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Coastal erosion is one of the major problems of the coastal zone. The erosion is triggered by various reasons such as high wave energy, reduction of sediments, natural disasters and climate change etc. In the era of industrialization, major infrastructure developments are happening along the coast. Prior to the initiation of those projects, it is i...
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Context 1
... and Maipura coasts are targeted for shoreline mapping in order to quantify the erosion and accretion during the period 1990 -2012 (22 years). The study area (Figure 1) is located between 20°43'17.26" N -20°2'51.875" ...
Context 2
... coastline of India comprises of variety of habitats and ecosystems such as sandy and rocky beaches, cliffs, water and lagoons to bays, mangrove swamps, sea grass beds, coral reefs and estuaries. Indian coastline is about 7,500 kms in length and the EEZ is having an area of 2.02 million sq. km (Ramesh et al., 2011). The recognition of a ‘‘shoreline’’ involves the selection of a shoreline indicator within the available data source (Ron et al., 2001). Shoreline change is considered as one of the most dynamic processes in the coastal region and is caused due to various physical and anthropogenic processes (Chen et al., 2005). Shorelines are always subjected to changes due to coastal processes, which are controlled by wave characteristics and the resultant near-shore circulation, sediment characteristics, beach form etc. (Kumar et al., 2010). Assessment of long term erosion and accretion rate of the coastal area is essential for the selection of different types of coastal structures. Erosion and accretion index is prepared for Kuwait coast (Neelamani and Uddin, 2013). This study is helpful for identifying better sites for coastal infrastructural activities in the study area. Erosion has been observed at the region around the ports of Visakhapatnam, Paradip, Ennore and Nagapattinam on the east coast of India while deposition has been observed south of these ports. These changes are attributed to construction of artificial barriers like breakwater, jetties, etc. (Nayak , 1992). The rising number of coastal disasters along the world’s c oastlines throws light on the need for better and more efficient methodologies for the assessment of coastal vulnerability. A study at east coast of India was carried out to analyze and illustrate the vulnerability linked with various coastal hazards and can be used effectively by coastal managers and decision-makers to devise better coastal zone management plans as well as to ensure efficient mitigation measures to lessen the losses during disasters (Murali et. al., 2013). A fruitful management of the coastal region requires alert consideration of all the components of shoreline movement, as it is a complex phenomenon resulting from both natural processes and anthropogenic effects (Camfield and Morang, 1996). Construction of seawalls has resulted in shifting of erosion sites from one place to another, whereas, breakwaters have been acting as barriers for littoral drift at Mangalore coast (Kumar and Jayappa, 2009). Accretion was predominant along the coast between Kanyakumari and Tuticorin during 1969- 1999, but this area had undergone erosion from 1999 onwards. Morphologic and hydrodynamic changes arise continuously subsequent to December 2004 tsunami (Mujabar and Chandrasekar, 2011). A recent study demonstrated shoreline changes and morphology of spits for southern Karnataka area, India (1910-2005) utilizing satellite data and statistical techniques which can be incredibly practical in quantifying shoreline changes and spit morphology (Kumar et al , 2010). Accurate quantification of the dimensions of material lost using erosion risk mapping assists decision making for the implementation of protective measures. A research was carried out to establish soil loss rates due to erosion by water and wind in protected natural areas, to predict the environmental effects of different land uses (Martinez- Grana et al., 2014). Another study discussed an alternative cost-effective methodology involving satellite remote sensing images and statistics during their study for shoreline change analysis and its application to prediction (Maiti and Bhattacharya, 2008). DSAS is used for studying Quantitative analysis of shoreline changes at the Mediterranean Coast in Turkey. LANDSAT satellite data for the years 1972 (MSS), 1987 (TM) and 2002 (ETM) was used after image processing and coastline was detected by self organizing data analysis technique classifications, edge detection and overlay technique. DSAS was used to calculate erosion and accretion rate at different time intervals. A combined use of cartographic data and statistical methods could be a trustworthy technique for shoreline related studies (Kuleli, 2010). Application of such data seems to be trustworthy in qualitative monitoring of shoreline changes, while it is the only available method for long term studies (Bagdanavi čiūtė et al., 2012). Dynamic geomorphology of Mahanadi delta and problems of coastal dynamics and shoreline changes after the construction of Paradip port was studied (Meijerink, 1983; Rao, 1989). The extent of coastal geomorphological changes induced by the grounded ship MV River Princess was analysed on the Candolim – Sinquerim coastline of Goa, India (Murali et al., 2013). In this study, dynamics behind erosion is discussed based on the southwest and northeast monsoon wave patterns and alignment of the ship with respect to the shoreline. (Rupali, 2007) studied the spit stability adjacent to the Jatadharmohan creek based on hydrodynamic conditions of the creek and slope stability. A study was conducted to understand nearshore erosion, deposition, sediment budget and longshore transports off Paradip area (Ananth and Sundar, 1990; Sarma and Sundar, 1988). Erosion, that is observed north of Paradip and Ennore ports on the east coast of India, is due to construction of artificial breakwaters and jetties (Nayak et al., 1992, 1997; Chauhan et al., 1996). Coastal processes along the Indian coast with reference to the erosion and accretion was studied (Sanilkumar, 2006). Another study was carried out to monitor the shoreline environment of Paradip using remote sensing for the period 1973-2005. The years 2001, 2002 and 2003 exhibited loss in length of shoreline as well as area of the beach (Murali et al., 2009). The Objective of this study is to monitor and quantify