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The purpose of this study is to compare socioeconomic segregation patterns and levels in Brussels, Copenhagen, Amsterdam, Oslo, and Stockholm with uniform measurements. Previous research has been hampered by conceptual and methodological shortcomings. We use harmonized datasets containing geocoded indicators based on a nearest-neighbors approach. O...
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... of Stockholm show that individuals at risk of poverty are most overrepresented in the Rinkeby-Kista and Spånga-Tensta boroughs in the northwest, the Skärholmen borough and neighborhoods in the municipalities of Huddinge and Botkyrka in the southwest (Figure 3): densely populated areas with high concentrations of immigrantorigin minorities that were object of the Million Housing Program in the 1960s. Individuals with high incomes are most overrepresented in neighborhoods north and east of the city center, such as the municipalities of Danderyd, Täby, Lidingö, Vaxholm and Nacka (Figures 9 and 10), which are among the Swedish municipalities with the highest median income (Statistics Sweden, 2020). The under representation of topincome individuals in the Stockholm urban area closely mirrors the overrepresentation of individuals at risk of poverty. ...
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... While Sweden is known for its comprehensive egalitarian welfare system, the country has witnessed rising socioeconomic as well as spatial polarization since the 1980s with increased income inequalities, ethnic and socioeconomic segregation and shortages in affordable housing (Andersson & Kährik, 2015;Scarpa, 2016). Haandrikman et al. (2023), in a comparative study between five capitals in Europe, find that Stockholm has relatively high levels of spatial socioeconomic segregation. Van Ham et al. (2014) find that neighbourhood poverty is transmitted between generations, which might possibly exacerbate segregation in the future. ...
Research on the consequences of residential mobility for educational outcomes is inconclusive about when and for whom moving is detrimental or beneficial. Whether moving during childhood impacts educational attainment depends on how often, how far and at which age one moves; and on whether the neighbourhood conditions improve or decline with the move. This study aims to better understand under which circumstances moving during childhood impacts educational attainment by studying residential mobility and neighbourhood trajectories of children born in different types of neighbourhoods and how this is associated with completion of tertiary education. Using longitudinal individual-level register data for all children born in the metropolitan areas of Sweden in 1990, children’s residential and neighbourhood mobility is followed from birth until age 16 , with completion of tertiary education measured at age 26. We employ a multidimensional perspective, applying multichannel sequence analysis to identify residential trajectories based on various mobility indicators and socioeconomic neighbourhood trajectories, stratified by the neighbourhood socioeconomic composition at birth. We find that trajectories differ by the neighbourhood type children are born in. Trajectories can be roughly categorized into three different levels of frequency – stayers, low and high residential mobility – with variations in moving distance and neighbourhood trajectories. Descriptive results show that trajectories vary by the neighbourhood of origin, family structure and socioeconomic background. Regression analyses reveal that one-time movers are not different from stayers in their education attainment, while frequent movers are less likely to have completed tertiary education by age 26 across all neighbourhood types.
... Some of the Stockholm suburbs are home to lower-income households and a larger population of non-European origin (Andersson and Bråmå, 2018). Stockholm registers higher segregation and polarisation compared to other European capitals (Musterd et al. 2017;Haandrikman et al. 2023). Some Swedish newspapers establish a connection between immigrants and "un-Swedish values", framing them as a threat to gender equality and the welfare system (Norocel et al. 2020, pp. ...
This study aims to understand how widely used Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools reflect the cultural context through the built environment. This research explores how outputs obtained with ChatGPT-4o, Midjourney’s bot on Discord and Google Maps represent the cultural context of Stockholm, Sweden. Cultural context is important because it shapes people’s identity, behaviour, and power dynamics. AI-generated recommendations and images of Stockholm’s cultural context were compared with real photographs, GIS demographic data and socio-economic information about the city. Results show how outputs written with ChatGPT-4o mostly listed museums and other venues popular among visitors, while Midjourney’s bot mostly represented cafes, streets, and furniture, reflecting a cultural context heavily shaped by buildings, consumption and commercial interests. Google Maps shows commercial sites while also enabling users to directly add information about places, like opinions, photographs and the main features of a business. These AI perspectives on cultural context can broaden the understanding of the urban environment and facilitate a deeper insight into the prevailing ideas behind the data that train these algorithms. Results suggest that the generative AI systems analysed convey a narrow view of the cultural context, prioritising buildings and a sense of cultural context that is curated, exhibited and commercialised. Generative AI tools could jeopardise cultural diversity by prioritising some ideas and places as “cultural”, exacerbating power relationships and even aggravating segregation. Consequently, public institutions should promote further discussion and research on AI tools, and help users combine AI tools with other forms of knowledge. The providers of AI systems should ensure more inclusivity in AI training data, facilitate users’ writing of prompts and disclose the limitations of their data sources. Despite the current potential reduction of diversity of the cultural context, AI providers have a unique opportunity to produce more nuanced outputs, which promote more societal diversity and equality.
