Figure 1
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A field experiment was conducted to study the analyze economic of different weed control methods on transplanted rice at farmers’ fields, Bhanu-11, Rupakot, Nepal during the rainy season of 2017. The experiment was laid out using single factorial Randomized Complete Block Designs (RCBD) with three replications of ten treatments as one hand weeding...
Citations
... Controlling the weed through conventional hand cultivation with hoes, powered cultivation with cultivators, smothering with mulch, lethal wilting with high heat, burning, and chemical control with herbicides (weed killers) are practiced by farmers. Although the application of herbicide was found economic over conventional hand weeding (Adhikary et al., 2020), some negative effects such as the development of herbicide resistance and environmental hazard limit its use (Ramirez et al., 2018). Therefore, herbicide rotation, reduction, and mechanical control are efficient strategies for integrated weed management in citrus orchards (Ayodele and Aluko, 2017). ...
... Similar to Haryana, Shweta et al. (2018) revealed that a herbicide-treated plot (Glyphosate) had a low cost and the highest net return, whereas weed-free had the highest cost and low net return due to compounded labor costs without necessarily enhancing yield in sweet orange. The experiment of Adhikary et al. (2020) in rice is following the findings of the research in the Nepalese context. However, in the above research, net return was not obtained as a consequence of the absence of production by the three-year-old citrus. ...
Although citrus cultivation has a comparative advantage in subtropical climates, meeting the increasing demand is challenging, primarily due to weed pressure contributing 25–33% yield loss. Henceforth, to assess the efficiency of weed management methods, enhance plant growth, and analyze economic treatment costs, research was conducted in a three-year-old mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco.) orchard at Citrus Development Center, Tansen, Palpa, in 2022. The experiment was designed in a single factorial randomized complete block design with five treatments: plastic mulch, organic mulch, herbicide, hand weeding, and a control. Fourteen weed species were identified, and the highest weed density was of sedges (45%). Results of the study showed that plastic mulch was an efficient method providing lower average weed diversity (1.7); weed density in all days after treatment (DAT) (0.5, 0.6, 1.9, 6.6, and 1.1 m⁻²); and weed dry weight at 15, 30, and 45 DAT (0.1, 0.3, and 0.4 gm⁻²). Plastic mulch observed with higher weed control efficiency (93.9, 87.1, 93.1, 91.8, and 93.4%) and weed control index (89.6%, 85.8%, 93.8%, 90.8%, and 96.35%) in all DAT. Whereas, the weed persistence index was lower in herbicide-treated plots at 30 (0.73), 45 (0.44), and 75 (0.24) DAT. Herbicide-treated plots showed the highest increment in crop growth parameters of plant height (33.7%) and plant canopy cover volume (180.8%) and were also the most economical with the lower annual treatment cost (NPR 210 thousand/ha). The superior plant growth, higher weed control, and lower cost proved herbicide treatment as an effective weed control method. However, plastic mulch, with outcomes resembling herbicide, can be a sustainable approach for weed control.
... (Gopal et al., 2010;Singh et al., 2004;Tuong et al., 2005). In transplanted fields, weeds can be effectively controlled by the co-application of amide herbicides (such as acetochlor and pretilachlor) with sulfonylurea herbicides (such as bensulfuron-methyl) (Adhikary et al., 2020;Sreedevi et al., 2007). However, it is important to apply both pre-emergence herbicides (to prevent weeds from growing) and post-emergence herbicides (to control emerged weeds) in direct seeding rice fields (Gopal et al., 2010). ...
Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl (FE) is a highly effective weed control agent for rice fields, but it causes phytotoxicity in crops. A whole-plant bioassay has revealed that isoxadifen-ethyl hydrolysate (IH) can significantly improve the tolerance of rice to FE, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are still unclear. In this study, we performed RNA-Seq analysis using rice seedlings treated with FE and IH to determine the IH-regulated candidate genes involved in metabolic resistance to FE. We also analyzed spatiotemporal expression using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to reveal the expression patterns of these genes under different treatments. The results showed that genes encoding metabolic enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, glutathione-s-transferases, UDP-glycosyltransferase, carboxylesterase, and ATP-binding cassette transporter, were influenced by the application of IH. Most of these genes were upregulated, and their products were involved in various stages of FE metabolism. Tolerance to FE was primarily mediated by CarE15, CYP86A1, GSTU6, GST4, UGT13248, UGT79, and ABCC4, all of which played a vital role in regulating the detoxification process of FE. Our findings elucidated the protective mechanisms of IH, which can help alleviate the phytotoxic effects of FE and expand its potential for application in agriculture.
