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With the advancement of human civilization, the river cascading system has been converted into a control system and man has a significant role in it. This paper has examined how the rivers, flowing across the highly populated Ganga–Brahmaputra Delta, are being obliterated due to the close contact of human civilization, as is an example of Ichamati...
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... the study area is located between 22°10′N and 23°11′N of latitudes and 88°37′E and 89°E of longitudes (Fig. 2). It refers to Ichamati River of North 24 Parganas, W. B., which drains to eastern side of the district North 24 Parganas, a part of GBD, and more than half of the area is lying below 3-m contour line and with the mean sea-level 'zero' lying along the coastline ( Bagchi and Mukherjee 1978). The river is a linkage between the 'Nadia ...
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... bridge was situated on three columns. Two columns of these were on both banks of the channel, and the third one was in the middle of the river. The tree lines on both sides of the river are about sixty years old. The old tree line and the witness interviews of the local old people reveal that the width of the active river channel was about 160 m (Fig. 12). But after the construction of the bridge, the river gradually went to be emaciated. That the first pillar (situated near the right bank-upstream downward) was on the bank of the river channel (Fig. 12b) which has been silted up gradually and is approaching towards the second pillar which is in the mid-channel position. A strip-like ...
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... years old. The old tree line and the witness interviews of the local old people reveal that the width of the active river channel was about 160 m (Fig. 12). But after the construction of the bridge, the river gradually went to be emaciated. That the first pillar (situated near the right bank-upstream downward) was on the bank of the river channel (Fig. 12b) which has been silted up gradually and is approaching towards the second pillar which is in the mid-channel position. A strip-like continuous elongated point bar has been formed along the right bank of the river, and the present width of the river is only 50-60 ...
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... have taken three cross sections to discuss the impact of Tentulia bridge on the river channel. One of them is at upstream direction (Fig. 12a) from the bridge. Another is at downstream direction (Fig. 12c) and the third one at the base of the bridge (Fig. 12b). After the construction of the bridge, the tidal current has been interrupted by the pillars which are followed by rapid siltation on both sides on the channel. The point bar at the bend of upstream direction has been ...
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... have taken three cross sections to discuss the impact of Tentulia bridge on the river channel. One of them is at upstream direction (Fig. 12a) from the bridge. Another is at downstream direction (Fig. 12c) and the third one at the base of the bridge (Fig. 12b). After the construction of the bridge, the tidal current has been interrupted by the pillars which are followed by rapid siltation on both sides on the channel. The point bar at the bend of upstream direction has been increasing gradually and is converted to an elongated point bar ...
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... have taken three cross sections to discuss the impact of Tentulia bridge on the river channel. One of them is at upstream direction (Fig. 12a) from the bridge. Another is at downstream direction (Fig. 12c) and the third one at the base of the bridge (Fig. 12b). After the construction of the bridge, the tidal current has been interrupted by the pillars which are followed by rapid siltation on both sides on the channel. The point bar at the bend of upstream direction has been increasing gradually and is converted to an elongated point bar along with the right-side river bank. Thus, ultimately ...
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... is not able to carry relatively course sand towards upstream. The above discussions reveal that the Ichamati River system river has been controlled by three types of human activities, which can be pointed as: (a) human control-1: the lower reach ( Fig. 17: set-1) of the river is interrupted by brick kilns; (b) human control-2: the upper portion ( Fig. 17: set-2) of the river water is being diverted by agricultural land; and (c) human control-3 ( Fig. 17; set-3): there are three bridges on the Ichamati River which promote the rapid siltation within the channel. Suspended sand of the tidal water is collected only from the lower portion of the river through nearby bricks fields. Sands or silts ...
Citations
... Yang et al. (2019) studied the evolution of the Pearl River estuary in China emphasizing the role of intensive human interventions in recent decades. M. Mondal and Satpati (2019) discussed the impact of human interventions on river longitudinal and cross-sectional profiles of the Ichamati River, India. Ferreira et al. (2017) demonstrated that anthropogenic factors are responsible for the degradation of river water quality and its eventual effect on riverine biodiversity. ...