the erosion and accretion for annual to decadal scales at Dhamara and Maipura coasts of Odisha coast using remote sensing data and GIS. The area under investigation is the coastline of Odisha state located on the east coast of India. The Odisha coastline is 480 km in length and consists of six coastal districts. Dhamara and Maipura coasts are targeted for shoreline mapping in order to quantify the erosion and accretion during the period 1990 – 2012 (22 years). The study area (Figure 1) is located between 20°43'17.26" N - 20°2'51.875" N, and 87°4'6.915" E - 86°26'0.235" E. The study area has a tropical climate and summer maximum temperature ranges between 35-40° C and the low temperatures are usually between 12-14°C. The average rainfall is measured to be 1482 mm and receives an average of 78% of rainfall between the months of June and September and the remaining 22% of the rainfall throughout the year. The source of the sand that feed the beaches, dunes, and barrier beaches comes primarily from the erosion of coastal landforms (Ramesh et al., 2011). A unique feature of the adjacent Bay of Bengal (BoB) is occurrence of tropical cyclones during October-November and April-May (Sehgal et al., 1991). Storm surges that are generated by the cyclones in the Bay of Bengal cause tremendous destruction along the east coast of India. A study was carried out for projected sea level rise estimation for regions surrounding Nagapattinam, Kochi and Paradip. According to this study, Paradip is known for the occurrence of storm surges resulting from the passage of cyclones (Unnikrishnan et al. , 2010). The cyclones that affected the Orissa coast between 1877 and 1987 show irregular tracks and they occurred in between the mouth of the Dhamra River and Paradip. Between 1891 and 1970, there were 1036 depressions in the Bay of Bengal and among them, 360 intensified into storms (Ramesh et al., 2011). The Mahanadi River deltaic coast is micro-tidal with a mean tidal range of 1.29 m. The currents measured in the coastal waters of Odisha indicate that the flow is towards south with speeds varying from 14-29 cms -1 . An average annual total sediment load of 29.77 million tons are carried by the Mahanadi River at its delta head (Kumar et al., 2010). Mudflats, spits, bars, beach ridges, creeks, estuaries, lagoons, flood plains, paleo-mudflats, coastal dunes and salt pans are observed along the Mahanadi delta of Orissa. 3.1 Data used The LANDSAT satellite images were downloaded from Global land- cover facility website and IRS-R2 satellite imagery was purchased from National Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad. The following Table shows the various images that were procured, their resolution and date of ...
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Citations
... Barik et al. (2019) reported that the southern part of Paradip Port also had signs of erosion. Mani Murali et al. (2014) found an accretion pattern along the Dhamara Port from 1990 to 2000, whereas drastic erosion was observed after the port area development in 2007. Dhamara Port is the only port along the east coast of India having no breakwater; hence the response of the coastline in terms of erosion and deposition has been random. ...
Odisha's coastline supports various financial development activities critical to the state and national economies, such as oil and gas, ports and harbors, power plants, fishing, tourism, and mining that continues to not only detriment the coastal ecology but also affect the overall shoreline morphodynamics. The morphological changes are complicated processes involving both natural and human-induced drivers, but it is critical to understand how recent development activities further impact beach morphodynamics and shoreline dynamicity. The study analyzes the overall shoreline morphodynamics in response to the recent development of port and other related infrastructure for annual and decadal scale using two-dimensional (2-D) shoreline changes along with detailed 3-D beach profile volumetric changes for different studied zones along the Gopalpur coast. The results reveal that nearly all studied zones of the Gopalpur shoreline, Zone-4 (EPR = −05.64 m a⁻¹ and LRR = −04.25 m a⁻¹), Zone-3 (EPR = −04.51 m a⁻¹ and LRR = −07.01 m a⁻¹) and Zone-1 (EPR = −2.85 m a⁻¹ and LRR = −01.46 m a⁻¹), experienced erosion between 2010 and 2020 except Zone-2 (EPR = 24.31 m a⁻¹ and LRR = 25.96 m a⁻¹), which showed overall sign of deposition. The interannual shoreline analysis depicted that Zone-1 (tourist beach area) remained almost stable, Zone-2 (south of the breakwater of Gopalpur Port) showed accretion trends, Zone-4 (north side of the port) dominantly showed an erosion pattern, whereas Zone-3 (port area) showed a high level of uncertainty in the context of erosional or deposition trends. Calculated volumetric loss along the surveyed 3-D beach profiles supports these 2-D changes for all the studied zones. The results showed substantial changes in coastal morphodynamics in different studied zones of the Gopalpur region and severe erosion along its northern segment of the constructed coastal infrastructure. These findings can potentially promote effective coastal zone management and prevent further deterioration along the Gopalpur coast.
... Dhamra is a mesotidal estuary. The basin is categorized by a tropical climate with an average annual rainfall of 1482 mm, with 78% occurring during the south-west monsoon, that is, June and September (Manimurali et al., 2014). ...
Estuaries receive the anthropogenic pollutants of their watershed area. Dhamra estuary, on the east coast of India, is such an estuary that receives a huge amount of pollutants, and it will eventually pose a threat to the ecological sensitive areas in its vicinity. Therefore, a study was carried out on physico-chemical parameters and chlorophyll-a to delineate the sources of variation during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Surface water sampling was carried out from 12 stations in the estuarine and coastal area. Factor analysis and cluster analysis were applied to seasonal data to understand the sources of variation. From the study, it was observed that the chemical parameters are severely affected by anthropogenic influences such as sediment dredging, aquaculture effluent, and waste from industry and sewage from upstream. In the long run, this will affect the nearby nesting ground of vulnerable Olive Ridley turtles, high bio-diverse mangrove forests, and saltwater crocodile habitat.
