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Location of the Parque Nacional Bahía de Loreto. Sampling sites are represented with dots. A) Isla Coronados; B) Isla Carmen; C) Isla Danzante; D) Isla Monserrat; E) Isla Catalina.
Source publication
The Natural Protected Area Parque Nacional Bahia de Loreto, including five adjacent islands, was created in 1996. The park presents rocky and sandy shores, mangrove areas and small patches of reef corals, which have been used for fishing and ecotourism activities. The fishery of the brown sea cucumber Isostichopus fuscus is one of the most peculiar...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... bank was assigned to specific area ( Fig. 1) and density was calculated for each site and region. Data were analyzed to deter- mine homoscedasticity and normality using the Levene and Kolmogorov-Smirnoff tests, respectively. To detect differences between the islands we used a one way ANOVA (model II; α=0.05) considering the islands as factors (Zar 1996). We used linear regressions to detect geographic clines between population density and geographic location, such as latitude, lon- gitude and the distance from the ...
Context 2
... study site regardless of geographical gradient. The habitat and suitable conditions for the spe- cies must be similar within the PNBL, and also fishing activities. We observed that on each degree of longi- tude the number of holothurians decreased 1.8 units per transect as sampling approached the coastline of the peninsula. The highest density was found at Isla Catalina, the most remote ( Fig. 1, 2), and the lowest at Isla Montserrat, which is near the coastline and where most of the fishery ...
Context 3
... Parque Nacional Bahía de Loreto (PNBL) is located in the western coast of the Gulf of California (Fig. 1). This Natural Protected Area of 206 580 ha in size (~798 square miles) was created in 1996. The park presents rocky and sandy shores, mangrove areas and other type of wetlands, and also small patches of reef corals. Loreto Bay and five adjacent islands (Carmen, Catalina, Monserrat, Coronado and Danzante), are located within the PNBL boundaries. The marine communi- ties of the islands have been used for fishing and ecotourism activities during many years (Anonymous ...
Context 4
... fishery was opened in PNBL in 2000, the park was divided in equal parts and four fishing cooperatives obtained special per- mits called UMAS (Unidades de manejo para la vida silvestre or Units for wildlife manage- ment) until 2006. We visited 29 "banks", sites where the fishery occurs ( Fig. 1). A total of 60 belt transects (25 x 2 m) were established, two per bank in average. As sea cucumbers can be hiding in rock crevices and therefore difficult to count, the diver scanned the area in search for pellets, which indicate the presence of I. fuscus. Fishermen mentioned that sea cucum- bers are active after the sunset and that assess- ment should be done by night, but the park authorities stated that in order to determine an estimate of population density and TAC in a precautionary way, assessment was to be done during ...
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Citations
... Observed densities of I. fuscus have varied with respect to its geographic distribution and time, with the highest densities recorded in its most northern (northwestern Mexico) and southern (Galápagos) distribution. In Baja California Peninsula densities of 30 sea cucumbers/100 m 2 of I. fuscus (Fajardo-León and Vélez, 1996), 27 sea cucumbers/100 m 2 , 15 sea cucumbers/100 m 2 (Glockner-Fagetti et al., 2016) and 2.8 sea cucumbers/100 m 2 (Reyes-Bonilla et al., 2008) have been recorded. In southwest coast of Mexico a density of 43 sea cucumbers/100 m 2 were recorded in 1991, years later less than one sea cucumber/100 m 2 (Nuño-Hermosillo, 2003) and 1.8 sea cucumbers/100 m 2 were recorded (Glockner-Fagetti and Benítez-Villalobos, 2016). ...
... It appears that I. fuscus is among the tropical sea cucumber species with the highest observed densities. Caution should be taken in interpreting these results as the density value may vary due to environmental factors, such as, ocean productivity (Reyes-Bonilla et al., 2008;, whether the population is or was subject to exploitation (Holguin-Quiñones et al., 2000), and time (e.g., month or day and night; . ...