During the Anthropocene, human modifications to fluvial landscapes have become a common aspect of their progress and development. The primary objective of this research is to delve into the human-induced alterations on fluvial landscapes at both the channel and basin scales. For channel scale investigation, we classify the channel cross-sections in terms of human interventions and relate them with the potential anthropic (or anthropogenic) geomorphology in the Kopai River basin (KRB) in India. A total of 35 cross-sections (CS) were surveyed at an interval of ~3 km from source to mouth and a perceptional survey was executed among randomly selected 960 respondents in the seven community development blocks. The CS are classified into natural (alluvial and bedrock) and anthropogenic (monatogenic - mining-influenced, traffic- road-stream crossings, hydrogenic-influenced by hydrological projects like dams, and agrogenic- agriculture-influenced) categories following Sźabo’s (1971) taxonomic approach. The statistical difference between natural and anthropic cross-sections is measured using seven hydromorphological characteristics. Basin scale investigation adopting Nir’s index (1983) of potential anthropic geomorphology (IPAG) from 1961 to 2021 depicts that the IPAG is progressively decreasing with time, although the reality is different. We propose to extend the basic notion of the IPAG by incorporating more relevant parameters.
... Carrying capacity refers to the ability of an unartificial or an artificial system to back up various of needs and is also intrinsic limits of the system. Once these limits are exceeded, the instability, degeneration or the irreversibility of damage would happen (Fang et al., 2021;Mondal & Satpati, 2020). As a people-oriented public concept, carrying capacity could also be described as the economics of scale that the unartificial system of a region could maintain (SDI 1999;Peng & Deng, 2020e). ...
Water resource is an important and irreplaceable resource for human society. With the increasing shortage of water resources, the study of water resources carrying capacity (WRCC) has become a key and hot issue in the field of water resources science. In this study, a typical karst area (Guiyang) is selected as the research object. And two concepts of WRCC are proposed to assess scales of population, agriculture and economy which could be supported by local water resources, and the two kinds of WRCC are the carrying capacity of consumption amount of water resource (CCCWR) and the carrying capacity of total amount of water resource (CCTWR). Results showed that whether taking China or Guizhou Province as the reference area, WRCC of Guiyang was very low from 2003 to 2017, and the potential of WRCC was also low. Apart from actual values of cultivated land were lower than values of CCCWR and CCTWR for cultivated land, actual values of GDP and population were all greater than that of CCCWR and CCTWR for GDP and population. While there is a close positive correlation between total water resources and precipitation. When comparing Wuhan (a non-karst region) with Guiyang (a typical karst area), although the two cities have the same total amounts of water resources, Wuhan's water resources consumption amounts are nearly four times that of Guiyang. The problem of engineering water shortage in karst areas is very serious, and karst landforms have an important impact on the use of water resources in karst areas. To ensure the effective utilization of water resources in Guiyang, reasonable policies and measures should be formulated and put into effect.
... Human activities in and along river for multipurpose which can bliss for organic life. In recent decades population growth [9] responsible for enhanced repetitive human activities which has strongly altered the river channel and it became as an intervention in the system. Due to the impact of both natural and human-induced changes, the hydrological regimes of many rivers worldwide have been experienced either gradual or abrupt shifts [10]. ...
... The Ichamati river is a meander river in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Details (GBD) environment (Mondal et al. 2018, Mondal andSatpati, 2019). After the formation of GBD plain the Ichamati river superimposed on it (Mondal 2010) and produced its associated landforms by lateral accretion, island formation and channel abandonment (Chorley et al. 1984, Rice 1931. ...
... The study area has some experiences of flood occurrences in several years, such as, 1802, 1823, 1838, 1857, 1859, 1867, 1871, 1885, 1890, 1936, 1938, 1952, 1955, 1959, 1966, 1970, 1971, 1984, 1999and 2008(Mondal et al. 2019). Besides the daunting challenge of flood mitigation there are frequent water logging conditions in the study area due to heavy downpour. ...
... Beyond Baduria, the flow is not competent to form such micro level landforms on point bar. The velocity and specific energy of the river is gradually decreasing downstream upward (Mondal, et al. 2019). At every station I have taken 39 ripples for ANOVA test. ...