... In addition, a study in Michigan demonstrated that segregation resulted in whites across income levels residing in better neighborhoods than blacks of similar economic standing (Darden et al., 2018). A study of Brussels, Copenhagen, Amsterdam, Oslo, and Stockholm revealed a positive correlation between high levels of ethnic/racial segregation and increased deprivation within those segregated areas (Haandrikman et al., 2023;Harsman, 2006). In South Africa, persistent occupational segregation is evident, with blacks disproportionately concentrated in low-paying jobs compared to Whites (Gradín, 2019). ...
... As highlighted by Ajulu (2002), ethnic segregation among these groups can reinforce social divisions and limit integration. This can potentially lead to social unrest (Haandrikman et al., 2023;Van Stapele, 2015). ...
... This segregation fosters ethnic enclaves, hindering social integration and cultural exchange (Charles, 2003). The clustering of disadvantaged populations in specific neighborhoods exacerbates social and economic challenges, hindering civic participation, employment, and education, and potentially fueling social unrest (Haandrikman et al., 2023). The 2007/8 post-election violence in Kibera and Mathare slums underscores the dangerous consequences of these deep-rooted divisions (Van Stapele, 2015). ...
In modern times, cities around the world have grappled with the challenges of racial and ethnic segregation. In Nairobi city, with its diverse ethnic makeup, there is widening inequalities and emerging patterns of ethnic segregation, where the five main ethnic groups - Kamba, Luo, Kikuyu, Luhyia, and Kisii - experience varying levels of spatial concentration. This study analysed the spatial patterns of ethnic segregation in Nairobi, using geocoded questionnaire data from the 2019 Kenya population and housing census data. We used the Index of Dissimilarity in STATA software and Geo-segregation Analyzer and Anselin’s Local Moran I method in GIS to map ethnic segregation patterns. Our findings uncovered a striking socio-spatial divide based on ethnicity. Anselin Local Moran’s I indicators further pinpointed areas with the highest levels of segregation and spatial clustering of specific ethnic groups. These findings offer crucial insights for urban planners and policymakers. By pinpointing areas experiencing the most severe spatial segregation, our research could inform spatially targeted interventions and resource allocation. This could inform policies that foster inclusivity, reduce spatial inequalities, and build a more equitable and socially cohesive city.
... It is reasonable to assume that certain neighborhoods in Norway may exhibit conditions that can be classified as vulnerable similarly to the Danish or Swedish definitions. This is especially true in cities like Oslo, the country's capital and its largest city, where a significant degree of social diversity and residential segregation has long been recognized (Haandrikman et al., 2023). The spatial separation of different social groups in Oslo is based not only on socioeconomic status but also on other characteristics such as ethnicity, health, and mortality rate (Ljunggren, 2017). ...
... A key difference is that the Swedish method highlights vulnerability also in the eastern parts of the city center, whereas the Danish method shows less vulnerability there. These findings show an unsurprising overlap with the longlasting patterns of residential segregation found in demographic research, showing concentrations of more resourceful residents in the western part of the city (e.g., Haandrikman et al., 2023;Ljunggren, 2017;ResSegr, 2018). It can also be noted that the areas identified as vulnerable (black on the maps) tend to be located in clusters of areas with dark shades of gray (Figure 1b), indicating they may be perceived as the most vulnerable part of a larger geographical area with some degree of vulnerability. ...
... This paper chooses the main urban area of Nanjing as its research subject (Figure 1), which covers an area of 801 km 2 and accounts for 12% of the total area of Nanjing (6587 km 2 ), with 2744 residential communities and an area of 172 km 2 . Dimensions of socioeconomic status include age, gender, occupation, family status, and consumption level, which are often considered the most critical factors contributing to residential segregation [27,28]. The difficulty of defining socioeconomic status also depends on how neighborhood effects are measured, as there are different endogenous indicators. ...