Isostichopus fuscus is the most important sea cucumber species exploited in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. It was the most important fishery in the Galápagos in the early 2000s until overfishing led to its collapse and a 5-year total fishing ban was established (2016–2021) to try to recover it. The management of I. fuscus in the Galápagos has always considered the population density as an indicator for decision-making. The objective of this study is to review the density as an indicator of the population status of I. fuscus using a stock-production model incorporating covariates methodology. For the first time, population and fishing parameters (K, r, and q), reference points (MSY, BMSY, FMSY, and DMSY) and indicators (B/BMSY and F/FMSY) were estimated for I. fuscus. The results indicate that the management measures have not prevented the overexploitation of this species for more than a decade. The goal of the I. fuscus management plan in the Galápagos, i.e., the recovering the fishery in a non-fishing scenario, will not be met by 2030. To accomplish its recovery six recommendations are proposed, including to extend the total ban of the fishery and to change the current management indicators to B/BMSY and F/FMSY. This study evidences that management measures taken with little scientific basis can have a pervasive effect on natural resources.
... A partir de la fauna silvestre el humano obtiene beneficios en bienes o servicios provenientes de las pesquerías, producción forestal, servicios ambientales, la cacería y la producción intensiva (Covisa, 2015; Reyes-Bonilla, Herrero-Pérezrul, Gonzáles-Romero, González-Peralta & Ramírez-Hernández, 2008;Valdez, 2014). Aquí se define a la fauna silvestre como: Todos aquellos individuos de especies integrantes del reino animal, vertebrados e invertebrados, acuáticos y terrestres, que viven de forma libre y sujetos a los procesos evolutivos en su hábitat o en cautiverio y que representen importancia para el humano, tanto si producen un servicio, beneficios o si causan daños. ...
El manejo de vida silvestre incluye todas aquellas acciones que se realizan para obtener beneficios ecológicos, socioculturales o económicos provenientes de la vida silvestre. En la actualidad, se plantea el manejo bajo un enfoque de sustentabilidad, por lo que resulta urgente reconciliar dos acciones que se consideraban en el pasado como incompatibles, la obtención de una rentabilidad económica de las actividades humanas y la preservación a largo plazo de la biodiversidad. Bajo la directriz de la sustentabilidad deberán de conjugarse a través de un manejo que logre según las necesidades mantener, aumentar, estabilizar o disminuir una población de vida silvestre de manera que estas acciones impacten en la conservación, control, reproducción o aprovechamiento sustentable fuera o dentro de su hábitat natural. El manejo adecuado de vida silvestre solo se consigue con la participación de los diferentes actores involucrados, quienes deberán adoptar una evaluación técnica-científica, tomando en cuenta el bienestar animal, aplicar conocimientos básicos y tradicionales y acatar la legislación vigente.
... Es decir, los estudios se han especializado más y se han dedicado a rasgos ecológicos, fisiológicos, reproductivos y sistemáticos, o a una combinación de los mismos (i.e. Solís-Marín et al., 1997;Cintra-Buenrostro et al., 2005;Reyes-Bonilla et al., 2008;Herrero-Pérezrul et al., 2015). ...
While the studies on echinoderms of the Mexican Pacific are vast, their biogeography studies are scarce and there is no one on Mexican Pacific reef echinoderms (MPRE). Therefore, the present study aims to analyze the distribution patterns and describe the spatial affinity of the reef echinoderms of the Mexican Pacific. For this purpose, records of species from two sources were obtained: i) literature, and, ii) databases. The information in the records corresponds to the period 1940-2016; with which a list of 75 valid species of reef echinoderms was generated for the Mexican Pacific region. For the analysis of quantitative biogeography four spatial scales were defined: i) localities ii) operational geographical units (OGU) of 0.5 °, iii) OGU of 1 ° and, iv) previously established biogeographical ecoregions. From a distance matrix generated for each scale, a clustering agglomerative dendrogram was obtained by the UPGMA method and a principal coordinates analysis (PCoA). Simultaneously, qualitative species change was estimated using the Wilson & Shmida´s beta diversity index, between each pair of geographic units along the latitudinal gradient. To determine if the distribution of the MPREs was consistent among echinoderms, the distribution between the classes was compared with Mantel tests on each scale. From OGU of 0.5 ° and 1 °, the number of species and the taxonomic discrepancy (Δ+) were estimated. To describe the latitudinal pattern, two linear regressions were performed for each spatial scale, one for species richness and another for Δ+ with respect to the latitudinal gradient. The spatial distribution patterns obtained were tested through a multiple regression analysis, comparing them against the latitude, longitude and sea surface temperature. Four biogeographic regions were described in which the MPRE were distributed: i) Pacífico tropical mexicano, ii) Archipiélago de Revillagigedo, iii) Golfo de California, iv) Costa Occidental de la Península de Baja California. According to the results, the number of species increases southward bound. The selected variables were able to predict the number of species up to 19%, without any of these being significantly associated with wealth. Finally, the taxonomic discrepancy analysis showed that the taxonomic diversity of the reef echinoderms stops increasing with few species,
... In Panama, population surveys showed that H. mexicana was the most abundant species (161.8 ind ha -1 ), followed by I. badionotus (117.4 ind ha -1 ) (Guzmán & Guevara, 2002). In Baja California, Mexico, Reyes-Bonilla et al. (2008) found a density of 1000 ind ha -1 for I. fuscus in Cabo Loreto National Marine Park, whereas in Galapagos Island, a density 230 ind ha -1 was shown by Toral- Granda & Martínez (2004), in both sites there is an intense fishing of sea cucumber. ...
