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Location of Clunia. Sources: National Geographic Institute (IGN), National Plan for Aerial Orthophotography (PNOA), Maximum resolution (20 cm). (a) Location of Clunia in Spain (b) Location of Clunia in the Douro Valley (c) Clunia and the Alto del Castro.
Source publication
This article presents the first results obtained from the use of high-resolution images from the SAR-X sensor of the PAZ satellite platform. These are in result of the application of various radar image-treatment techniques, with which we wanted to carry out a non-invasive exploration of areas of the archaeological site of Clunia (Burgos, Spain). T...
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... works consisted of the generation of images from SAR data and comparing the results with those received from the exploitation of other sources, such as multispectral images (National Plan for Aerial Orthophotograph: PNOA, TripleSat) and LiDAR. In principle, our project-Application of Radar images of the PAZ Satellite in the Detection of Archaeological Remains (ARQPAZ, Project AO-001-018)-focused on the archaeological site of La Clunia, (Figure 1), which is located near the town of Peñalba de Castro (Burgos, Spain), on a hill called El Alto de Castro. ...
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... we are on the ground, it is not possible to detect revealing details, such as micro reliefs, that may be associated with the presence of construction elements, coinciding in principle with what is expected for what would be the forum square. Perhaps some detail, such as the one indicated in Figure 10, can be appreciated, but nothing that could suggest that we are on structures or the presence of micro reliefs. We wanted to perform a deeper analysis of the X-SAR image. ...
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... wanted to perform a deeper analysis of the X-SAR image. To do this, we proceeded to draw eight lines with a NE-SW orientation with the intention of obtaining the intensity reading profiles (Figure 11). The SNAP program allows the creation of these profiles from the tracing of polylines on the image. ...
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... here, we can find that the peaks of the curves tend to occur successively in the same position of each of the samples taken. This could be indicating the presence of longitudinal intrusive elements (vertical lines in Figure 11). On the other hand, in some of the profiles we evaluated the presence of profiles, in which the peak is maintained for several meters with few alterations (horizontal lines in Figure 11), indicating that we may be facing intrusive longitudinal elements, coinciding approximately with the orientation of the profile line. ...
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... could be indicating the presence of longitudinal intrusive elements (vertical lines in Figure 11). On the other hand, in some of the profiles we evaluated the presence of profiles, in which the peak is maintained for several meters with few alterations (horizontal lines in Figure 11), indicating that we may be facing intrusive longitudinal elements, coinciding approximately with the orientation of the profile line. Therefore, apparently, it seems that the radar is detecting possible construction elements. ...
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... apparently, it seems that the radar is detecting possible construction elements. Figure 11. Profiles of eight samples taken from the multi-temporal SAR-X PAZ radar image. ...
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... mentioned, it was in this area where our team [1] had determined the presence of traces of urban organization with a N/S orientation, in this case applying other techniques and digital sources, such as SPOT-5 images. In this case, we have contrasted results of the radar image (Figure 12b) with the application of the SLRM function (Figure 12c) to the DTM obtained from the LiDAR point cloud. The use of the second type technique produces better results than in the first case. ...
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... mentioned, it was in this area where our team [1] had determined the presence of traces of urban organization with a N/S orientation, in this case applying other techniques and digital sources, such as SPOT-5 images. In this case, we have contrasted results of the radar image (Figure 12b) with the application of the SLRM function (Figure 12c) to the DTM obtained from the LiDAR point cloud. The use of the second type technique produces better results than in the first case. ...
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... use of the second type technique produces better results than in the first case. These can be seen in Figure 12 (a). It is necessary to take into consideration the profound modern high celling division, observed on the American flight 1956, and which is barely visible today. ...
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... this case, the observation of the treated image of PAZ (Figure 13c) has provided the identification of two anomalies associated, on the one hand, with one of Clunia's waste water systems (Figure 13a), identified in previous works [1] through the application of GIS functions for the creation of a water network from the DEM. This anomaly is not observed in the rest of the multispectral images IR R B Lidar, PNOA, or TripleSat, except for the PNOA IRGB image of 2009, and it is only seen in the 1956 flight. ...
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... this case, the observation of the treated image of PAZ (Figure 13c) has provided the identification of two anomalies associated, on the one hand, with one of Clunia's waste water systems (Figure 13a), identified in previous works [1] through the application of GIS functions for the creation of a water network from the DEM. This anomaly is not observed in the rest of the multispectral images IR R B Lidar, PNOA, or TripleSat, except for the PNOA IRGB image of 2009, and it is only seen in the 1956 flight. ...
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... anomaly is not observed in the rest of the multispectral images IR R B Lidar, PNOA, or TripleSat, except for the PNOA IRGB image of 2009, and it is only seen in the 1956 flight. This anomaly is not observed directly on the ground in some change of vegetation ( Figure 14). The second anomaly that can be displayed in the image PAZ course corresponds to the section of one of the paths to Clunia studied by Camacho [39][40][41] and that also is only observable in flight USAF 1957 (Figure 13b). ...
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... anomaly is not observed directly on the ground in some change of vegetation ( Figure 14). The second anomaly that can be displayed in the image PAZ course corresponds to the section of one of the paths to Clunia studied by Camacho [39][40][41] and that also is only observable in flight USAF 1957 (Figure 13b). ...
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... observation of the site of Rodeles II (Figure 15) has allowed us to find PNOA images from 2011, in which it was possible to identify the structures almost at the same level of visualization and clarity of the aerial photographs taken in this area. These structures can also be seen in the infrared image of LiDAR of the PNOA flight. ...