The relationship between residential patterns and socioeconomic statuses highlights the complex interactions between the economic regime, welfare system, and neighborhood effects, which are crucial in urban inequality studies. With the diversification of the housing demand and supply system, the traditional analysis conducted separately from the ethnic or spatial segregation perspective fails to capture the rising inequalities and changing socio-spatial context. Taking Nanjing as an example, based on a multi-source database including the housing price, residential environmental quality, surrounding support facilities, and mobile phone user portrait data, this paper proposed a modified method for discovering the coupling relationship between residential patterns and socioeconomic statuses. It is found that socioeconomic status contributes to residential spatial aggregation and that the relationship between social and spatial dimensions of residential differentiation is tightly coupled and related. The lower socioeconomic strata were displaced to the periphery and the older urban core, while affluent inhabitants were more likely to settle voluntarily in segregated enclaves to isolate themselves from the general population through more flexible housing options. The heterogeneity of the urban socioeconomic dimension is primarily affected by consumption and occupational status, while housing prices mainly determine the divergence of spatial distribution.
... This study aims to assess the correlations between similar or dissimilar categories by comparing data from two diverse areas. By doing so, it tries to provide a more comprehensive understanding and viewpoint (Haandrikman et al. 2021). ...
... Socio-economic and socio-cultural class disparities profoundly influence children's utilization of public spaces, reflecting inequalities in spatial capital as Pier Bourdieu's theory. High-income and privileged socio-economic groups often enjoy better access to well-designed public spaces, while their counterparts from disadvantaged backgrounds may face limitations (Haandrikman et al. 2021). This study uses Pierre Bourdieu's theory of capital to examine the ways in which disparities in socioeconomic status function in the design and utilization of public spaces. ...
... Indeed, segregation studies maintain that the spatial distribution of population groups is a multidimensional phenomenon, involving, for instance, changes in wealth inequalities, globalization, welfare regimes, housing systems, migration dynamics, or the occupational structure of cities as key structural factors shaping socio-economic segregation (Tammaru et al. 2015, Musterd et al. 2017, Reardon et al. 2008, Haandrikman et al. 2023. Such a multi-dimensional analytical framework is accompanied by in-depth methodological debate on metrics and scales to be used (Duncan and Duncan 1955, Massey and Denton 1988, Wong 2004. ...
... First, a fully efficient comparison of socio-economic segregation between the three cities would require harmonized information on the whole population, not only on elites. However, such geo-coded, register-based, individual-level data that would be needed to 'provide strictly comparative measures of socio-economic segregation' (Haandrikman et al. 2023: 2) between the three cities is not available. Second, as discussed by Reardon et al. (2008) and Wong (2004), we face an issue of scaling, that is we cannot focus on smaller units than neighborhoods, e.g., the block level. ...
Numerous studies have focused on wealth elites’ housing, including their spatial and social exclusiveness. The insertion of the power elite in urban space has, however, largely been left unexplored. By combining positional and residential information on over 7,400 urban elites, we study how academic, economic, and political elites’ residential patterns have evolved from 1890 to 2000 in the three largest Swiss cities (Basel, Geneva, Zurich). First, we uncover a long-term dynamic of suburbanization, which however does not result in even spatial dispersion: while gradually abandoning center cities, elites do not randomly disperse in the surrounding municipalities. Rather, they tend to settle in very specific areas. Second, we find that spatial differentiation of urban elites’ residences varies across elite categories: economic elites tend to geographically segregate from both academic and political elites over the course of the twentieth century and settle in more privileged areas. At the same time, academic and left political elites, while historically living in distinct neighborhoods, tend to converge at the end of the century, echoing new similarities in their profile. This highlights the importance of studying the urban power elites’ residential patterns in a long-term perspective.
... Precisamente, aunque en los espacios fragmentados no se puedan observar las discontinuidades de una forma organizada, tampoco se pueden asemejar a un espacio homogéneo (François, 2002). Cómo podemos observar en la Figura 2, las discontinuidades se expresan de forma continua en el espacio, y están fuertemente relacionadas con la escala de observación y de medida, propiciando implicaciones en los resultados obtenidos (Haandrikman et al., 2023) ligados a otros problemas clásicos cómo el problema de la unidad muestral modificable (Roberto, 2018). Al reducir la escala, podemos apreciar y agregar detalles en los espacios que en otras escalas se consideran homogéneos. ...