The density and population parameters of the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus from Sisal, Yucatan, Mexico were determined during the fishing season. Belt transects of 200 m² were set in 10 sampling sites at two fishing areas. All organisms within the belt were counted and collected. In the harbor, 7,618 sea cucumbers were measured and weighed: the population parameters were determined using FISAT II. Mean densities of I. badionotus in April 2011, September 2011 and February 2012 were 0.84 ± 0.40, 0.51 ± 0.46, and 0.32 ± 0.17 ind m⁻², respectively. Sea cucumber total length varied from 90 to 420 mm, with a uni-modal distribution. The growth parameters were: L∞ = 403 mm, K = 0.25, and to =-0.18, with an allometric growth (W = 2.81L1.781). The total mortality was 0.88, whereas natural mortality was 0.38, fish mortality was 0.50 and the exploitation rate 0.54. Even when sea cucumbers fishery in Sisal is recent and in development with a high density (5570 ind ha⁻¹), it is necessary to establish management strategies to protect the resource, such as an annual catch quota, catching size (>280 mm length), monitoring of population density, and reproduction and larval distribution.
... fuscus was listed in Appendix III of CITES (Toral-Granda 2008;Purcell et al. 2013). Its fish- eries have been shown to have deteriorated in the Mexican Pacific and over almost all of its geographic distribution ( Hearn et al. 2005;Herrero-P erezrul & Ch avez 2005;Reyes-Bonilla et al. 2008). ...
... The available information about Isostichopus fuscus has been collected mainly in the Baja California peninsula and the Galapagos Islands. The studies focused on the fisheries (Fajardo-Le on et al. 1992; Singh-Cabanillas & V elez-Barajas 1996; Sonnenholzner 1997), and biological features, such as reproduction and growth (HerreroP erezrul et al. 1999;Reyes-Bonilla & Herrero-P erezrul 2003), larval development (Hamel, Ycaza-Hidalgo & Mercier 2003;Mercier et al. 2007) aquaculture (Mercier et al. 2004), and population ecology (Nu~ no-Hermosillo 2003; Toral- Granda et al. 2003;Hearn et al. 2005;HerreroP erezrul & Reyes-Bonilla 2008;Reyes-Bonilla et al. 2008). Regarding the Southern Mexican Pacific, only one unpublished study has been carried out (Sierra 1994), which is a report on the evaluation of artisanal fisheries in six sites in the state of Oaxaca, considering abundance and size structure of I. fuscus populations. ...
... The mean density of Isostichopus fuscus recorded in the present study was lower than those previously registered in the Gulf of California, where it ranged from 0.02 to 0.3 ind.Ám À2 (Fajardo- Le on & V elez 1996;Holguin Qui~ nones et al. 2000;Reyes-Bonilla et al. 2008). However, values of density recorded previously for other localities in Monthly mean values (AESD) of density (bars) and rainfall (dashed line). ...