... The Ichamati river is a meander river in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Details (GBD) environment (Mondal et al. 2018, Mondal andSatpati, 2019). After the formation of GBD plain the Ichamati river superimposed on it (Mondal 2010) and produced its associated landforms by lateral accretion, island formation and channel abandonment (Chorley et al. 1984, Rice 1931. ...
... The study area has some experiences of flood occurrences in several years, such as, 1802, 1823, 1838, 1857, 1859, 1867, 1871, 1885, 1890, 1936, 1938, 1952, 1955, 1959, 1966, 1970, 1971, 1984, 1999and 2008(Mondal et al. 2019). Besides the daunting challenge of flood mitigation there are frequent water logging conditions in the study area due to heavy downpour. ...
... Beyond Baduria, the flow is not competent to form such micro level landforms on point bar. The velocity and specific energy of the river is gradually decreasing downstream upward (Mondal, et al. 2019). At every station I have taken 39 ripples for ANOVA test. ...
Landforms are the core concept of geomorphology. The
definition of landforms, their characterization and
classification are the core subject of geomorphology. But all
these become complex when it seems to difficult to identify
the landforms, especially when the area is plain land and
highly modified by human activities. This paper has
examined the characters of the landforms of the middle basin
of the Ichamati river, the important distributary in the
district of North 24 Parganas, India. It has been primarily
taken an attempt to classify the landforms with the help of
the satellite image, IRS P6 LISS II and LISS III. The DEM is
not enough to identify the micro scale landform. To
overcome this difficulty a series of field works have been
conducted (2002, 2004, 2012 and 2015). The landforms
have been classified according to second order derivative
(Wood, 1996) method. Then ANOVA test has been applied
to justify the classification. The F-statistics have indicated
the effort is satisfying. The changing character of different
landforms denote the river is going to be deteriorating from
downstream to upward.
This research work aims to study channel mobility in response to the spatiotemporal expansion of brick kilns along the downstream course of the Ichamati River. This mushrooming expansion of brick kilns after the 1980s was evident from different satellite images. This haphazard expansion of brick kilns affects various aspects of channel mobility such as channel shifting, migration rate, cut-off formation process, width variation, and channel stability. The excessive incursion of sediment-rich tidal water has altered the sediment–water budget of the river and affected the discharge potentiality of the river over the years. To study channel mobility, the US-Army topographic map of 1955 and multi-temporal Landsat images for the years 1976, 1996 and 2016 were used in the GIS environment. To account for the sediment–water budget of the river, a rigorous field survey was conducted to collect information from brick kilns through a questionnaire survey. The river discharge rate was also measured during the field survey. To examine the correlation between channel mobility and brick kilns expansion, Pearson’s method was adopted for the correlation study. This study revealed that channel mobility has been significantly affected by the expansion of brick kilns. The rates of channel shifting and river migration have been remarkably decreasing during the post brick kilns period (1976–2016) as compared to the pre-brick kilns period (1955–1976). The change rate of the channel width is inversely correlated with the expansion of brick kilns and directly correlated with channel shifting. The lateral channel mobility is decreasing with the expansion of brick kilns. The river is gradually narrowing and decaying over the years. Therefore, the present study urges the urgent need for a river basin management plan to revive the river from further decaying.
Channel planform reflects the quasi-natural equilibrium in response to energy distribution and carrying capacity of the river. If the river is unable to carry its sediment load, then accretion on the river bed and the formation of several channel bars are inevitable consequences for alluvial rivers. The Ichamati River is a distributary channel of the Mathabhanga River, disconnected from its parent source at Majdia in Nadia district of West Bengal and hardly received any water from the Mathabhanga River except monsoon season. The downstream part of the river is chiefly maintained by groundwater and tidal activity. However, the shortage of water supply from the upstream and unwise downstream human activities has been decreasing the flow velocity and transportation capacity of the river and causing excessive siltation on the river bed. This abundant source of clay-rich fine sediment and perennial source of river water boost the rapid growth of brick kilns along the riverbank over the years. The incursion of sediment-rich tidal water by adjacent brick kilns of the Ichamati River has altered the sediment–water budget of the river. Most of the brick kilns were established within 200 m peripheries of the riverbank violating the guidelines of the Pollution Control Act of 1986 which have directly or indirectly affected different aspects of the channel planform like channel width, depth, meander geometry, cut-off formation process and natural mobility of the river. To study this spatio-temporal planimetric variability of the river, the US Army Toposheet of 1922 and multi-temporal Landsat images of 1976, 1996 and 2016 were used in this study. Besides, the cross-sectional survey of the river was conducted with the help of an echo-sounder and a GPS during 2013–2018. A questionnaire survey was also performed to acquire information regarding the expansion of brick kilns, annual rate of brick production, sediment extraction rate and land-use activities of brick kilns. This study revealed that the natural shifting and meander mobility of the river have been gradually decreasing with the expansion of brick kilns in the last few decades. The channel width was drastically reduced, and the temporal change rate of the channel width was also decreasing due to the control movement of bank lines during 1976–2016. The excessive siltation within the channel causes upliftment of the river bed as measured 9 cm year⁻¹ during 2013–2018. This river is slowly decaying with time and may disappear in future if the proper restoration planning will not implement to revive the river.
