrics of degree (the number of connections), indegree (the number of incoming connections), outdegree (the number of outgoing connections), as well as metrics of betweenness (frequency of being in a pathway between factors), closeness (average length of pathways between factors), and eigenvector (degree of connectedness to highly connected factors). Given the complex nature of the final system map, focused causal loop diagrams (CLD) were created to highlight key pathways and intervention points that could be leveraged between highly influential factors to elicit change within the system (Baugh Littlejohns et al., 2018;Brereton and Jagals, 2021). ...
There is strong evidence to suggest that children are negatively impacted by growing up in places where there are high levels of disadvantage present. However, these children can reap substantial developmental benefits (even more so than those who do not experience disadvantage) from access to and engagement with community and social services supporting health, education, and wellbeing. Yet, due to the complexity of service provision, access, and outcomes for children and families living in disadvantaged places, the service system in these contexts often is found to be ineffective in meeting the needs of the community. This study utilises a participatory approach, engaging service providers working with children and families in a disadvantaged place to identify key leverage points that have the potential to promote systems reform. Using participatory systems mapping, the findings illustrate aspirations (or the ideal state) of the service system that are characterised by early intervention, high levels of service coverage, and interconnected services, all of which enable wellbeing for children and families. User orientated and service orientated factors that act as barriers or enablers are also identified and key levers of service reform are discussed, particularly increasing accessibility of services and reducing vulnerability of service users.
... 10 Además, el nivel de exposición está modulado por el nivel socioeconómico de la familia, el nivel de educación de los padres y el ambiente que rodea el lugar en que viven. 11 Las exposiciones a condiciones de vida adversas durante la infancia tienen un gran impacto en el desarrollo emocional, en la salud mental y en el nivel educativo de los niños, que limitarán o favorecerán el logro del máximo potencial de salud en la vida adulta futura e incluso pueden tener efectos transgeneracionales. [12][13][14] Al comparar las poblaciones que viven en áreas urbanas con las de áreas rurales, encontramos que solo dos tercios de las familias que viven en áreas urbanas y la mitad de las que viven en áreas rurales tenían suministro de agua; la cuarta parte de las familias, de la zona urbana y rural, tenían alcantarillado a cielo abierto y la recolección de basura fue más frecuente en la zona urbana. Estos datos nos muestran que incluso los residentes urbanos no siempre estuvieron expuestos a condiciones sanitarias ideales. ...