The brown sea cucumber Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) has been subjected to strong fishing pressure and is currently considered an endangered species by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Spatial and temporal variations in density were analysed and population parameters of I. fuscus were estimated in three localities of the Southern Mexican Pacific. Density was estimated using circular transects covering a 300 m2 area in each locality. Body length and weight were also measured. The mean density was 0.018 ± 0.013 individuals·m−2, and was statistically significantly lower during summer. The mean length and weight were 22.4 ± 3.8 cm and 396 ± 130 g, respectively, and statistically significant differences were found among localities. The weight–length relationship was W = 0.28·L1.32 and the mean relative condition index (Kn) = 1.04 ± 0.31. The von Bertalanffy growth equation was Lt = 38.7·(1–exp(−0.4·t)). The lowest values of length, weight and age were found at Dos Hermanas, suggesting that this locality could be favorable for the settlement of larvae and recruitment and growth of juveniles. The present study is the second to estimate densities of I. fuscus and the first one to publish data on size structure and growth for the population at Bahias de Huatulco. The densities were so low in the three sampled localities that none of them would be able to support a fishery, even under a sustainable management scheme. The information collected in the present study could be helpful for management programs of the Huatulco National Park, as all the data used for these currently come mainly from the populations of I. fuscus in the Gulf of California.
... Este mismo aspecto se puede observar con la densidad de pepinos de mar, específicamente con la especie Isostichopus fuscus, la cual posee un alto valor comercial (Purcell, Polidoro, Hamel, Gamboa, & Mercier, 2014), y en la isla posee una densidad promedio de 550 ind ha -1 . Esta densidad es menor a la observada en las Islas Galápagos, 833 ind ha -1 (Edgar et al., 2004), y a su vez es superior a la determinada en el Parque Nacional Bahía de Loreto (280 ind ha -1 ), en Baja California Sur, México (Reyes-Bonilla, Herrero-Pérezrul, González-Romero, González-Peralta, & Ramírez-Hernández, 2008). Estas densidades refuerzan el hecho de que el PNIC está funcionando como un reservorio de especies de interés comercial cuyas poblaciones en otras zonas arrecifales de la región se encuentran diezmadas. ...
Coral reefs of Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica: structure and comparison (1987-2014). Isla del Coco has one of the most diverse and well conserved coral reefs in Costa Rica. These reefs have been extensively studied since the 1980’s, however those studies focused mainly on coral coverage. The aim of this study is to evaluate the coral reefs of the island, not only by the coverage of the substrate but also the composition of fish, invertebrates and reef complexity. A total of 17 sites around the island were sampled in July 2013 and in February-March 2014. At each site, we evaluated three depths (4-8m, 9-12m and 13-16m), where three 10m long transects were sampled. Turf algae was the predominant substrate cover with 38.18±5.58 %. The crustose calcareous algae (Order Corallinales) had a 28.12±5.85 % cover and live coral was 18.64±3.55 %, with Porites lobata as the main reef builder. A total of 18 taxa of macroinvertebrates were observed in the study sites, of which 56 % of the species were not abundant, 33 % were common, and the sea urchin Diadema mexicanum was the only dominant species. The density of lobsters of the genus Panulirus was 388±385ind ha-1, which is the highest density reported in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Also we observed high densities of the sea cucumber Isostichopus fuscus (550ind ha-1), which has a high commercial value. We recorded 45 338 fish individuals, distributed in 93 species, with an average of 1.2±8.5tn ha-1. From the total of species, 51 % were uncommon, 31 % common, 11 % predominant and 8 % occasional. The fish community at Isla del Coco is represented by a large number of carnivorous species, followed by top predators, herbivores and planktivorous species. According to the fish categories of the IUCN Red List, 16 % of species are in threatened categories and represent 25 % of the total sampled biomass. When comparing with studies carried out from 1987 to the present, the recovery in coral cover over time is evident, mainly due to: 1) a decrease in the pressure of the bioerosive action of D. mexicanum; and 2) the conservation actions that have been taken on the island. This has been translated in complex and more rugose reefs. Isla del Coco reefs are healthy, with functional and complex food webs; where species of high commercial value have large populations. The effectiveness of conservation and management activities in Isla del Coco has resulted in the recovery of the reef communities.
... In Mexico, successful examples of SFM are few, isolated, and restricted to high-value fisheries resources. Although resources such as the yellowfin, the herring and the sea cucumber show signs of sustainability in specific areas [44][45][46], the only Mexican fisheries certified by the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) as sustainable are the spiny lobster from Banco Chinchorro in the Caribbean and the Gulf of California Monterey sardine and red rock lobster in the Pacific, while the pole and line yellowfin and skipjack tuna from Baja California have withdrawn the label in 2015 [47]. These fisheries are managed by fishing cooperatives and permit holders that use a series of control measures such as exclusive access to fisheries resources and fishing areas, self-vigilance, and auto-regulation of maximal capture (S-2). ...