Las discontinuidades, límites y barreras son elementos inherentes al espacio geográfico. Precisamente la existencia de estas es lo que da sentido y cuerpo a la ciencia geográfica. En esta comunicación presentaremos una metodología para el cálculo a través de tecnologías SIG de la intensidad de los procesos de ruptura en los límites situados entre las secciones censales contiguas. El método presenta nuevas aproximaciones que tienen en cuenta las principales aportaciones teóricas recientes en el estudio de estos procesos y su caracterización, con el objetivo de presentar un índice cuantitativo que las refleje. El estudio de la acumulación y profundidad de los límites puede ayudar a comprender el proceso de fragmentación socioespacial urbana contemporánea y las implicaciones que tiene en los procesos de segregación socioresidencial.
Discontinuities, boundaries, and barriers are inherent elements of geographical space. Precisely the existence of these is what gives sense and substance to geographical science. In this paper, we will present a methodology to calculate, through GIS technologies, the intensity of rupture processes at boundaries located between contiguous census tracks. The method introduces new approaches that consider the main recent theoretical contributions in the study of these processes and their characterization, with the aim of presenting a quantitative index that reflects them. Studying the accumulation and depth of boundaries can help to understand the process of contemporary urban socio-spatial fragmentation and its implications for socio-residential segregation processes.
... Cómo podemos observar en la Figura 2, las discontinuidades se expresan de forma continua en el espacio, y están fuertemente relacionadas con la escala de observación y de medida, propiciando implicaciones en los resultados obtenidos (Haandrikman et al., 2023) ligados a otros problemas clásicos cómo el problema de la unidad muestral modificable (Roberto, 2018). Al reducir la escala, podemos apreciar y agregar detalles en los espacios que en otras escalas se consideran homogéneos. ...
En Encarnación, el turismo surge como un dinamizador de la vitalidad urbana, evidenciando Su capacidad para impulsar el desarrollo local y fortalecer el tejido económico, social y cultural. Este estudio Utiliza una metodología mixta, incluyendo encuestas a residentes y visitantes, observación y análisis documental, para examinar cómo el turismo afecta la calidad de vida y la dinámica urbana de la ciudad. Los hallazgos revelan una fuerte apreciación por espacios naturales y culturales, como la costanera y las playas, que atraen tanto a turistas como a residentes por su belleza y opciones recreativas. Sin embargo, Se identifica la necesidad de una distribución más equitativa de los beneficios del turismo, especialmente En lo que respecta a la inclusión de nuevos asentamientos y barrios en la planificación turística. Se destaca sugerencias comunes de mejoras en: transporte, accesibilidad, seguridad y eventos culturales, enfatizando La importancia de un enfoque integral que beneficie a toda la comunidad de manera inclusiva y sostenible. Además, se enfatiza la necesidad de adoptar estrategias de turismo responsable y una planificación urbanística participativa que considere las transformaciones post-Proyecto de Terminación de Yacyreta (PTY), asegurando que el desarrollo turístico y la vitalidad urbana promuevan un beneficio equitativo y mejoren la calidad de vida local.
Palabras clave: desarrollo local, planificación turística, economía urbana, participación ciudadana.
... 2021). Asimismo, se han llevado a cabo estudios de caso sobre capitales y ciudades importantes, reconociendo la complejidad de la configuración urbana europea debido a las rápidas y profundas transformaciones ocurridas en los últimos cincuenta años (Artero y Chiodelli, 2020;Haandrikman et al., 2021). En el caso de España, diversos investigadores han mostrado preocupación por este tema en los últimos años (Sorando y Leal, 2019;Sorando, 2022;Nel.lo, ...
La producción científica de los diversos procesos urbanos vigentes ha experimentado un notable aumento en las últimas décadas. Numerosas investigaciones han abordado el análisis de fenómenos como la segregación socioespacial urbana, tanto a escala internacional como nacional. El presente estudio se ha centrado en examinar de manera particular el enfoque adoptado en España para el estudio de esta problemática, prestando atención a aspectos como la distribución geográfica de las investigaciones y la producción científica según instituciones e investigadores. El enfoque metodológico combina tanto enfoques cuantitativos como cualitativos, teniendo en cuenta los diferentes métodos de estudio utilizados para abordar esta temática, así como los procedimientos y el marco temporal de cada uno de ellos. Con el objetivo de alcanzar esta meta, se llevó a cabo una selección de fuentes bibliográficas clasificadas, y se realiza un tratamiento estadístico y cualitativo como una primera aproximación a los resultados obtenidos en distintas categorías, indicadores y variables.