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... structures can also be seen in the infrared image of LiDAR of the PNOA flight. To complete the works, we carried out PCA analytics and a calculation of the vegetation indices, among which the Perpendicular Vegetation Index [42] (Figure 15e) has stood out. When compared with the radar image resulting from the multi-temporal treatment, we saw that the media operation has left evidence of the anomaly of the track, but lost the information corresponding to the structures associated with the funeral area. ...
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... compared with the radar image resulting from the multi-temporal treatment, we saw that the media operation has left evidence of the anomaly of the track, but lost the information corresponding to the structures associated with the funeral area. For this reason, we carried out an individual treatment of one of the PAZ images, the one from 29 August 2019, which reveals the presence of the aforementioned structures that perpendicularly cross the funeral via (Figure 15b). ...
Citations
... It is based on the TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X platform and has identical specifications which aim to create a constellation for short-term image revisit. Its potential for surface displacement (Abdikan et al., 2020, Chang andStein, 2021), archaeological analysis (Fiz et al., 2021), and combination of bistatic and repeat-pass analysis (Sica et al., 2021) were tested. However, the studies using PAZ data are still very limited in the literature. ...
This paper, presents the initial results of digital elevation model (DEM) extraction from PAZ Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite images using repeat-pass interferometric analysis. We used a multi-temporal high-resolution strip-map mode X-band satellite image that has a single polarization. Five main classes, i.e., volcanic structures, agriculture, settlement, sand dune and plain bareland are considered depending on the structure of the region. Within the category, the coherence value and DEM value are evaluated. In the accuracy assessment analysis, a reference map produced from aerial photogrammetry is used. Additionally, global DEM TanDEM-X data is also tested in the study region. In the analysis, quality metrics, mean error (ME), root means square error (RMSE), standard deviation (STD), and the normalized median absolute deviation (NMAD) are used. The results showed that as the temporal baseline increases the coherence values and the quality of the DEM product decrease. The RMSE values range between 2.36 m to 7.09 m in different classes. The TanDEM-X data provided high accuracies over each class range from 0.88 m to 2.40 m. Since the study area is vulnerable to sinkhole formation, sinkhole-like signals were also observed in the interferograms obtained from different and sequential pairs. The high-resolution repeat-pass PAZ data pointed out its potential for interferometric products generation.
... Among the indices that we used the most are the NDVI (NIR and R), ENDVI (NIR, G, and B) and ARVI (NIR, R, B). Through the combination of the NIR, R, G, and B bands, finally, a principal component analysis (PCA) was applied, especially due to the good results obtained by our team in the Egyptian oxyrhynchite landscape with WorldView 2 satellite images [11] and in the same Clunia project with SPOT and TripleSat multispectral images [12,13]. ...
... The program, developed by the research group of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts [16], has been used with great success in studies by Massini et al. [17] to locate the structures of a medieval fortification in Basilicata (Italy); Garcia Sanchez [18] in the detection of Samniticus forts in Civitella (Longano, Italy), and Roman et al. [19] in the record of archaeological traces of the Roman limes in Dacia at Porolissum. Our team has previously worked with this program, mainly based on LiDAR data provided by the IGN, applying it above all to the Clunia deposit [12,13]. ...
The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, also known as drones or RPA) in archaeology has expanded significantly over the last twenty years. Improvements in terms of the reliability, size, and manageability of these aircraft have been largely complemented by the high resolution and spectral bands provided by the sensors of the different cameras that can be incorporated into their structure. If we add to this the functionalities and improvements that photogrammetry programs have been experiencing in recent years, we can conclude that there has been a qualitative leap in the possibilities, not only of geometric documentation and in the presentation of the archaeological data, but in the incorporation of non-intrusive high-resolution analytics. The work that we present here gives a sample of the possibilities of both geometric documentation, creation of 3D models, their subsequent printing with different materials, and techniques to finally show a series of analytics from images with NGB (Nir + Green + Blue), Red Edge, and Thermographic cameras applied to various archaeological sites in which our team has been working since 2013, such as Clunia (Peñalba de Castro, Burgos), Puig Rom (Roses), Vilanera (L’Escala, Girona), and Cosa (Ansedonia, Italy). All of them correspond to different chronological periods as well as to varied geographical and morphological environments, which will lead us to propose the search for adequate solutions for each of the environments. In the discussions, we will propose the lines of research to be followed in a project of these characteristics, as well as some results that can already be viewed
... En algunos casos también se han desarrollado originales usos de las coberturas fotográficas satelitales recientes. Clunia (Coruña del Conde-Peñalba de Castro, Burgos) (FIZ et al., 2021), capital del conventus Cluniensis al que pertenecería jurídicamente la antigua Segisamo, es buen ejemplo de ello. ...
En el marco del proyecto que analiza los paisajes arqueológicos en la transición entre la Edad del Hierro y época romana en la comarca del Odra-Pisuerga hemos prestado especial atención al estudio de la antigua ciudad romana de Segisamo (Sasamón). Desde 2019, a partir de una primera cobertura aérea, hemos sido capaces de reconocer en el sector noroeste de la ciudad la presencia de estructuras arqueológicas que han sido objeto de sucesivas prospecciones aéreas usando UAVs (RGB y NIR) y geofísicas. Esta aproximación no destructiva ha permitido recuperar un sector desconocido de la ciudad romana de Segisamo y plantear nuevas hipótesis acerca de los límites de la ciudad.