... In Baja California Sur State (east and west coasts) sea cucumber fishing had been authorized in eight predios as of 2010. One of them is located inside the National Marine Park of Bahía de Loreto, where fishers from several cooperatives operate (Reyes-Bonilla et al., 2008). Cooperatives must conform with the predio management plan and the management plan of the park. ...
This document aims to provide a better understanding of the wide range of rights-based fisheries management systems in Latin-America. Rights-based management in the Latin American region is evolving, thus creating a wide diversity of schemes responding to local fisheries contexts, and institutional, resource and ecosystem dynamics and governance capacities. The document has been developed in two parts. Part I (edited and co-authored by Jose Maria Orensanz) presents case studies of fisheries targeting sedentary resources while Part II (edited and co-authored by Juan Carlos Seijo) presents case studies of industrial and small-scale finfish fisheries in the region The case studies presented in Part I include the following regimes: (i) limited entry or moratoria combined with a total allowable catch; (ii) catch shares; (iii) territorial-use privileges; and (iv) territorial communal rights by [customary? and indigenous users). Case studies of finfish fisheries include the following: (i) individual vessel quotas combined with spatial quota allocation rights; (ii) individual fishing quotas; (iii) rights of access to particular fishing areas or territories; and (iv) individual effort quotas. Each case specifies the main attributes of the access rights (in a broad sense, including privileges), whether formal or informal: (i) how the rights are conferred and upheld; (ii) exclusivity of participation in the fishery;(iii) duration of the rights conferred; (iv) security or quality of the title conferred by the rights; (v) transferability, divisibility and flexibility in the use of the rights; and (vi) actual rights enforceability and corresponding compliance. The study also reports on aspects of the harvest strategies in place, including: (i) fishing methods and gear; (ii) when fishing is authorized to take place; (iii) harvest controls; and (iv) monitoring.
... Para detener el deterioro de las poblaciones de pepino en Baja California, las autoridades implementaron una veda (1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000), pero esta regulación fue insuficiente, por ello, a mediados de los noventa, se prohibió la captura de pepino de mar; inclusive la especie I. fuscus se consideró en peligro de extinción (NOM-059-ECOL-1994). Actualmente, con las poblaciones mermadas pero sin estar en un estado crítico (Herrero-Pérezrul y Reyes-Bonilla 2008; Reyes-Bonilla et al. 2008;Chávez et al. 2011), la pesca de pepino en Baja California continúa bajo un esquema de bajo impacto y regulada estrictamente por lineamientos que se basan en cuotas de captura (10% de la biomasa explotable), en el establecimiento de una pesca diurna (DOF 2004) y, en el caso de I. fuscus, mediante Unidades de Manejo para la Vida Silvestre (UMAS). El procesamiento y la comercialización actual de este recurso proporcionaron a la zona alrededor de 700 empleos directos y una derrama económica anual de aproximadamente 600,000 dólares estadounidenses (Salgado-Rogel et al. 2009). ...
Las poblaciones de pepino de mar en México son
potencialmente explotables, pero también particularmente
vulnerables. La fragilidad de sus especies generalmente
sucumbe ante la intensa presión pesquera
originada por su alto valor comercial en el Oriente.
Este esquema de bonanza efímera se ha padecido
en las costas de Baja California y parece empezar a
repetirse en las costas de Campeche. Desde 2009 el
sistema pesquero local se concentra únicamente en
la extracción de pepino de mar durante los meses de
abril y mayo. Esta actividad ha significado una mejoría
notoria en la economía local; sin embargo, se perciben
señales de modificación en los patrones de abundancia
y distribución de las especies; lo cual incrementa
el tiempo de búsqueda del recurso y los gastos de
inversión, así como el crecimiento de la pesca furtiva.
El apremio con el que se ha implementado la actividad
también ha conllevado nuevos riesgos sociales,
incluyendo aquellos de salud originados por la falta de
capacitación. La historia de agotamiento vertiginoso
del pepino de mar no tendría por qué repetirse. El
proceso apenas inicia en Campeche y eso significa una
oportunidad de cimentar las bases de una pesquería
sustentable, donde todos los actores sociales adquieran
mayores compromisos.