During the water crisis of 2015-2016, the construction of small earth-illed dams grew to supply irrigated crops of the north of Espírito Santo-ES, Brazil. This paper reports the hydrogeochemical study of eight reservoirs conducted between 10/2016 to 11/2017 to assess the water suitability for agricultural purposes and its risk to irrigation systems. The reservoirs of São Mateus (SM) are located in large drainage basins with many impound-ments upstream. Nova Venecia's reservoirs (NV) have small and circular drainage areas with few, or any, upstream dams. The results are consistent with freshwater classiication and Na-Cl composition to all reservoirs. Nevertheless, canonical discriminant analysis and Spearman's coeicients revealed distinct composition and patterns of correlations between municipalities. The mean permeability index of 53 and the low risk of sodicity and salini-zation (C1S1) demonstrate that these waters' use is harmless to the soil and crops. However , the phosphate contents make the new reservoirs susceptible to algae blooms. The same reservoirs also presented total solids and Fe levels above the tolerable limit for safety irrigation use, imposing a severe risk of clogging. The low replenishment of SM's reservoirs relects the dispute over water resulting from the high number of impoundments in these drainage areas. The drought that preceded the study diminished the drainage basins' vegetation cover, favoring soil particles' runof, elevating the TS and Fe levels, especially in the recently built reservoirs. Farmers must control soil erosion to avoid water quality compromise, to reduce the risk of failure and the irrigation system's maintenance cost.
The present study evaluates the water quality status of 6-km-long Kali River stretch that passes through the Aligarh district in Uttar Pradesh, India, by utilizing high-resolution IRS P6 LISS IV imagery. In situ river water samples collected at 40 random locations were analyzed for seven physicochemical and four heavy metal concentrations, and the water quality index (WQI) was computed for each sampling location. A set of 11 spectral reflectance band combinations were formulated to identify the most significant band combination that is related to the observed WQI at each sampling location. Three approaches, namely multiple linear regression (MLR), backpropagation neural network (BPNN) and gene expression programming (GEP), were employed to relate WQI as a function of most significant band combination. Comparative assessment among the three utilized approaches was performed via quantitative indicators such as R2, RMSE and MAE. Results revealed that WQI estimates ranged between 203.7 and 262.33 and rated as “very poor” status. Results further indicated that GEP performed better than BPNN and MLR approaches and predicted WQI estimates with high R2 values (i.e., 0.94 for calibration and 0.91 for validation data), low RMSE and MAE values (i.e., 2.49 and 2.16 for calibration and 4.45 and 3.53 for validation data). Moreover, both GEP and BPNN depicted superiority over MLR approach that yielded WQI with R2 ~ 0.81 and 0.67 for calibration and validation data, respectively. WQI maps generated from the three approaches corroborate the existing pollution levels along the river stretch. In order to examine the significant differences among WQI estimates from the three approaches, one-way ANOVA test was performed, and the results in terms of F-statistic (F = 0.01) and p-value (p = 0.994 > 0.05) revealed WQI estimates as “not significant,” reasoned to the small water sample size (i.e., N = 40). The study therefore recommends GEP as more rational and a better alternative for precise water quality monitoring of surface water bodies by producing simplified mathematical expressions.
