Location of the study area and footprints of processed satellite data. a The gray area represents the approximate location of the study area, while the red area denotes the extent of the Tibetan Plateau; b the black-bordered area outlines the extent of the study area, the red triangle indicates the location of the Muli mine site, and the gray semi-transparent area is the Landsat data coverage area for the different paths/rows; c the number of three Landsat data types covering the study area

Location of the study area and footprints of processed satellite data. a The gray area represents the approximate location of the study area, while the red area denotes the extent of the Tibetan Plateau; b the black-bordered area outlines the extent of the study area, the red triangle indicates the location of the Muli mine site, and the gray semi-transparent area is the Landsat data coverage area for the different paths/rows; c the number of three Landsat data types covering the study area

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The exploitation and utilization of coal resources have significantly contributed to global energy security. However, this mining activity has inflicted considerable damage on the ecological environment, particularly on the Tibetan Plateau, where the impact on ecosystems may be even more detrimental. The implementation of high-intensity mining acti...

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